IETE Journal of Research

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Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Stator Winding of

Synchronous Generator: A CMFFLC Technique

Vidyasagar Boorgula & S. S. Tulasi Ram

To cite this article: Vidyasagar Boorgula & S. S. Tulasi Ram (2018): Incipient Fault Diagnosis in
Stator Winding of Synchronous Generator: A CMFFLC Technique, IETE Journal of Research, DOI:
10.1080/03772063.2018.1447403

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2018.1447403

Published online: 30 Apr 2018.

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IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2018.1447403

Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Stator Winding of Synchronous Generator:

A CMFFLC Technique
Vidyasagar Boorgula1* and S. S. Tulasi Ram2
1
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering and Technology, Karimnagar, India; 2Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
In the paper, a combined strategy of moth–flame optimization (MFO) algorithm and fuzzy logic FLC; Incipient fault; MFO;
controller (FLC) for incipient fault diagnosis of the synchronous generator is proposed. The Synchronous generator;
motivation behind the proposed topology is to analyse the beginning issues exhibited by an Three-phase fault and stator
asynchronous generator under different situations like healthy and unhealthy conditions. Initially, a winding current
synchronous generator is assessed in the ordinary condition and from that point onwards, fault is
made in the synchronous generator and the framework practices are checked and signals are
measured which can be viewed as mis-shaped waveforms. For the collection of data-set from the
input current signal, MFO is presented which extracts the signal and structures the possible data-
sets. In light of the fulfilled data-set, the FLC performs and diagnoses the kind of fault that has
happened in the stator winding of the synchronous generator. In order to evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed method, the incipient faults are analysed. The proposed technique is
implemented in MATLAB/Simulink platform and this is approved utilizing execution measures, for
example, accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity. Likewise, the proposed method is analysed with
factual measures, for example, the root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, mean
bias error, and consumption time; and the execution is evaluated by utilizing the examination at
various strategies like artificial neural network, fuzzy, and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
techniques.

1. INTRODUCTION handling the circulating currents that can flow in the

rotor forging, wedges, armature windings, and retaining
With the help of power system-control schemes such as
rings, unlike induction machines.
generator excitation, turbine governor-control systems,
and so on, normally the systems adapt to a new steady-
The basic and significant elements of power systems are
state condition. Amongst the most important elements of
SGs, and a severe damage to the machine, interruption
a power system are generators, and their fast and secure
of electrical supply, and consequential economic loss [6]
protection is crucial [1]. A significant share of industrial
can be caused due to their failure. Due to auxiliary
actuators are represented by today’s synchronous genera-
equipment faults, unintended breaking of field-breaker,
tors (SGs). In forms where congruity of administration is
short- or open-circuit in the excitation system, and slip-
an offering point or a key factor of generation [2], they
rings flashover [7], loss of excitation (LOE) may occur
are found in numerous areas (energy, wind turbines,
which is one of the generator failures. With oscillating
machine tools, robotics, etc.), although the fact that not
voltage, current, and output power, an SG operates simi-
necessarily where continuity of operation is crucial, as in
lar to an induction generator after losing its excitation
aeronautics or nuclear power. For electrical power gener-
and provided by the nearby generators [8,9]. It also
ation in marine, aerospace, and industrial applications,
requires a considerable amount of reactive power.
SGs are widely used. An accurate model of the SG not
Damage to the machine, which leads to its failure caus-
only provides a great support for stability and dynamic
ing loss of revenue, may occur due to an internal fault in
performance analysis of power systems, but it is also sig-
the SG. Internal faults are basically due to insulation fail-
nificant in power system planning, operation, and post-
ure [10] and in an SG, they are generally of not common
disturbance analysis [3,4]. It is not designed to be oper-
occurrence. The windings of each phase are considered
ated without DC excitation. During loss of field operation
to be partitioned into two windings that are connected
[5], the rotating fields are not capable of continuously

