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Engineering Mathematics PDF
Engineering Mathematics PDF
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ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
Volume - I : Study Material with Classroom Practice Questions
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Page No. 01
CONTENTS
Chapter
Name of the Chapter Page No.
No.
02 – 11
01 Linear Algebra
12 – 26
02 Calculus
27 – 41
03 Probability and Statistics
42 – 63
04 Differential Equations
64 – 76
05 Complex Variables
06 Numerical Methods 77 – 83
Chapter
1 Linear Algebra
Arthur Cayley
(1821 – 1895)
k 2
0 k 1 1 1 1
=0
k(k+1) = 72
k=8
we can choose in 3 ways (0, 1, –1). Sol: If the vectors are linearly independent, then
4 = 16 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
By Caley Hamilton's Theorem
A4 = 16I A ~ 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
15. Ans: 4
1 1 0 0 0 R5 R5 – R4
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
Sol: A 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 A 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
R4 R4 + R1
= Echelon form of A
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 Rank of A = number of non-zero rows in
1 0
Echelon form of ‘A’ = 4
A ~ 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 16. Ans: (b)
0 0 0 1 1 Sol: The augmented matrix of the given system
is
R2 R3
1 1 2 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 [A|B] = 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 2 1
A ~ 0 0 1 1 0
R2 – R1
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
~ 0 1 1 2 1
R4 R4 + R2 0 1 1 2 1
R3 + R2
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1
A ~ 0 0 1 1 0 ~ 0 1 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 2
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
Rank of coefficient matrix A = 2
R4 R4 + R3 Rank of [A|B] = 3
The system has no solution
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: 6 : Postal Coaching Solutions
24. Ans: 0 1
X1 = c1
3 4 0
Sol: Let a =
4 3 The eigen vectors for = 2 are given by
The characteristic equation is [A – 2I] X = 0
|A – I| = 0 1 2 x 0
3 4 0 0 y 0
0
4 3 –x + y = 0
= 5 2
X2 = c2
The eigen vectors for = 5 are given by 1
[A – 5I] X = 0
1 2
2 4 x 0 The eigen vector pair is and
0 1
4 8 y 0
x – 2y = 0
26. Ans: (c)
2
X1 = c1 Sol: If A is singular then 0 is an eigen value of A.
1
The minimum eigen value of A is 0.
The eigen vectors for = –5 are given by
[A + 5I] X = 0 The eigen vectors corresponding to the eigen
8 4 x 0 value = 0 is given by
4 2 y 0 [A – 0I]X = 0
2x + y = 0 3 5 2 x 0
1 5 12 7 y 0
X2 = c2
2 2 7 5 z 0
a+b=0
Applying cross multiplication rule for first
25. Ans: (a) and second rows of A, we have
1 2 x y z
Sol: Let A =
