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SAMPLE. Not For Training Purposes. Student Workbook. BSBFIM501 Manage Budgets and Financial Plans. 1 ST Edition 2015
SAMPLE. Not For Training Purposes. Student Workbook. BSBFIM501 Manage Budgets and Financial Plans. 1 ST Edition 2015
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Student Workbook
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BSBFIM501 Manage budgets
and financial plans
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All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher, Innovation and Business Industry Skills
Council Ltd (‘IBSA’).
Use of this work for purposes other than those indicated above requires the prior written permission of IBSA. Requests
should be addressed to Product Development Manager, IBSA, Level 11, 176 Wellington Pde, East Melbourne VIC 3002
or email sales@ibsa.org.au.
‘Innovation and Business Skills Australia’, ‘IBSA’ and the IBSA logo are trademarks of IBSA.
Disclaimer
Care has been taken in the preparation of the material in this document; however, to the extent permitted by law, IBSA
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either complete or up to date for your State or Territory or that the information contained in this document is error free
or fit for any particular purpose. To the extent permitted by law, IBSA and the original developer do not accept any
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liability for any damage or loss (including loss of profits, loss of revenue, indirect and consequential loss) incurred by any
person as a result of relying on the information contained in this document.
The information is provided on the basis that all persons accessing the information contained in this document undertake
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is taken for any information or services which may appear on any linked websites, or other linked information sources,
that are not controlled by IBSA. Use of versions of this document made available online or in other electronic formats is
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subject to the applicable terms of use.
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To the extent permitted by law, all implied terms are excluded from the arrangement under which this document is
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purchased from IBSA, and, if any term or condition that cannot lawfully be excluded is implied by law into, or deemed to
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apply to, that arrangement, then the liability of IBSA, and the purchaser’s sole remedy, for a breach of the term or condition
is limited, at IBSA’s option, to any one of the following, as applicable:
(a) if the breach relates to goods: (i) repairing; (ii) replacing; or (iii) paying the cost of repairing or replacing, the goods;
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or
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(b) if the breach relates to services: (i) resupplying; or (ii) paying the cost of resupplying, the services.
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Published by: Innovation and Business Industry 1st edition published: April 2015
Skills Council Ltd
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www.ibsa.org.au
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ISBN: 978-1-925123-60-9
Stock code: BSBFIM5011W
Table of Contents
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1
Features of the training program ...................................................................................1
Structure of the training program ...................................................................................1
Recommended reading ...................................................................................................1
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Management accounting ................................................................................................7
Cost accounting: Overview ..............................................................................................9
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Cost accounting: Cost classifications .......................................................................... 11
Cost accounting: Concepts and models...................................................................... 14
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Budget classifications .................................................................................................. 21
Cost centre allocations................................................................................................. 26
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Section summary .......................................................................................................... 28
Further reading ............................................................................................................. 29
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Section checklist........................................................................................................... 29
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Section checklist........................................................................................................... 51
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Section summary .......................................................................................................... 98
Further reading ............................................................................................................. 98
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Section checklist........................................................................................................... 98
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What skills will you need? ............................................................................................ 99
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Financial management data ...................................................................................... 100
Analyse variance ......................................................................................................... 102
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Glossary............................................................................................................................ 120
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Appendices....................................................................................................................... 124
Appendix 1 – Cash flow 2011/12: Dolly’s Delight ................................................... 124
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Introduction
Features of the training program
The key features of this program are:
● Student Workbook – Self-paced learning activities to help you to develop an
understanding of key concepts and terms. The Student Workbook is broken down
into several sections.
● Facilitator-led sessions – Challenging and interesting learning activities that can be
completed in the classroom or by distance learning that will help you consolidate
and apply what you have learned in the Student Workbook.
● Assessment Tasks – Summative assessments where you can apply your new skills
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and knowledge to solve authentic workplace tasks and problems.
