Account for the net ATP yield per 1 mole of

glucose by filling out applicable boxes

ATP by
substrate
NADH FADH2 ATP by
oxidative
ATP NET
-level phosphor spent ATP
phosphor ylation in
ylation the ETS
YIELD
Glycolysis
4 2 6 4 6
Puruvate
to acetyl- 2 6 6
CoA
Krebs
cycle 2 6 2 22 24
TOTAL ATP
YIELD 36
 LIPIDS
Structures and Functions
 What are lipids?

∗ Found in egg yolks, human nervous system, plant,

animal, and microbial membranes
∗ Have limited solubility in water but
readily soluble in organic solvents
(chloroform, acetone)
∗ A mixed bag of compounds that share some properties
based on structural similarities (dominance of
nonpolar groups)
∗ Divided into 2 main groups according to their chemical
nature
 What are lipids?
OPEN-CHAIN WITH POLAR FUSED-RING
HEAD AND LONG ∗ Steroids
NONPOLAR TAILS
∗ Fatty acids
∗ Triacylglycerols or
triglycerides
∗ Sphingolipids
∗ Phosphoacylglycerols or
phosphoglycerides
∗ Glycolipids
 FATTY ACIDS

∗ R-COOH
∗ Amphipathic
∗ In a living system: unbranched and normally
contains an even number of C
∗ Maybe saturated or unsaturated
 FATTY ACIDS
∗ SATURATED – if there are
only single C-C bonds in the
chain
∗ MONOUNSATURATED – if
there is only one C-C
double bond
∗ POLYUNSATURATED – if
there are 2 or more double
bonds
∗ Cis FAs – usual; double
bond puts a kink in the tail
∗ Trans FAs – fully extended
conformation; raise the
ratio of LDL cholesterol
 Saturated FAs

∗ The usual product of FA metabolism is

palmitate (16:0)
∗ Production of longer FAs in mammals takes place in
the ER and in the mitochondrion
 Unsaturated FAs

∗ FAs do not normally have conjugated double-

bond systems
∗ Reactions that introduce a double bond in a FA
mainly take place on the ER; require
molecular oxygen and NADPH
∗ Mammals cannot introduce a double bond
beyond C9
∗ Linoleic (18:2Δ9,12) and linolenic
(18:3Δ9,12,15) acids are essential FAs
 Melting Points of FAs

SATURATED FAS UNSATURATED FAS

Formula Common Name MP Formula Common Name MP

(°C) (°C)

12:0 Lauric acid 44 16:1Δ9 Palmitoleic acid -0.5

14:0 Myristic acid 58 18:1Δ9 Oleic acid 16
16:0 Palmitic acid 63 18:2Δ9,12 Linoleic acid -5
18:0 Stearic acid 71 18:3Δ9,12,15 Linolenic acid -11
20:0 Arachidic acid 77 20:4Δ5,8,11,14 Arachidonic acid -50

Campbell & Farrell (2009). Biochemistry, 6th Ed.

 TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
∗ Triglyceride
∗ Accumulate in
adipose tissue
∗ Provide a means of storing fatty acids in
animals
∗ Serve as concentrated stores of
metabolic energy
∗ Can be saponified by a base
(NaOH or KOH)
 PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS

∗ Phosphatidyl esters
Phosphatidic acid

Cephalin – phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Lecithin – phosphatidyl choline

Cardiolipin – diphosphatidyl glycerol

 FATTY ACID packing
The kinks in the
unsaturated FA
side chains of
phospholipids
prevent close
packing of the
hydrocarbon
portions; thus, the
membrane
becomes highly
fluid.
 WAX ESTERS
∗ Esters of long-chain FAs and long-chain alcohols
∗ Have similar chemical properties
to triglycerides, but are indigestible.
∗ Found in some fish such as orange
roughy, oilfish, escolar, black oreo, smooth
oreo and other deep water fish, also present in
marine copepods and the beaked whale
∗ In humans, wax esters are a major component
of the lipids produced by skin cells
∗ Also found in some plants, notably jojoba, and
in a few bacteria (Acinetobacter)
BEESWAX
 triacontanyl palmitate 
CH3(CH2)29O-CO- (CH2)14CH3
 to cerotic acid
 CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two
principal components, being
6:1
JOJOBA WAX
hydrogenation or interesterificatio
n product of Jojoba oil
- commonly used in cosmetic
formulations as an emollient, due
to its remarkable similarity to the
natural oils produced by the human
skin, and its high oxidative stability
 SPHINGOLIPIDS
∗ Do not contain glycerol but sphingosine
∗ Abundant in the nervous system
∗ Simplest compounds
are ceramides
- The only sphingolipid with a phosphate group
 GLYCOLIPIDS
∗ Ceramides – parent compounds
∗ Glycosidic bond forms between alcohol group of
ceramide and the sugar residue (glucose or galactose)

cerebroside
 Ganglioside

- a glycosphingolipid (ceramide
and oligosaccharide) with one or
more sialic acids (e.g. N-
acetylneuraminic acid, NANA)
linked on the sugar chain.

*NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic

acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at pH 7,
which distinguishes them from globosides.
 STEROIDS

• Have same general structure

∗ Include: sex hormones,
cholesterol (precursor of bile
acids and Vit D3) CHOLESTEROL
• Cholesterol is widespread in
biological membranes in
animals, but it does not occur
in prokaryotic cell membrane
nor in plants

TESTOSTERONE
 LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
∗ Vitamin A – RETINOL ∗ Serves as the site of the
primary photochemical
reaction of vision
∗ Vitamin D3 - ∗ Regulates calcium and
CHOLECALCIFEROL phosphorus metabolism

∗ Vitamin E – ∗ Serves as an antioxidant;

α-TOCOPHEROL necessary for reproduction
in rats and maybe in
humans as well

∗ Vitamin K1 - ∗ Has a regulatory function

PHYLLOQUINONE in blood clotting
 PROSTAGLANDINS AND
LEUKOTRIENES

∗ Both are derived from arachidonic acid

∗ Prostaglandins were first detected in seminal fluid,
which is produced by the prostate gland
∗ Responsible for control of smooth muscle
contraction, development of inflammation, and
inhibition of platelet aggregation
∗ Leukotrienes are found in WBCs and have 3 double
bonds
∗ Play a role in smooth muscle contraction in the lungs