*Present address: Associate Professor, EEE Department, St. Peters Engineering College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India.
© 2018 IETE
2 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE
in series and the connection node is considered as the
fault location [11,12] for applying an internal stator
winding fault in SG. In the stator winding, phase-to-
phase and phase-to-earth faults are internal faults
whereas the faults that happen outside the generator are
external faults which occur due to short circuit, over
loading, and unbalanced loading [13]. Hence, in order to
improve the reliability and availability of power genera-
tors, it is important to detect the faults occurring in the
SG at the earliest stage possible [14,15].
Since the parameters of the parallel windings are not
readily calculated [16,17], the internal fault analysis of
SGs with parallel-connected windings is more realistic
but much more difficult. Hence, in order to improve the
reliability and availability of power generators, it is
important to detect the faults occurring in the SG at the
earliest stage possible [18]; and also, to increase their
useful life and reliability [19], it is very important to
have a careful analysis of the faults in SGs. Assumed to
be developments of these faults are other faults. And
they could be generally categorized into the turn-to-turn
short-circuit fault in the same or different branch and
phase-to-phase short-circuit fault. Based on internal
fault detector algorithm for generator stator winding
protection and LOE protection [20], various techniques
for the performance of internal fault detection are Neu-
ral Network (NN), feed-forward NN, general regression
NN, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro
Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), radial basis function
NN, Genetic Algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimiza-
tion, and recurrent NN. The incipient faults in the SG
are diagnosed by utilizing the combined technique of
moth–flame optimization (MFO) with fuzzy logic con-
troller (FLC). Obviously, the proposed strategy is
depicted in detail in the rest of this article. In Section 2,
the current research work and the foundation of the
exploration work are talked about. In Section 3, the pro-
posed strategy through clarification is clarified. In Sec-
tion 4, the recommended system accomplishment comes
about and the related discourses are given. In Section 5,
the paper is finished-up.
2. RECENT RESEARCH WORKS: A BRIEF REVIEW
Based on the SG, numerous research works using vari-
ous techniques and various aspects have previously
existed in literature. Reviewed here are some of the
works.
SGs were used as auxiliary power sources and the supply
reliability concerns or the supply to remote loads in
some distribution networks have been discussed by Lud-
winek et al. [21]. If the over-current protection trip takes
less than 0.4 s (maximum allowable time of touching
voltage occurrence), the protection was considered to be
effective (for 400 V electrical installations). Additionally,
to keep the short-circuit current three times greater than
the nominal current of the generator, most frequently,
excitation forcing equipment was mounted. Compared
to the initial phase angle of the generator voltage, the
set-up uses miniature circuit breakers enabling short-cir-
cuit at different instants. With a small working model
(SWM), Gopinath et al. [22] have experimented on
where they could inject faults and learn the intelligence
about the system, and then scale up that fault models to
monitor the condition of an actual/complex system,
without injecting faults in the actual system. Using a nui-
sance attribute projection algorithm, it identifies and
removes system-dependent features to model a system-
independent feature space to make the features robust
across the two different-capacity SGs. In a higher-
dimensional space using locality constrained linear cod-
ing to make them linearly separable, they linearize the
features from the SWM and actual system. Subsequently,
to make the fault models robust across the systems, the
system-independent features are selected using principal
component analysis.
For high-impedance-grounded SGs, Safari-Shad and
Franklin [23] have presented a new adaptive 100% stator
ground protection by first examining the reliability that
was the most prominent conventional third-harmonic
voltage scheme which includes dependability and security.
Moreover, any setting calculations, third-harmonic volt-
age testings, or additional hardware are not required by
the new adaptive scheme which is a zero-setting scheme.
From the current signals of the SGs, the frequency-
domain statistical features were extracted. Wang et al.
[24] have simulated the incipient stator winding faults at
different degrees of insulation degradation of one turn in
the winding of a permanent magnet synchronous wind
generator. Co-simulation method by combining finite-
element model and external circuits was used. Hilbert–
Huang transformation was applied to detect the very early
stage fault in inter-turn insulation by analysing the stator
current. An automatic and intelligent stator fault diagno-
sis system for permanent magnet SGs has been proposed
by Bouzid and Champenois [25]. Performed by the back-
propagation training algorithm, the system was based on
the use of a feed-forward multilayer perception ANN.
The ANN inputs selected were the two new robust indica-
tors of faults since the negative sequence voltage of the
machine under different stator faults, and different oper-
ating conditions. The ANN behaviour was validated by
using an experimental database acquired from a real
machine after successfully training and testing the ANN
with specific and meaningful databases.
 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE 3