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Structure of the training program
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This training program introduces you to managing budgets and financial plans.
Specifically, you will develop the skills and knowledge in the following topic areas:
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1. Review concepts of financial management
2. Plan financial management approaches
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3. Implement financial management approaches
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Your facilitator may choose to combine or split sessions. For example, in some cases, this
training program may be delivered in two or three sessions, or in others, as many as eight
sessions.
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Recommended reading
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● Bear, C., Blythe, P. and Flanders, D., 2005, Introduction to budgeting, 4th edn,
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Thomson, Melbourne.
● Daft, R. and Samson, D., 2009, Fundamentals of management, 3rd edn, Cengage
Learning, Melbourne.
● Hilton, R., 2008, Managerial accounting, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
● Langfield-Smith, K., Thorne, H., Hilton, R., 2006, Management accounting:
information for managing and creating value, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
● Swann, M., and McEachern, W., 2001, Microeconomics: a contemporary
introduction, Nelson Thomson Learning, Melbourne.
● Wrice, M., 2004, First steps in retail management, 2nd edn, Macmillan Publishers
Australia Pty Ltd, South Yarra.
Please note that any URLs contained in the recommended reading, learning content and
learning activities of this publication were checked for currency during the production
process. Note, however, that IBSA cannot vouch for the ongoing currency of URLs.
Every endeavour has been made to provide a full reference for all web links. Where URLs
are not current we recommend using the reference information provided dto search for
the course in your chosen search engine.
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Dolly’s Delight Pty Ltd Manufacturing Company builds and sells dolls houses to
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retailers. The company employs 70 people in the manufacturing side of the business
and 16 people in the administration side of the business.
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The company was formed ten years ago, initially funded by Eden Black, the present
CEO.
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The company had been struggling financially for the past four years. After a recent
reshuffle of staff and a few changes in management, the business has now become
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stable again and is beginning to make a profit. The company has decided to outsource
what it can and has moved some of the aspects of the business to contractors and
outside organisations. This has included sections of the business such as the basic
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bookkeeping and payroll, the distribution of its goods to outside businesses, website
design and updates.
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The company made a net profit last year of $320,000 (before income tax) and aims to
increase this by 20% in this financial year. The company intends to make a small profit
compared to revenue but build its reputation in the market for quality and customer
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service with a view to increasing profits much more over coming financial years.
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In order to work effectively with budgets and financial plans, you must be able to:
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● the use of the account groups: assets (including receivables and inventories),
liabilities, capital (owner’s equity), revenue and expenses
● the practice of making year-end closing entries for the preparation of financial
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statements.
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The above accounting practices underpin the financial reporting system of a firm dealing
with past business transactions. Although financial planning focuses on future projections
of organisational performance to facilitate planning, the assumption of standard
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accounting practices is important because managers engaged in financial planning derive
much of their information from the output of standard accounting practices, namely, the
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financial statements and various account balances such as cost of goods sold (COGS), for
example.
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Basic accounting principles
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Go to a website to find a list of basic principles of accounting and record the terms and
their definitions below:
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Compare sources of information. Are there any differences in terms and/or definitions?
How do you explain the differences?
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system the income was really earned in July because that is when the client became
legally responsible for payment for the work.
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The matching principle of accrual accounting sets out to ensure that in a given accounting
period, the income and the expenses incurred in earning that income are accurately
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matched and reflected in the accounts and the reports.
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Benefits of accrual accounting
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Accrual accounting is an accounting process designed to more accurately reflect the true
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accounting method aligns with AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) standards
and with the practice of larger corporations. Other benefits for adopting the accrual
accounting method include:
● more accurately reporting the profit of a business for a given period
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● providing a better method for planning expenses, as well as preparing monthly and
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yearly budgets
● provides the true value of a business
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● allowing external stakeholders like banks and creditors to be better informed about
the business’ prospects
● being more comprehensive and focusing on total resources, not just cash
● accrual accounting methods allowing for a seamless transition from small to large
as the business grows and expands
● the focus on total resources providing a better and more comprehensive measure
of financial performance and facilitating resource allocation.
