GRAMMAR 101

By : Fakhri Zuhdian Nasher, MD.

1. Although, Even though, Despite, In spite of --> Kalimat yang ada 2 ide berlawanan
Perbedaan :
 Although & even though --> Although/Even Though + S + V
ex : 
Although i don't like him, i think he has done the best he can
Even though i'm not hungry, i want to eat that cupcake

 Despite & In spite of --> Despite/In spite of + Noun/Gerund(Ving)

ex :
Despite having a lot of money, he spend it unwisely
He never care about his family, in spite of his recent succes

2. Nevertheless, Nonetheless --> They are like "despite" --> Dipakai untuk menunjukkan 2
ide yg berlawanan
ex : 
She is always very critical of his country. Nevertheless/Nonetheless, She never do
something to make a change.
He always complain about the habit of postponing the work, but nevertheless/nonetheless
he continues doing it over again
They always wants to be rich; nevertheless/nonetheless but They keep doing lazy things
everyday
Masjid raya sumbar isn't the blace place for tourism, but it's worth visiting
nevertheless/nonetheless.

3. Other vs Others -- Several other vs Several others

Intinya di akhir dia menjelaskan noun/tidak di depannya  jika iya maka tidak pakai "s"
Ex :
He go to the park with several other friend
My sister watch movies with the others
Leadership, Capability and several other attributes is important thing to achieve in this
seminar
Many others have moved from this place

4. In, During, Ago  Past Tense  V2

5. For, Since  Present Perfect  have + V3

6. All vs All of
All + plural noun + plural verb
(All ballet dancers learn..)
All of + pronoun (their, our, those, us, etc) + ..
(All of their ballet dancers …)

7. Reduced Clause
Thomas Paine, who was an eloquent writer, wrote
Thomas Paine, an eloquent writer, wrote
 That engages => bisa di reduced; engaging

8. Verb-Adjective-Noun

Enable (verb)
Able (adjective) + to + Vo
Ability (noun) + to + Vo

Capable (adj) + of + Ving

Capability (noun) + of + Ving
ex :
Ability to talk
Capability of talking

9. Plural
Many + plural
Much + uncount

these/those
this/that

Few
Little

..number of
..amount of

10. Unique Plural

Bison - bison
Fish - fish
Sheep - sheep
Phenomenon - phenomena
Crisis - crises

11. Who, Whose, Whom

Who + V  The man who acquire the heritage
Whose + Noun  The girl whose car was broken
Whom + S + V  My sister go with the man whom I don’t know his identity

12. Negative Adverb

Negative adverb diawal kalimat (inversion)
Struktur menyerupai kalimat tanya (v + s + v)

Never
Seldom
Hardly
Barely
Scarcely
Only + auxiliary (be, do, does, did, has, have, had, modals) + S + V 
 Not only
Not until
Not once
Nor
No 
ex :
The government seldom amended the policies.
Seldom did the government amend the policies.

A technological development has rarely had…

Rarely has a technological development had…

13. Verb + Verb  V + to + Vo atau V + Ving

V + to + Vo
Choose + to + Vo
Need
Fail
Strive
Intend
Expect
Seem
Refuse 
Prepare 
Ex :
You need to refuse that offer
I intend to continue my education in urology specialty

V + Ving
Enjoy 
Consider
Appreciate
Suggest
Risk
Quit
Keep
Can’t help + Ving
Ex :
I enjoy watching his recent success
I quit thinking about her long time ago
I risk investing all my family inheritage in penny stocks
I consider quitting my position as head coach next season
14. Connector (Because, Despite, In spite of, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Although, Even
Though)

Because of + noun phrase (kata benda)

Because of the ongoing conflict happening for decades, 

Because of the ongoing conflict which has happened for decades, …

Connector yang diikuti noun phrase (because of, despite, in spite of) boleh ada verb
asalkan bentuk reduced.

15. That of, Those of  Untuk menunjukkan kepunyaan

The tomb of King Tutankamen was smaller that the tomb of other Egyptian Pharaohs  The
tomb of King Tutankhamen was smaller than that of other Egyptian Pharaohs.