An improved model of an SG with internal faults, which
is the circuit-coupled finite-element method (FEM), has
been proposed by Ge et al. [26] wherein, as per its actual
structure, the localized model of each stator coil was
built. Using this model, by better approximation of the
location of the actual fault point, the internal fault occur-
ring inside the coil could be accurately simulated; thus,
fault currents could be calculated more accurately.
Finite-element calculations and experimental measure-
ments to detect faults in a two-pole SG have been
employed by dos Santos et al. [27]. For this study, a spe-
cial benchmark is constructed that allows to impose
short-circuits in the rotor winding, and it was used to
verify the numerical results. By means of sensors placed
inside the machine, the air-gap magnetic field could be
detected, and by the FEM, it could be calculated as well.
2.1 Background of the Research work
In the power system, the SG is the most imperative com-
ponent for providing electrical energy to the heaps or cli-
ents. All in all, the greater part of the directed research
focuses on faults in the four noteworthy segments of any
SG, which are the stator windings, rotor windings/damp-
ers, field windings, and magnetic cores. Be that as it may,
stator-winding faults are viewed as the most perilous
faults, which can cause extreme harm in the generator
itself, and therefore require a ton of time and high cost of
support. These faults are normally identified with insula-
tion failure. In common practice, different internal and
external faults are infused in the stator and rotor wind-
ings. Due to the occurrence of internal fault in SG, produ-
ces an effect similar to increasing the number of grouped
coils in the stator winding. This makes it necessary to use
additional time-variant inductances to represent the con-
dition with the ensuing increase in modelling complexity
and computation time required for its solution. Innova-
tion is advancing quickly to develop fault-tolerant/robust
frameworks to boost efficiency and diminish breakdown-
time. Included redundancies can enable frameworks to
accomplish fault resistance, yet add to the cost of the
underlying framework.
voltage, and vibration signals from the respective sensors
with programming capability. The taps of the field wind-
ing and stator windings are utilized to perform short-cir-
cuit faults in the SG. For the detection purpose, the
quantities of optimization techniques are examined
because of the existences of fault in the SG. The analysts
grow minimal effort trial offices to infuse faults in gener-
ators and measure signals from various sensors to seek
after research in machine fault distinguishing proof,
and visualization. The execution of the detection tech-
nique was enhanced significantly, and the computation
complexity was diminished. Nonetheless, different
condition-observing strategies, artificial intelligence pro-
cedures, and calculation-based methods are explored to
accomplish the location and characterization of SG
shortcomings. With a specific end goal to assess the ade-
quacy of these strategies, different SG faults are identi-
fied and grouped. In this manner, an effective method is
expected to settle the issues of SGs. In writing, not very
many works are introduced to take care of this issue and
the displayed works are incapable. These drawbacks
have motivated us to do this research work.
3. INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR USING THE
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed
method for diagnosis of incipient fault in the SG. In the
proposed structure, the framework is intended to screen
the state of the framework while the variety of electrical

Here, many researches are analyzed for detection and

classification of SG faults. From the exploration, differ-
ent calculations and strategies like ANN, fuzzy, support
vector machine, discrete wavelet analysis, GA, and
Kalman filter are researched. Be that as it may, these
strategies require a substantial number of data files to
train the NNs. The quantity of hidden layers might be
expanded keeping in mind that the end goal is to
enhance the accuracy. The system is capable of injecting
open- and short-circuit faults in the stator and rotor Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed technique for incipient
windings utilizing a fault injection unit, record current, fault diagnosis of synchronous generator
4 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE
characteristics, for example, voltage, current, torque, and
speed, emerge [27]. Here, the proposed procedure is
completed in two stages, for example, data-set collection
and diagnosis of the incipient issues in SG. In the initial
step, the MFO approach will be used to recognize the
ideal courses of action from the accessible seeking space
in perspective of the objective function and make the
conceivable logical data-sets. In the MFO strategy, vari-
ous parameters will be considered from the SG which
will be utilized to recognize the generator’s healthy,
unhealthy conditions, etc. independently. In the second
step, the FLC performs utilizing the fulfilled data-set and
diagnoses the SG incipient issues at different conditions.
With a particular true objective to screen the states of
the SG from the fault issues, the proposed diagnosis
strategy has been considered.
With Figure 1, the modelling of an SG is composed
and with the assistance of a consolidated moth–flame
optimization algorithm and fuzzy logic controller
(CMFFLC) procedure, the diagnosis of three-phase fault
issues of an SG is dissected.
3.1 Modelling of Synchronous Generator (SG)
Consider an SG connected to an infinite bus through a
step-down transformer and a three-phase transmission
line as shown in Figure 2. The SG is represented by the
following equations [28]:
1 d
Vd ¼ c  Rs ids  vs cqs (1)
vb dt ds
1 d
Vq ¼ c  Rs iqs  vs cds (2)
vb dt qs
with
cds ¼ Lds ids  ce ; cqs ¼ Lqs iqs (3)
Figure 2: Modelling of incipient fault of synchronous generator
where Vd and Vq represent the voltage at direct- and
quadrature-axis components, respectively. Rs is the resis-
tance at stator quantities, ids and iqs represent the current
at direct- and quadrature-axis components, respectively.
vs and vb represent the stator electrical angular speed
and the base angular speed in rad/sec, respectively. ce is
the exciter flux of SG, cds and cqs are the flux linkage at
direct- and quadrature-axis components of the system,
respectively. The electrical active and reactive power
delivered by the stator are given by
Ps ¼ Vd ids þ Vq iqs ; Qs ¼ Vd iqs þ Vq ids (4)
where Ps and Qs represent the stator quantities of the
active and reactive power of the electrical system. The
inertia of differential stator angular speed is given by
d
j vs ¼ Te  Tr ; (5)
dt
The electromechanical torque Te depending on the sys-
tem current is given by [3]
3