0 2 11 11 11
The eigen values of A are 1, 2
x y z
The eigen vectors for = 1 are given by
1 1 1
[A – I] X = 0 The eigen vectors are
0 2 x 0 1
0 1 y 0 X = k 1
y=0 1
= 2, –3
The characteristic equation is
product of the non zero eigen values = –6
|A – I| = 0
0 1
0 1 0 0 29. Ans: 3
1 0 Sol: If is eigen value then AX = X
(1 – ) ( 2 – 1) = 0 4 1 2 1 1
= 1, 1, –1
17 2 1 2 2
14 4 10 k k
28. Ans: –6
6 + 2k =
Sol: The given matrix has rank 2
21 + k = 2
There are only 2 non zero eigen values
42 + 2k = 4
The characteristic equation is
= 12 and k = 3
|A – I| = 0
1 0 0 0 1
30. Ans: 3
0 1 1 1 0
Sol: Sum of the eigen values = Trace of A = 14
0 1 1 1 0 =0
1 1 1 1 0 a + b + 7 = 14 ...... (i)
1 0 0 0 1 product of eigen values = |A| = 100
R1 R1 + R5 and 10ab = 100
R2 R2 + R3 + R4 ab = 10 .....(ii)
2 0 0 0 2
solving (i) & (ii), we have
0 3 3 3 0
0 1 1 1 0 =0 a = 5 and b = 2
1 1 1 1 0 |a – b| = 3
1 0 0 0 1
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: 10 : Postal Coaching Solutions
4 = (3 – 62 + 9 –4 ) = 0
0 0 1 x 0 3 – 18 2 + 45 = 0
0 0 1 y 0 = 0, 3, 15
0 0 1 z 0 The eigen vector for = 15 are given by
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: 11 : Linear Algebra
[A –15I] X = 0 (A – I) (A – 2I)
4 6 6 3 6 6
7 6 2 x 0 = 1 3 1 2
2
2 = O
6 8 4 y 0
3 6 5 3 6 6
2 4 12 z 0
The minimal polynomial of A
x y z = ( – 1) ( – 2)
40 40 20 = 2 –3 + 2
x y z
39. Ans: (a)
2 2 1
Sol: Let the given vectors X1 = [2, 2, 0],
The eigen vectors for = 15 are X2 = [3, 0, 2] and X3 = [2, –2, 2]
2 suppose X1 = a X1 + b X2
X = k 2 (k 0) [2, 2, 0] = a[3, 0, 2] + b[2, –2, 2]
1
2 = 3a + 2 b ......... (i)
2 = –2 b ........ (ii)
37. Ans: (c)
0 = 2a + 2b ........(iii)
Sol: The characteristic equation is
a 1 0 From (i) and (ii), we get
1 a 1 0 a = 0 and b = –1
0 1 a But, equation (iii) is not satisfied for these
(a – ) [{(a – )2 –1} – (a – )] = 0 values.
= a, a 2 The given vectors are linearly
independent
38. Ans: 2 – 3 + 2
40. Ans: k 0
Sol: The characteristic equation is
Sol: If the given vectors form a basis, then they
5 6 6
are linearly independent
1 4 2 =0
k 1 1
3 6 4
0 1 1 0
2
( –1) ( – 2) = 0 k 0 k
Either ( –1) ( – 2) or ( –1) ( – 2)2 is
k2 + k – k 0
the minimal polynomial
k0
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Chapter
2 Calculus
(With Vector Calculus & Fourier Series)
Sir Isaac Newton G. W. Von Leibniz
(1643 – 1727) (1646 – 1716)
Issac Newton and Leibnitz independently developed calculus which leads to the development of differential
and integral equations of mathematical physics
: 13 : Calculus
06.
08. Ans: (c)
Sol: Lt f ( x ) Lt f ( x ) f (0)
x 0 x 0 Sol: f1(x) = 2ax, x 1
Lt f ( x ) Lt f (0 h ) Lt f h = 2x + a, x > 1
x 0 h 0 h 0
f1(1–) = f(1+)
1 ph 1 ph
= Lt ( since f(x) is differentiable at x = 1)
h 0 h
2a = a + 2 a = 2