The tomb of King…………………………………….the tomb of 

The tombs of………………………………………….those of..

That of = singular
Those of = plural

16. TENSES
Simple Past
Menyatakan sesuatu di masa
lampau
S+V2
S+to be (was/were) + O
Ex :
I went to Italy last year
They were in Africa when the
war occured in my hometown
Past Perfect
Menyatakan sesuatu yang
telah terjadi terhadap suatu
kejadian di masa lampau
Simple Present
Menyatakan sesuatu di masa
ini/untuk menyatakan general
facts
S+V1
S+to be (is,am,are) + O
Ex :
I wash my shoes every
sunday morning
I am glad you are here
The test will begin next week
Brain is the most important
organ in human body
Present Perfect
Menyatakan sesuatu yang
telah terjadi/telah selesai
pada saat ia berbicara
Simple Future
Menyatakan sesuatu yang
akan terjadi di masa depan
S+ will/shall + V1
S+ will/shall + be + O
Ex :
She shall marry the man that
she loves.
Her mother will be in Jamaica
when she leaves.
Future Perfect
Menyatakan sesuatu yang
telah terjadi terhadap suatu
kejadian di masa depan

S + Had + V3 S + Have/Has + V3 S + Will/Shall + Have + V3

S + Had + been
Ex :
I had finished my degree
when he was working as
model
She had been a professor
S + Have/Has + been S + Will/Shall + Have +
Been
Ex : nb : tidak ada Has
I have learnt/learned English Ex :
since I was 5. She will have forgotten you
She has been in our home for when I tell her tonight that
3 years, when is she going to you cheat on her.
 when her first son was born search stable job ?
Past Continous Present Continous
Menyatakan sesuatu yang Menyatakan sesuatu yang
sedang terjadi di masa sedang terjadi saat ini/
lampau terhadap suatu sesuatu yang akan segera
kejadian lain. terjadi (tonight/tomorrow)
/peristiwa yang terjadi
berulang-ulang
S + to be (was, were) + Ving S + to be (is,am,are) + Ving
S + to be (was, were) + S + to be + Being + Ving+ O
Being + O
Ex :
Ex : He is eating right now
They were playing when the The musician playing my
teacher came to class. favorite son.
I was being intern in They are leaving for their
Pekanbaru when covid-19 hometown tonight.
struck Indonesia. I am just being humble, and
let all my achievements talk
by themselves.
We are constantly fighting
since our son was born.
Past Perfect Continous Present Perfect Continous
Menyatakan kejadian yang Menyatakan kejadian yang
sudah terjadi atau telah dari dulu dan sampai
dimulai pada saat suatu sekarang masih berlangsung
kejadian di masa lampau
terjadi.
S + Had + been + Ving S + Have/Has + Been +
S + Had + been + being + O Ving
S + Have/Has + Been +
Being + O
Ex : Ex :
I had been living in Muara I have been studying
Bungo for 11 years before medicine for 9 years
continued my education in She has been being a wife
Padang 9 years ago. for a year
I had been being a general
practicioner in Padang for 2
years before I became
urology resident in Jakarta.
Simple Past Simple Present
Past Perfect Present Perfect
Lili will have finished reading
the book when you borrow it
tomorrow
Future Continous
Menyatakan sesuatu yang
akan sedang terjadi di masa
depan
S + will/shall + be + Ving
S + will/shall + be + being +
O
Ex :
I will be taking TOEFL exam
tomorrow at 9 P.M, so don’t
call me.
I will be being resident of
Urology department next
month.
Future Perfect Continous
Menyatakan suatu kejadian
yang sedang terjadi dan
masih berlangsung ketika
suatu kejadian lain terjadi di
masa depan.
S + Will/Shall + Have +
been + Ving
S + Will/Shall + Have +
been + Being + O
Ex :
I will have been living in
Jakarta when my son go to
Malaysia next year
He will have been being a
urology resident by the time
his wife graduate.
Simple Future
Future Perfect
Past Continous Present Continous Future Continous

17. ASD