Te ¼ p cds iqs  cqs ids (6)
2
where Tr is the resistant torque depending on the exter-
nal load, P is the number of poles, and j is the inertia of
the system. The accompanying area quickly clarified
about the proposed algorithm for diagnosing the faults
of the SG.
4. THE PROPOSED MFO-BASED FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER
The MFO is a meta-heuristic nature roused optimization
algorithm, which depends on the route technique for
moths in nature called transverse orientation [29,30].
The MFO has the ability to improve the hidden sporadic
courses of action and join a prevalent point in the inter-
est space. The proposed strategy is the CMFFLC for
incipient fault diagnosis of the SG. Here, the MFO
approach will be used to recognize the ideal courses of
action from the available looking for space in the context
of target capacity and make the possible coherent data-
sets. In light of the satisfied data-set, the FLC performs
and diagnoses the SG incipient issues at different condi-
tions. Distinctive strides associated with the proposed
calculation are as follows:
4.1 Optimization Steps of the Proposed Algorithm
Step 1: Initialization
The constraint parameters are initialized as the voltage,
speed, and torque values. The power values are
 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE 5

initialized as the random generation of FLC parameters where Mijs denotes the moth with the spiral function and
and the number of iterations is initialized as i ¼ i þ 1 Dij denotes the distance between the ith moth and jth
where i ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . . ; n. flame. fj represents the jth flame of the MFO algorithm,
b is the spiral shape constant for defining the shape of
Step 2: Random generation the logarithmic spiral, and r is a random number uni-
formly distributed in [¡1, 1].
The randomly generated initialized power values with
respect to time are given as Step 5: Final process
2 3
P11 ðt Þ P12 ðt Þ . . . P1n ðt Þ
6 P ðt Þ P ðt Þ . . . P ðt Þ 7 The number of faults fn is decreased adaptively over the
6 21 22 2n 7 course of iterations as follows:
Prg ðtÞ ¼ 6
6 .. .. .. .. 7 7 (7)
4 . . . . 5  
Nf  1
Pm1 ðt Þ Pm2 ðt Þ . . . pmn ðt Þ fn ¼ r Nf  lc  (12)
Nm
where Prg ðt Þ represents the random generation of power
with respect to time during the occurrence of the fault. where lc denotes the current number of iterations, Nf is
the maximum number of faults, and Nm represents the
Step 3: Evaluation maximum number of iterations. In the initial steps of
iterations, there are n number of faults. The moths
The voltage and current values corresponding to the update their positions just regarding the best flame in
generated power values appear in the evaluation process. the final steps of iterations. The gradual decrement in
The objective function of the proposed method is to the number of flames adjusts the investigation and
obtain the minimum deviation between the target and exploitation of the search space. The output of the algo-
the actual power signal. The function fi ðt Þ is given by rithm is denoted as the following for identifying the
exact fault:
fi ðtÞ ¼ minfStrg ðt Þ  Sðt Þg (8)
2 32 3
8 min V11 I11 ðt Þ V12 I12 ðt Þ . . . V1n I1n ðt Þ cos’11
>
> Vabci ðt Þ
Vabci ðt Þ
Vabci
max
ðt Þ 6 V I ðt Þ V I ðt Þ . . . V I ðt Þ 76 cos’ 7
>
> 6 21 21 76 22 7
>
>
22 22 2n 2n
< Vds ðt Þ
Vds ðt Þ
Vds ðt Þ 6 76 . 7
min max
6 .. .. .. .. 76 . 7
Subject to Vqsmin ðt Þ
Vqs ðt Þ
Vqsmax ðt Þ (9) 4 . . . . 54 . 5
>
>
>
> N min ðt Þ
N ðt Þ
N max ðt Þ Vm1 Im1 ðt Þ Vm2 Im2 ðt Þ . . . Vmn Imn ðt Þ cos’mn
>
> 2 3
: min f11 ðt Þ f12 ðt Þ . . . f1n ðt Þ
T ðt Þ
T ðt Þ
T max ðt Þ
6 f ðt Þ f ðt Þ . . . f ðt Þ 7
where Strg ðt Þ and Sðt Þ represent the target and the actual 6 21 22 2n 7
¼ 66 .. .. .. .. 77
power signal of the SG. Vabcl ðt Þ denotes the voltage at 4 . . . . 5
three-phase fault at time t. Vds ðt Þ and Vqs ðt Þ represent fm1 ðt Þ fm2 ðt Þ . . . fmn ðt Þ
the d-axis and q-axis component of voltage at time t,
(13)
respectively. N ðt Þ denotes the speed of the SG at time t
and T ðt Þ represents the torque produced at time t. The yield of the calculation is confined as the conceiv-
When the constraints of the system are within the range able data-sets for the forecast of the ideal parameter.
of limit, the target signal will be identified and when it These satisfied data-sets are given to the rule base of the
reaches beyond the range the fault of the system should FLC to play out the fuzzification process and diagnose