Budget projections derived from financial reports based on the accrual accounting
method are more likely to be accurate and fair representations of the future financial
position of the business. In addition, as we shall see later with regard to the principles of
cost accounting, keeping track of costs associated with business operations, as they are
incurred, is far more useful to budgeting and financial planning than merely tracking the
initial outlay of cash, for example, for raw materials. The level of detail and point-in-time
accuracy provided through accrual accounting can lead to more detailed, reliable and
meaningful budgeting.
Consider your own organisation or an organisation you are already familiar with or wish
to research.
Which method of accounting, cash or accrual, does the organisation use?
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How is information from the accounting system used to inform budgets?
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How does (or would) the use of the accrual method improve the accuracy and reliability
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Management accounting
Accounting may be divided into two branches: financial accounting and management
accounting. As illustrated in the diagram below, each branch has its own area of concern,
methods and key stakeholders.
Accounting
Financial Management
Accounting Accounting
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Set Reports Custom Reports
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Directors
Government Agencies
and CEO
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Line Managers
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Investors
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Creditors
Employees
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Loan Funders
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Trade Associations
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sheet and income statement that provides a scorecard by which a company's overall past
performance can be judged by outsiders.
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Managerial accounting, on the other hand, deals with information that is not made public
and is used for internal decision-making only. Reports are far more detailed than financial
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The essential data is conveyed in a wide variety of reports and is specifically targeted at
those who direct and control the organisation. These reports help to promote more
efficient and effective planning, resource organisation, personnel management,
performance evaluation, and operations control.
Unlike financial accounting, there are no external rules governing management
accounting. The emphasis in this branch is on making decisions that affect the future with
actual results being compared to, for example, budgets, activity-based costing, financial
planning, or to industry benchmarks. These reports are delivered frequently and in a
timely way according to the requirements of management. Most reports are analytical in
nature with a heavy emphasis on variances in the key indicators that monitor the financial
performance of the business. A more specialised area of management accounting is cost
accounting, which will be examined in more detail below.
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Planning and control are two key and related components of management accounting.
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Planning involves formulating the firm’s objectives and includes the detailed description
of the steps needed to meet these objectives. Planning involves custom reports derived
from information in financial statements and activities such as:
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● cash flow projections
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● long term budgets and plans
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● operational plans
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● financial projections
revising plans or targets. In other words, planning and control may influence each other in
a process of continuous and reciprocal improvement.
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Planning Control
Planning and control are two key elements in financial management. From your
experience, identify and describe at least one activity that you have done or witnessed
for each element.
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Cost accounting is an approach to evaluating the overall costs that are associated with
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conducting business. Managers use cost accounting to support decision-making. Cost
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since that is the only way to have accurate numbers to accompany a budget. It is
important to note that past year expenditures can be affected by unusual circumstances
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and any variances like this must be carefully accounted for. Apart from financial
statements, data can come from a range of sources, but typically these are:
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● consumables records
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● sales information
● materials used
● payroll records
Planning Processes
Manufacturing Production
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Selling and Admin
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Marketing Distribution Customer service
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From the diagram above we can identify the costs involved in production and how they
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flow from the one stage in the process to the next. It is important to assign the costs to
activities so that we can work on identifying where the costs have come from and
anticipate future costs.
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● Planning and process costs: These costs identify the initial stages of the production
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process and include things such as the development of a new product and its
design, as well as working on the processes that will be involved with the
manufacture.
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● Production and manufacture costs: The direct costs involved with the manufacture
of the product for sale. It involves everything from the assembly, to the equipment
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involved with getting the product into the market and the distribution of the final
item. It involves all the office and administration costs as well.