1 ph 1 ph
= Lt
h 0
h 1 ph 1 ph f(1–) = f(1+) ( f(x) is continuous at x = 1)
a+1=1+a+b
2p
= Lt
h0 1 ph 1 ph b=0
2p
= 09. Ans: –1
2
Sol: Let f(x, y) = xy + yx = C
=p
f
dy x
20 1 1
Now f(0) = = dx f
02 2
y
1
p=
2 y x y1 y x . log y
=
x y . log x x y x 1
07. Ans: (a)
dy
Sol: If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then 1,1 1
dx
Lt f ( x ) f (0)
x 0
u2 x2 = 12 us – 12 ut
uxx =
u3 = – 3 uz
similarly,
20. Ans: (d)
u 2 y2
uyy = 1
u3 Sol: Let f(x) = x x
u2 z2 1
uzz = 1 log x
u3 f(x) = x x 2
x
Adding
f(x) = 0 x=e
3u 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
uxx + uyy + uzz = Further f(e) < 0
u3
f(x) has maximum at x = 0
2
= 1
u
The maximum value = f(e) = e e
dy y = 0, 1, –1
0
dx x 1 r = fxy = 4 – 12x2
– a –2b + 1 = 0 ........... (1) s = fxy = 0
dy t = fyy = –4 + 12y2
0
dx x 2 At (0,1), we have r > 0 and (rt – s2) > 0
s = fxy = 1 1
Here, f(x) =
t = fyy = 0 1 tan 4 x
rt – s2 = –1 < 0 cos 4 x
=
P(1, –1) is a saddle point cos 4 x sin 4 x
sin 4 x
28. Ans: 0.0023 f(a+ b –x) = f x =
sin x cos x
4 4
2
Sol: f(x, y, z) = xy2z3
5 5
cos 4 x
x + y + z = 1 ............. (1)
12 12
Let I = f ( x ) dx = dx
2 3 12 12
cos 4 x sin 4 x
Let f = xy z + (x + y + z –1)
again
fx = y2z3 + = 0 ........... (2)
5 5
3
fy = 2xyz + = 0 ......... (3) sin 4 x
I= f (a b x ) dx =
12 12
dx
12 12
sin x cos 4 x
4
t 1 e dt
3
t
29. Ans: 39 Sol: 2
x dx
10
Sol:
1
1
= 1 e t .t 2 2 2t 2 .e t dt
4
x dx x dx ........ x dx
5 6 10 0
= 0
4 5 9
1
1
5 6 10 t
dt = 2. = 2
4 dx 5 dx ........ = 2. e t 2
= 9 dx
4 5 9 0
2
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: 18 : Postal Coaching Solutions
= 0
1 x dx
I sin 6 x cos 4 x dx
2 3
= 14
3
20 = 1 x 2
0
3 3
2
2 0
=2 sin 6 x cos 4 x dx (property 6)
36. Ans: (a)
By reduction formula dx
1 1 dx 1
Sol: 1 x 0 x 2 ( x 2 is even function)
2
2
5.3.1.3.1 3
2
I 1 dx 1
10.8.6.4.2 2 512 = 2 Lt 2
(since 2 is not defined)
x 0 0 x x
1
33. Ans: 4 1
= 2 = 2{(–1) – (–)}
x 0
x sin x dx = k
2
Sol:
0
= (Divergent)
2
0
x sin x dx
x sin x dx = k
37. Ans: (a)
x cos x sin x 0 x cos x sin x 2 k
3
1 x2
– [–3] = k Sol:
1 x 12
dx at x =1
k=4
1 x2
Let f x f x as x 1
34. Ans: (a)
x 12
1
Let gx
0 0
0 e x e x
Sol: sin hx dx cos hx
2
x 12
f x 1 x
x 1 2
2
2 e e Lt Lt
x 1 g x x 1 x 12
2 2
3
1
1 0
e
But x 1
1
2
is known to be divergent.
2
By comparison test, the given integral also
divergent.
2 a cos
x3 1 r2
Let f(x) =
2x
=
0
2 sin
2 0
d
f x an x 2
=
0
2 sin 2 a 2 cos 2 d
1
Let g(x) = 0
2x = –2a2 1
t 2 dt Put cos = t
f x x3 1 1
Lt 2 x 9 finite
Lt = 2a2 t
2
x 2 g x
dt
x 2
2x 0
2 2a 2
=
But gx dx in known to be convergent 3
1
=
0
dy
2 3 y2
ex
Let f(x) = 2
x
1 1 y4 y6 4
Choose g(x) =
1 = 0 6 2 3 dy = 35
x2
1
gx dx x dx 1 is known to be 42. Ans: 1.047
2
1 1
2 1
convergent.
Sol:
0 0
3
0
r 2 sin drdd
also convergent.