not be predictable. the incipient issues in the SG at different blame condi-
tions. With a specific end goal to diagnose the SG incipi-
Step 4: Updation ent issues, the FLC is produced. The itemized procedure
of the FLC is indicated in what follows.
Based on the fitness function, the position of the moth is
updated with respect to the flame using the following
equation [32]:
4.2 Prediction of Optimal Parameter using FLC
Mijs ¼ Dij e cos ð2prÞ þ Fj ; j ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; m
br
(10)
Utilizing the fuzzy system, diagnosis of incipient issues
Dij ¼ j Fj  Mij j (11) of an SG is performed. The detailed strategy of the fuzzy
system is made clear in the following fragment.
6 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE
4.2.1 Fuzzy System
The fuzzy system is proposed for the forecast which is
discussed in this bit of the examination. The expansive
procedure tangled in the proposed fuzzy system is imag-
ined in Figure 3. The best essential rationalities at the
back of a fuzzy system utilize the likelihood of linguistic
variables to pick dependent-upon fuzzy rules and there-
fore find a more useful solution contrasted with a struc-
ture with the help of crisp values.
4.2.2 Designing of Fuzzy System
Proposing of a fuzzy system has three significant steps
[32],
(1) Fuzzification.
(2) Fuzzy inference engine.
(3) De-fuzzification.
It is briefly illustrated in the following figure.
4.2.2.1 Fuzzification. This procedure modifies the crisp
input to a linguistic variable with the membership func-
tion gathered in the fuzzy knowledge base [31]. The
input of the fuzzy controller is the error Er ðtÞ and the
change of error CEr ðtÞwhich is given as
Er ðtÞ ¼ Vo ðtÞ  Vref ðtÞ
CEr ðtÞ ¼ Ek ðtÞ  Ek1 ðtÞ
where Vo ðtÞ represents the present output voltage,
Vref ðtÞ represents the reference voltage, and k subscripts
denote the value taken at the beginning of the process.
4.2.2.2 Fuzzy Inference Engine. The assistance of If-
Then-type fuzzy rules changes the fuzzy contribution to
the fuzzy output. Here, rules are shaped expressing the
Figure 3: Block diagram of the proposed fuzzy logic controller
conditions under which fault exists and the other
expressing the conditions under which the system is
without fault. The membership function can be involved
with both fuzzification and de-fuzzification layers. The
membership function is all around pushed-off to list the
phonetic term; it graphs the non-fuzzy information prin-
ciples to fuzzy semantic terms and in contrast, the fuzzi-
fication and de-fuzzification layers, fuzzy linguistic
positions to non-fuzzy information esteems. The mem-
bership function can be depicted in different strategies
like triangular, Gaussian, trapezoidal, and so on [32].
The sorts are controlled by the condition and selected
randomly as per the director commitment.
4.2.3 Decision-Making
The fuzzy values in light of which are incited the fuzzifi-
cation procedure can be used to create for every compo-
nent methodology the fuzzy rules. The choice made
relies upon the above standards. The general methodol-
ogy for fuzzy rule is “If A then B.” On the off chance
that A is positive and B is negative, at that point fault 1
is present and if A is zero and B is zero, at that point the
system is without fault. The fuzzy rules are in the form
f
If Er is Ai and CEr is Bi ; THEN Zi ðtÞ is fi ðtÞ (16)
(14)
where Ai and Bi are the fuzzy subsets and fi ðtÞ represents
the singleton values of the fuzzy system.
(15)
4.2.4 De-Fuzzification
The fuzzy esteems are picked up from the decision
made while experiencing the methodology of the de-
fuzzification. This strategy defuzzifies the fuzzy esteems
to crunchy output esteems. The de-fuzzification is on
the premise of the membership capacity of the output
variable. It yields a database of the framework.
f
fi ðtÞ ¼ Zi ðtÞ (17)
f
where Zi ðtÞ denotes the target solution after fuzzification.
Fuzzification is essential as a level of support goal is
assessed for every person from the set. The fuzzy system
predicts the outcomes precisely with the enhanced par-
ticipation work. Likewise, the proposed CMFFLC system
diagnoses the exact fault of the SG while advancing the
gain parameter, and the flowchart of the CMFFLC is
shown in Figure 4. At that point, segment 5 manages the
exhaustive examination of the proposed system which is
named in what follows.
 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE 7