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As well as helping to plan operations for maximum benefit and produce accurate budgets,
cost accounting helps to provide the tools to analyse how well company resources are
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being used to generate revenue and achieve strategic goals. By identifying production
costs and further defining the cost of production, it is possible, for example, to note any
long term or short term trends that indicate a rise in production costs with respect to
budgeted output. In such cases, management may either apply the necessary controls to
correct budget variances or adapt budgets and financial plans to reflect new business
realities.
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● accounting for direct overheads/indirect costs
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● accounting for costs according to the lifecycle of the product.
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In order to gain a broad understanding of cost accounting this section provides a
summary of the terminology referred to above and then progresses to discuss important
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cost accounting concepts and models which can be usefully applied to financial planning.
There are a number of different ways that costs can be classified. For example, they may
be classified by nature, function, traceability, variability, controllability, normality or
abnormality, etc. Costs may be classified and recorded on a cost sheet. Two
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classifications of cost accounting of key importance for this unit are variability and
traceability (direct or indirect costs).
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Fixed costs per are those costs you need to spend to maintain your business or product
sales but which do not change in line with changes in your sales volume or business
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activity. Rent is a good illustration of a fixed cost. Regardless of how much you sell, the
rent is still going to be the same. Other fixed costs could include equipment rental or
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lease arrangements, insurance, interest on debt, plant and equipment expenses, utilities,
business licenses and salaries of permanent, full-time workers.
As the charts below show, total fixed costs do not change with increased volume of
production, yet the fixed cost per unit reduces the more volume is produced.
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Learning activity: Why fixed?
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Give an explanation as to why the following are considered fixed costs.
Cost Answer
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A license to operate a food business.
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The interest costs on the loan taken out to
establish a business.
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Variable costs are those costs that do vary in line with and usually in direct proportion to
changes in sales volume or business activity. Usually the largest and most common
variable cost is the cost of buying or manufacturing the goods that are sold. This cost is
often referred to as cost of goods sold (COGS).
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Other variable costs might include packaging, and labour directly involved in a company's
manufacturing or sales process, vehicle fuel and salesperson’s telephone calls. As the
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chart below shows, variable costs will increase in line with volume yet the variable cost
per unit will remain the same.
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Semi-variable costs are those costs that are a blend of the two. For example, electricity to
run the machinery that makes products is included on the same bill for the electricity that
lights the office, whether there is production happening or not. Staffing is another area
that could break up the costs between both concepts. Often staffing costs may increase
during a busy period if management makes a decision to employ temporary staff to
handle increased sales.
Look at the following costs and determine if they are variable or semi-variable. If semi-
variable, then explain which part of the costs is fixed and which part is variable.
Cost Answer
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Telephone costs for the
office sales team.
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Salaries and wages to
operate a retail store over
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Christmas.
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Contributions under the
Superannuation Guarantee
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(Administration) Act 1992
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Advertising costs used for
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Look at the cost on the left and decide whether it is more fixed than variable and
whether it is more direct than indirect.
Rent
Casual
production
wages
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CEO salary
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Head office
building
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insurance
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Raw materials
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Electricity to
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Several concepts and models are important for cost accounting. These depend on the
cost classifications discussed above. This section will discuss manufacturing cost
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The ‘prime cost’ is composed of direct material costs and direct labour costs:
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The conversion cost, the cost required to convert a product from raw material to a
product, is composed of indirect costs and direct labour costs.
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Overheads Labour Cost
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All three cost concepts, particularly the production cost, may factor into the cost
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accounting models discussed below.
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Learning activity: Calculate the costs
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Given the information below, calculate the prime cost, the product cost and the
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conversion costs.
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Cost Answer
Prime
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cost
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Production
cost
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Conversion
cost
X Number of units
FC Fixed costs
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Unit
Price Variable
contribution
per unit cost per unit
margin
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The unit contribution margin is related to profit. The unit contribution margin is the
marginal profit per unit of sale (or gross profit per unit).
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Profit $320,000
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