Equations [A]𝑡𝑡

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
[A]0
λν = c

E = hν 1 1
− = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
[A]𝑡𝑡 [A]𝑜𝑜
h
𝜆𝜆 = 𝑘𝑘2 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 1 1
mv 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = � − �
𝑘𝑘1 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2
PV = nRT
∆G = ∆Go + RTlnQ
𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉2
=
𝑛𝑛1 𝑇𝑇1 𝑛𝑛2 𝑇𝑇2 ∆Go = -RTlnK

(MW)P Constants
𝑑𝑑 =
RT
c = 2.99 x 108 m/s
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
= 𝛸𝛸𝑖𝑖 = h = 6.63 x 10-34 J⋅s
𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
NA = 6.022 x 1023
𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋 √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
= R = 0.0821 (L⋅atm)/(mol⋅K)
𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑌𝑌 √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
= 8.314 J/(mol K)

CH2O(s) = 2.09 J/(g⋅oC)

𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋 √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
=
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑌𝑌 √𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 CH2O(l) = 4.18 J/(g⋅oC)

q = mC∆T CH2O(g) = 2.03 J/(g⋅oC)

qreaction = -qcalorimeter ∆Hfus H2O = 0.334 kJ/g

∆Hvap H2O = 2.26 kJ/g

qreaction = -mH2O CH2O ∆T H2O - Ccal ∆Tcal
Conversions
qreaction = -Ccal ∆Tcal
kg∙m2
1J=1
∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ≈ � 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. − � 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝. s2
1 L = 1000 mL
∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝. − � 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
1 atm = 760 torr
∆Suniv = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr 1 torr = 1 mmHg

∆G = ∆H - T∆S K = 273.15 + oC
Solubility Rules

Ion Exceptions

Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ none

NH4+ none

Cl−, Br−, I− Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

usually
F− Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
soluble
NO3− none

ClO4− none

C2H3O2− none

SO42− Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

OH− Gp. IA, NH4+ (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)

S2− Gp. IA, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

usually
CO32− Gp. IA, NH4+
insoluble
CrO42− Gp. IA, NH4+

PO43− Gp. IA, NH4+

Common Polyatomic Ions