Figure 5: Performance of (a) stator current, (b) electrical power,

(c) stator voltage at q-axis, (d) stator voltage at d-axis, and (e)
rotor speed during healthy condition

conditions, namely phase-to-ground (A–G) fault, phase-

Figure 4: Flowchart of MFO with FLC to-phase (A–B, B–C, and C–A) fault, and three-phase
(A–B–C) fault, where A, B, and C are the three phases.
A–G fault is one of the most common faults that occur
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
in the power system. This forms a short-circuit path
In this fragment, the execution of the proposed between the phase and ground. A–B, B–C, and C–A
CMFFLC strategy is realized and dismembered in MAT- faults occur when a live conductor gets in contact with
LAB/Simulink working stage. The proposed strategy is another live conductor. Heavy winds are the major cause
utilized to diagnose the healthy and unhealthy condi- for this fault during which swinging overhead conduc-
tions of the SG amid the incipient fault. Here, the pro- tors may touch together. A–B–C fault occurs when all
posed technique is utilized for data-set collection and the three phases are simultaneously short-circuited. If
diagnosing the incipient faults. At first, the SG practices this fault occurs, it causes a very severe damage to the
are broken down into healthy and unhealthy conditions. equipments even though the system remains in balanced
At that point, the exhibitions of stator-winding currents condition. These faults are analysed on per-phase basis
are standardized to their rated peak values. At that point, using bus impedance matrix. From Figures 6–8, the
the exhibitions of fault conduct of the current signals are
removed utilizing the MFO. The removed elements are
prepared by the FLC to give the correct sort of fault.
With this proposed method, incipient faults will be
found with precision and high accuracy. In order to eval-
uate the execution of the proposed control system, the
simulation results are compared with the existing techni-
ques of ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS strategies. The execu-
tion measures, for example, accuracy, recall, precision,
and specificity, likewise the factual measures, for exam-
ple, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) [33], Mean
Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Bias Error
(MBE), and consumption time are additionally
investigated.

Figure 5 demonstrates the execution of the stator during

the healthy condition. It demonstrates that stator param- Figure 6: Performance of (a) stator current, (b) electrical power,
eters are straight with no interference of the fault occa- (c) stator voltage at q-axis, (d) stator voltage at d-axis, and (e)
sions. Unsymmetrical faults occur due to short-circuit rotor speed during a fault
8 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE

5.1 Performance Analysis

In the subsegment, the performance measures, for exam-
ple, the exactness, precision, recall, and specificity, are
examined. By utilizing the proposed controller, the
incipient faults are diagnosed effectively. From that
point forward, the execution of the proposed strategy is
contrasted with the current techniques, for example,
ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS separately. At that point, the
performance parameters of the proposed strategy are
broken down for 10 and 30 trials for the incipient faults.
The execution correlation of the proposed with the exist-
ing procedure is dissected in Tables 1 and 2.

