18-15E

Given:

Diameter of brass ball D = 2 in

𝐵𝑇𝑈
Thermal conductivity of brass K = 64.1
ℎ.𝑓𝑡.℉

𝑙𝑏𝑚
Density of brass 𝜌 = 532 𝑓𝑡 3

𝐵𝑇𝑈
Specific heat of brass 𝐶𝑝 = 0.092
𝑙𝑏𝑚.℉

The balls are spherical in shape with a radius 𝑟𝑜 = 1 𝑖𝑛

The initial temperature 𝑇𝑖 = 250℉

The water bath temperature 𝑇∞ = 120℉

Time 𝑡 = 120 𝑠

The thermal properties of the balls are constant. If the heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform
over the entire surface. Then the characteristic length and the Biot number for the brass balls are
𝑉
The characteristic length 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐴
𝑠

𝜋𝐷 3/6
𝐿𝑐 =
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐷
𝐿𝑐 = 6

2/12 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝑐 =
6

𝐿𝑐 = 0.02778 𝑓𝑡

ℎ𝐿𝑐
The Biot number 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑘

The lumped system analysis is applicable since Bi < 0.1. Then the temperature of the balls after
quenching becomes
ℎ𝐴𝑠
The value of exponent 𝑏 = 𝜌𝐶
𝑝𝑉
_____________________________________________________________________________________

(b) The total amount of heat transfer from a ball during a 2-minute period is

The mass 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉

The heat transfer from a ball 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 [𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇 (𝑡)]

Then the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the water becomes

Therefore, heat must be removed from the water at a rate of 1196 Btu/min in order to keep its
temperature constant at 120.
 18-17

Calculate the outer radius of the container.

Here, 𝑑𝑜 is the outer diameter of the container.

Substitute 6m for 𝑑𝑜 .

Calculate the characteristic length of the plate.

Here, L is the height of the milk in the container.

Substitute 0.03m for 𝑟𝑜 and 7m for L.

Calculate the average temperature.

Here, 𝑇𝑖 is the initial temperature and 𝑇(𝑡) is the temperature at time t.

Substitute 3℃ for 𝑇𝑖 and 38℃ for 𝑇(𝑡).

Obtain the value of thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat of water from the table A-9
“Properties of saturated water” in the text book, at temperature, 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 20℃.

Calculate the Biot number.

Here, h is the heat transfer coefficient and k is the thermal conductivity.

𝑤
Substitute 120𝑤/𝑚 2 . 𝑘 for h, 0.598 . 𝑘 for k, and 0.0105m for 𝐿𝑐 .
𝑚

Since, Biot number is greater than 0.1, lumped system analysis is not applicable. But in this problem, we
are using the lumped system analysis because of temperature remains uniform due to constant stirring.

Calculate the exponent b.

Here, 𝜌 is the density and 𝐶𝑝 is the specific heat.

Substitute 120𝑤/𝑚 2 . 𝑘 for h, 4182 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 for 𝐶𝑝 , 0.0105m for 𝜌, and for 𝐿𝑐 .
Calculate the time by using this equation

Here, 𝑇∞ is the ambient temperature.

Substitute 70℃ for 𝑇∞ , 3℃ for 𝑇𝑖 , 0.002738 𝑠 −1 for b, and 38℃ for T(t).
38−60
𝑒 −0.002738𝑡 = 3−60

38−60
−0.002738𝑡 = ln ( 3−60 )

𝑡 = 347.7022697𝑠
1 min
𝑡 = 347.7022697𝑠 ∗
60s

𝑡 = 5.795 min = 5.8 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Therefore, the time taken for the milk to warm up from 3℃ 𝑡𝑜 38℃ is 5.8 min.
 18-23

Calculate the characteristic length.

𝑉
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐴
𝑠

Here, V is the volume of the ball, and 𝐴𝑠 is the surface area of the ball.

Here, D is the diameter of the ball.

10−3𝑚
Substitute 8mm| 1𝑚𝑚 | for D.
0.008𝑚
𝐿𝑐 = 6

𝐿𝑐 = 0.0013𝑚

Calculate the Biot number.