= 0 0
3 sin dd
3 0
1
cos 03 d =
2
= 0 3 3
y = |x|
Sol: x, y dydx
0 ax
x, y dydx
a
= a
0 0
On solving the two curves in the first
Now,
Quadrant, we get x = 2. Therefore, the area
q s y2
= 2 4 x dx x dx
2 2
0 0 y2
q.s = a. = y2
a
x 2 x 2
2 2
= 2 4 x
2 0 2 0
46. Ans: 32
4 x dx dy
= 8 sq. units 6 2
2
=
0 0
2
44. Ans: 0.0536 6 x3
= 4 x
3 0
dy
x y xy dxdy
Sol: 2 2
0
s = 32
x
y xy 2 dy dx
1 x
2
=
0 x2 47. Ans: 25.12
4
y2 x
1 y3
x Sol: Volume = 0
y 2 dx
= x x dx
2
0
2 x 2 3 x 2 4
=
0
x dx
x2 2 6
= 8 cubic units
=
1
0 2
x x 4
x 3
3
x x
dx
0.054
dy
2 a
3
Directional Derivative = f.
Sol: Length = 0
1 dx
dx |a|
3 f
= f.
=
0
1 x dx
| f |
3
2 3
= 14 = | f | = 4 4 64
= 1 x 2
0
3 3
= 72
Given a 3i 4k
53. Ans: (c)
Directional Derivative
Sol: Given f = x2 + y2 + z2, r x i yj 3k
a
= T. f r fx i fyj fzk
|a|
= 2i 2 j 2k .
3i 4k div f r
fx fy fz
x y z
9 16
2 = x.2 x f [ y.2 y f ] z.2 y f
=
5 = 2(x2 + y2 + z2) + 3f = 5f
Sol: Given
Workdone = F. dr
V x 2 yz i y 2 zx j z 2 xy k C
= i x x jy y kz z 0 F. dr = F . n ds
C S
V is irrotational
i j k
Here, × F =
57. Ans: 202 x y z
Sol: Given F 2 xy z 3 i x 2 j 3xz 2 k ex 2y 1
0
i j k
Curl F
x y z
F. d r 0
2 xy z 3 x2 3xz 2
59.
2 2
= i 0 0 j 3z 3z k2x 2x 0 Sol: Y
(2,4)
F is irrotational y=2x
Work done by F is independent of path
of curve X
(0,0) (2,0)
Here, M = x – y and N = x + y
N M
= 2x –1 N M
x y = 1 – (–1) = 2
x y
2x 1 dy dx
2 2x
The given integral=
x 0 y 0
y= x (1,1)
2xy y
2 2x
= 0 dx
0
y = x2
4x
2
= 2
2 x dx
0
(0,0)
20
=
3
N M
60. Ans: (c) The given integral = x
R
dx dy
y
Sol: By Green's Theorem,
1 x
N M
C M dx N dy R x y dx dy
=
x 0 yx 2
2 dy dx
Here, M = 2x – y and N = x +3 y
=
1
x 0
2 x x 2 dx
N M 3
1
=2
x y x 2 x3
= 2
3 3
Y
2 0
(0, 1)
2 1
= 2
X 3 3
(–2, 0) (2, 0)
(0, –1) 2
=
3
62. Ans: 0
The given integral = 2 dx dy
R Sol: Given A
= 2 Area of the given ellipse Curl A 0
= 2 (. 2. 1) = 4 A is Irrotational
Line
x y z dzdydx
integral of Irrotational vector =
4 3 4
x 0 y 0 z 0
function along a closed curve is zero
4x 4y 8 dy dz
4 3
A.dr 0 =
x 0 y 0
C
12 x 18 24 dx
4
2 2 =
x y x 0
where C is 1 is a closed curve.