From Tables 1 and 2, the incipient fault is tried for 10

Figure 7: Performance of (a) stator current, (b) electrical power,
(c) stator voltage at q-axis, (d) stator voltage at d-axis, and (e)
rotor speed during AB fault
and 30 trials and it is contrasted with the current proce-
dures for different parameters. Contrasted with the exist-
ing systems, the proposed procedure accomplishes an
accuracy of 0.95 and when the trials get expanded, the
accuracy of the method is diminished to 0.9 which is
shown in Table 2. Essentially, the other parameter like-
wise accomplishes the optimal values by the proposed
strategy than the current systems. The accuracy, preci-
sion, recall, and specificity esteems are ascertained by
utilizing the accompanying equation,

Accuracy
TP þ TN
Accu ¼ (18)
TP þ FP þ TN þ FN
Precision

TP
Prec ¼ (19)
ðTP þ FPÞ

Recall
TP
Recall ¼ (20)
ðTP þ FNÞ

Table 1: Performance comparison of the proposed with the

Figure 8: Performance of (a) stator current, (b) electrical power, existing method during incipient fault for 10 trials
(c) stator voltage at q-axis, (d) stator voltage at d-axis, and (e)
Performance measures ANN Fuzzy ANFIS Proposed
rotor speed during ABC fault
Accuracy 0.55 0.75 0.85 0.95
Specificity 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9
Recall 0.6 0.8 0.9 1
exhibitions of the stator amid different fault conditions Precision 0.52 0.72 0.82 0.9
like An, AB, and ABC faults are broken down. The
parameters, for example, the stator current, electric Table 2: Performance comparison of the proposed with the
power, stator voltage at d-axis and q-axis, and the rotor existing method during incipient fault for 30 trials
Performance measures ANN Fuzzy ANFIS Proposed
speed are thought about. It can be noticed that amid the
Accuracy 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
event of fault occasions, the parameters get changed and Specificity 0.43 0.63 0.75 0.85
shape the contorted waveforms. Additionally, the rotor Recall 0.57 0.6 0.85 0.8
Precision 0.5 0.65 0.72 0.85
speed changes as for the fault flag.
 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE 9

Figure 11: Comparison plot for percentage deviation of the pro-

Figure 9: Performance analysis of the proposed with the existing posed with the existing method for various performances during
method at 10 trials incipient fault

Specificity
5.2 Statistical Analysis
TN
Spec ¼ (21) In the subsegment, statistical measures, for example,
ðFP þ TNÞ
RMSE, MAPE, MBE, and consumption time, are exam-
where TP is the number of correctly detected samples, ined. By utilizing the proposed controller, the incipient
FN is the number of missed samples, TN is the true neg- faults are analysed accurately. From that point forward,
ative samples, and FP is the number of noise lesions the execution of the proposed strategy is contrasted with
detected as samples. Figures 9 and 10 demonstrate the the current strategies, for example, ANN, fuzzy, and
execution examination of the proposed with the existing ANFIS separately. At that point, the examination param-
techniques at 10 and 30 trials. From Figure 9, it can be eters of the proposed strategy are dissected for 10 and 30
noticed that the proposed demonstrates a high accuracy trials for the incipient faults. The statistical correlation
of 0.95, specificity of 0.9, precision of 0.9, and recall of of the proposed with the existing system is examined in
1.0 when contrasted with the current strategies like Tables 3 and 4. From the yield of the proposed strategy,
ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS techniques. the blame is analysed as their sorts. At that point, to
assess the execution of the proposed CMFFLC tech-
From Figure 10, the proposed demonstrates a high accu- nique, three sorts of errors are figured. RMSE is a pro-
racy of 0.9, specificity of 0.85, precision of 0.8, and recall ductivity pointer of the forecast procedure. MBE is a
of 0.95 when contrasted with the current procedures like normal deviation marker. MAPE speaks to an exactness
ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS techniques. The correlation pointer. At that point, the RMSE, MAPE, MBE, and con-
plot for the rate deviation between 10 and 30 trials for sumption time are assessed from the testing yield of
the proposed with the existing strategy amid incipient improved MFO technique. At that point, the execution
faults appears in Figure 11. The comparison comes of the proposed strategy is resolved and contrasted with
about exhibit the predominance of the proposed tech- ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS methods. The assessed yield of
nique with the existing strategies, for example, ANN, the proposed method is classified in Tables 3 and 4. The
fuzzy, and ANFIS techniques as far as accuracy, specific- RMSE, MAPE, MBE, and consumption time are
ity, precision, and recall, are concerned.
Table 3: Statistical comparison of the proposed with the exist-
ing method during incipient fault for 10 trials
Model ANN Fuzzy ANFIS Proposed
RMSE 26.4 18.9 23.5 10.3
MAPE 17.2 6.4 13.0 1
MBE 7.1 2.9 5.1 2.7
Consumption time (sec) 7.8 6.5 8.0 5.2

Table 4: Statistical comparison of the proposed with the exist-

ing method during incipient fault for 30 trials
Model ANN Fuzzy ANFIS Proposed
RMSE 29.4 21.9 26.5 13.5
MAPE 18.2 7.4 14.0 2
Figure 10: Performance analysis of the proposed with the exist- MBE 10.1 5.9 8.1 5.7
ing method at 30 trials Consumption time (sec) 8 7 8.3 6
10 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE

ascertained utilizing the accompanying equation,

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1X z
RMSE ¼ ðIm  Ipm Þ2 (22)
z m¼1

MAPE ¼
1X z

z m¼1
j
Im  Ipm
Im
a j (23)
Figure 13: Statistical analysis of the proposed with the existing
method at 30 trials
1X z
MBE ¼ Ipm  Im (24)
z m¼1

where Im represents the target value, Ipm represents the

predicted value, a represents the number of samples per
leave, and z is the number of samples.