The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this assumption will be
verified).

Calculate the value of exponent.

Calculate the time required to reach 100℃.

Therefore, the annealing process will take place for 2.7m.

Calculate the mass of each ball.

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝜋𝐷 3
𝑚= 𝜌
6

𝜋(0.008𝑚)3
𝑚 = 7833 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 6

𝑚 = 0.0021 𝑘𝑔

Calculate the amount of heat transfer from a single ball.

Calculate the total rate of heat transfer from the balls to the ambient air.

Therefore, the rate of total transfer from the balls to the ambient air is 543W.
 18-38

Calculate the Biot number by using the following equation:

ℎ𝑟𝑜
𝐵𝑖 =
𝑘

Here, h is the heat transfer coefficient, 𝑟𝑜 is the radius of the shaft, and k is the thermal conductivity.

Substitute 60 𝑤/𝑚 2 . ℃ for h, 14.9 𝑤/𝑚. ℃ for k, and 0.175m for𝑟𝑜 .

Calculate the Fourier number by using the following equation:

Here, 𝛼 is the thermal diffusivity and t is the time in seconds.

Substitute 3.95 ∗ 10−6 𝑚 2 /𝑠 for 𝛼, 300 s for t, and 0.175m for𝑟𝑜 .

Use one term approximation method.

Obtain the value of constants 𝜆1 and 𝐴1 for cylinder, corresponding to Biot number 0.705 from table 4-2
“coefficients used in one term approximation solution of transient one-dimensional heat conduction in
plane walls, cylinders and spheres”.by interpolating the Biot numbers between 0.7 and 0.8.

Calculate the value of 𝜆1 by interpolating the Biot numbers between 0.7 and 0.8.

Calculate the value of 𝐴1 by interpolating the Biot numbers between 0.7 and 0.8.
Determine the value of center temperature of the shaft 20 min after the start of the cooling process by
using this equation

Substitute 150℃ for 𝑇∞ , 400℃ for 𝑇𝑖 , 1.0904 for 𝜆1 , 1.1548 for 𝐴1 and 0.1548 for 𝜏.

Therefore, the temperature of the center of the shaft is almost 390℃.

Calculate the mass of the shaft by using the following equation:

Here, m is the mass of the shaft, V is the volume of the shaft, L is the length of the shaft, and 𝜌 is the
density of the shaft.

Substitute 7900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 for 𝜌, 0.175m for 𝑟𝑜 , and 1m for L.

Determine the maximum amount of heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period by
using the following equation:
𝑄 = 15898.76 𝑘𝐽 = 16,000 𝑘𝐽

Q = heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time of period
18-43
18-50
18-52
18-53
 18-56

2𝜏 4−(−6)
1.517𝑒 −(2.027) = 37−(−6) )

𝜏 = 0.456 which is greater than 0.2 thus the one term solution can be applied
𝛼𝑡
𝜏 = 𝑟2
0

𝜏𝑟02
𝑡= 𝛼

0.456∗0.122
𝑡= 0.13∗10−6

1ℎ𝑟
𝑡 = 50510.76923𝑠 ∗ (3600)

𝑡 = 14.03 = 14ℎ
𝑇(𝑟𝑜 )−(−6) 4−(−6)
37−(−6)
= 37−(−6) 𝐽𝑜 (𝜂)

𝑇(𝑟𝑜 ) = −3.916℃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 1.7℃

𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

Bonus:

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑡

𝑚 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 = 12 ∗ 3 ∗ 3 ∗ 3.14 = 340 𝑚𝑙

𝑞 = 0.340 ∗ 4.2 ∗ (40 − 8) = 45.7 𝑘𝐽
Heat rejected by water = heat transferred

ℎ = 5 𝑤/𝑚2 . 𝑘
1
𝐴 = 3 ∗ 𝑝𝑖 ∗ 9 ∗ 5 = 56 𝑐𝑚 2

−5 ∗ 56 ∗ 10 − 4(40 − 2) = 0.34 ∗ 4200 ∗ (40 − 8)/dt

𝑑𝑡 = 17.26𝑠