4 9 = 264
C is the circle x2 + y2 = 4
= V
3 dv 3 V
y z x dv
R
=
V = Area of Region
= –r2 = –(1)2 = –
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: 25 : Calculus
0
= dx
4 1 2
f x dx
0
a0 =
2
1 x
3
= 1
12 0
0
= 1 dx 1
=
1
12
3 3
72. Ans: (c)
2 3 2 Sol: f(x) = (x – x2)
= =
12 6
a 2
f(x) = b n sin nx
The constant term = 0 n 1
2 12
bn =
2
0
x x 2 sin nx dx
69. Ans: (b)
Sol: The given function is even in (–, ) b1 =
2
0
x x 2 . sin x dx
Fourier series of f(x) contains only cosine
= 2 x x 2 cos x 2x sin x 2 cos x 0
terms.
8
=
0 2 0
1
= 2 x 12 . sin nx 2x 1. cos2 n2x 2 sin3n3 x 2
0
an = x. cos nx dx
n n n 0
2 1 1
n
f(x) = |x|
f(x) = cos nx
2 n 1 n 2
a0
= a n cos nx ........(1)
2 n 1
O(0, 0) A(1, 0)
E: Event that the four numbers are
consecutive. Required Probability = area of the shaded
Favourable cases to E: (1 2, 3,4), (2,3,4,5), 1 2
region = 0
x dx
3
(3,4,5,).......(37,38,39,40) whose number is
37
03. Ans: (d)
37 1
P(E) = 40 = Sol: Let x S. Then either
C4 2470
x P, x Q, or x P, x Q, or x P,
Required probability = PE
x Q or x P, x Q. Out of the above
= 1 – P(E)
four cases, three cases are favourable to the
1
= 1 event P Q = .
2470
20
2469 3
= The required probability =
2470 4
Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, FRS known as C R Rao (born 10 September 1920) is an Indian-born, mathematician and statistician.
The American Statistical Association has described him as "a living legend whose work has influenced not just statistics, but has had far
reaching implications for fields as varied as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, national planning, demography, biometry, and
medicine.
: 28 : Postal Coaching Solutions
9 1
= = nA3 A5 A 2
36 4 =
n A 2
1
Thus P(A B) = = P(A) P(B) 23
4 = = 0.46
50
1
P(A C) = = P(A)P(C)
4
11. Ans: (c)
1
P(B C) = = P(B)P(C) Sol: Let E1, E2, E3 be the events of selecting urns
4
U1, U2, U3 respectively and W be the event
Which indicates that A, B, and C are pair of the drawn ball is white.
wise independent. However, since the sum 1
P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
of two numbers is even, 3
{A B C) = and By Total theorem of probability P(W)
E : Wrong diagnosis E
Required probability = P 3
E
D : Event of death.
E
P(E) =
60 3
= , PE
2 PE 3 P
100 5 5 = E3
E
PE j P
3
D 70
P
7 D 80
, P =
4 E
E 100 10 E 100 5 j1 j
1
1
By Baye's theorem, = 2
1 1 1 1 1
E 1
Required probability = P 3 4 6 8 2
D
24
D =
PE P 29
= E
D D
P(E) P PE P 15. Ans: (c)
E E
Sol: Let Ej be the event that the bag contains
3 7
5 10 21 j number of red balls (j = 1, 2, 3, 4)
= =
3 7 2 4 37
1
5 10 5 5 P(Ej) = (j = 1, 2, 3, 4)
4
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: 31 : Probability
CLIFTON. 2 2 4 2 19
1 2 3 4
E: Event of two consecutive letters ON. 6 6 8 18 9
1
P(E1) = P(E2) = .
2 18. Ans: 5
Word LONDON consists of 5 pairs of Sol: Let X = Amount the player wins in rupees
consecutive letters The probability distribution for X is given
below
(LO, ON, ND, DO, ON) out of which there
are 2 ON's. Number of heads 0 1 2
CLIFTON consists of 6 pairs of consecutive X x 1 3
letters 1 2 1
P(X)
4 4 4
(CL, LI, IF, FT, TO, ON) out of which there
is only one 'ON'.
if no heads occur = 5.
21. Ans: 0 and 0.4
1 1 1 2
3
1 .......