Tables 3 and 4 demonstrate the statistical values and

time consumption of the proposed and the current
methods. In Table 3, contrasted with the current tech-
nique, our proposed strategy has 10.3% RMSE, 2.7%
MBE, 1% MAPE, and the consumption time is 5.2 sec.
Likewise, in Table 4, our proposed strategy has 13.5%
RMSE, 5.7% MBE, 2% MAPE, and the consumption
time is 6 sec. Figures 12 and 13 demonstrate the statisti-
cal analysis of the proposed with the existing strategies
at 10 and 30 trials amid incipient faults.
From Figure 12, the proposed indicates 10.3% RMSE,
2.7% MBE, 1% MAPE, and the consumption time is
5.2 sec when contrasted with the current systems like
ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS strategies. From Figure 13, it
can be noticed that the proposed demonstrates 13.5%
RMSE, 5.7% MBE, 2% MAPE, and the consumption
time is 6 sec when contrasted with the current strategies.
The correlation plot for the rate deviation between 10
and 30 trials of the proposed with the existing techni-
ques for various statistical measures, for example,
RMSE, MAPE, MBE, and consumption time, amid
incipient faults is shown in Figure 14. The examination
comes to exhibit the prevalence of the proposed
Figure 12: Statistical analysis of the proposed with the existing
method at 10 trials
Figure 14: Comparison plot for percentage deviation of the pro-
posed with the existing method for different statistical errors
during incipient fault
technique with the existing strategies, for example,
ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS techniques, as far as RMSE,
MAPE, MBE, and consumption time are concerned.
6. CONCLUSION
In the paper, with the CMFFLC technique, incipient
fault diagnosis is examined in the SG. Here, the pro-
posed process is carried out in two stages; for example,
data-set collection and diagnosis of the incipient issues
in the SG. The MFO approach is utilized to distinguish
the perfect arrangements from the accessible seeking
space and makes the conceivable logical data-sets. The
FLC performs using the satisfied data-set and diagnoses
the SG incipient issues at healthy and unhealthy condi-
tions. The proposed technique for diagnosing the types
of faults was experimented with MATLAB/Simulink
platform. The viability of the proposed technique was
investigated and assessed. Utilizing execution measures,
for example, accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and
the statistical measures such as RMSE, MAPE, MBE,
and consumption time, the execution of the suggested
work was authenticated and in addition was compared
with ANN, fuzzy, and ANFIS methods. It is demon-
strated that the suggested method was better by means
of comparison performances and ahead of other meth-
ods in terms of statistical measures.
 V. BOORGULA AND S. S. TULASI RAM: INCIPIENT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN STATOR WINDING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: A CMFFLC TECHNIQUE
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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Authors
Vidyasagar Boorgula obtained his Bach-
elor’s degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from JNTU College of Engi-
neering, Anantapur in 1996. Then, he
obtained his Master’s degree in Electrical
Power Systems in 2001from JNTUCEA.
He is pursuing his PhD degree in EEE
majoring in Artificial Intelligence Tech-
niques applied to find the incipient faults
in synchronous generators, from the Jawaharlal Nehru Tech-
nological University, Hyderabad, India. He is also an ISTE life
member. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Trinity
College of Engineering and Technology, Karimnagar. His spe-
cializations include artificial neural networks, genetic algo-
rithm, and wavelet transforms to analyse and classify the
internal faults in synchronous generators.
Corresponding author. E-mail: vidyasagar0424@gmail.com
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S. S. Tulasi Ram received the B.Tech, M.
Tech, and Ph.D degrees in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Hyder-
abad, India, in 1979, 1981, and 1991,
respectively. Currently, he is a professor
at the Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neering Department, College of Engi-
neering Kukatpally, Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad. His fields of interest
include HVDC transmission systems, power system dynamics,
power quality in power electronics, and smart energy
management.
E-mail: stulasiram001@gmail.com