22 2 2 0 1
1
x (1 x ) dx x 2 (1 x ) dx
2
1 1 0
6
1 1 1
1
4 4 3 1
Variance of X = E (X2) –(E (X))2 =
6
20. Ans: 0.62857 Range(0.62 to 0.63)
22. Ans: (a)
Sol: Let
Sol: Required probability
E1 = The selected reader is reading only one
5 5
news papers 1 1
= C(10,5). . .1
E2 = The selected reader is reading atleast 2 2
10
one of the newspapers C5
=
The Venn diagram for the given data is 210
5 6 5 6
= 1 1 29. Ans: 0.122
6 6
Sol: We view the number of misprints on one
0.335 page as the number of successes in a
sequence of Bernoulli trials. Here n = 300
27. Ans: 7
1
Sol: The probability of missing the target is since there are 300 misprints, and p = ,
500
q = 1 – p = 0.7. Hence the probability that n the probability that a misprint appears on a
n
missiles miss the target is (0.7) . Thus, we given page. Since p is small, we use the
seek the smallest n for which Poisson approximation to the binomial
n
1 – (0.7) > 0.90 or distribution with = np = 0.6.
n
equivalently (0.7) < 0.10
We have
Compute
P(0misprint) = f(0; 0.6)
(0.7)1 = 0.7, (0.7)2 = 0.49, (0.7)3 = 0.343,
(0.7)4 = 0.240, (0.7)5 = 0.168, =
0.60 e 0.6 = e–0.6 = 0.549
0!
(0.7)6 = 0.118, (0.7)7 = 0.0823
Thus, atleast 7 missiles should be fired. P(1 misprint) = f(1; 0.6)
1 1 P(X<5) = f ( x ) dx
1 1 1
P(X < )
2 f x dx =
0
2
0
2
2
dx
4
0
5 x
1
= e 10 dx 0.393
10
38. Ans: (c) 0
1
Sol: f(x) = , –2 X 2 40. Ans: (a)
4
1 1 1
|X–1| Sol: Mean 0.5 = =2
2 0.5
The probability function of exponential
1 1
= X 1 2 X 1 2
2 2 distribution is f(x) = 2e–2x, x 0.
|X–1|
1 P(X >
1
2
)=
1
2e 2 x dx = e 2 x
1
2 2 2
42. x3 x4
1
1 1 1
= 6 6
xi 3 4 0 3 4 2
Sol: Mean = = 34
n
Median is that value ‘a’ for which
Median is the middle most value of the data
1
by keeping the data points in increasing P( X a ) =
2
order or decreasing order. a
1
6(x x ) dx
2
Mode = 36
0
2
S.D = 4.14
a2 a3 1
6
43. Ans: (b) 2 3 2
Sol: Mean = xipi = 3 1
3a2 –2a3 = 2
Variance = x p
2
i i 2
1
= 10.2 – 9 = 1.2 a=
2
1
For max or min f1(x) = 0 6 – 12x = 0
k(x x ) dx 1
2
1
0
x=
2
x 2 1 x 3 1 f11(x) = –12
k 1
2 0 3 0 1
f 11 12 < 0
2
1 1
k 1
2 3 1
maximum at x =
2
3 2
k =1 1
6 mode is
2
k=6
S.D = E( x 2 ) (E( x )) 2
Mean = xf (x ) dx
1
1
2 5
6( x 2 x 3 ) dx
0
x y u= x – 5 v = y – 12 u2 v2 uv 0.9
= = 0.18
1 9 –4 –3 16 9 12 5
2 8 –3 –4 9 16 12
3 10 –2 –2 4 4 12 47. Ans: 0.747
4 12 –1 0 1 0 0 cov X, Y
Sol: We have, r(X, Y) =
5 11 0 –1 0 1 0 varX varY
6 13 1 1 1 1 1
10
7 14 2 2 4 4 4 =
5.5 32.5
8 16 3 4 9 16 12
9 15 4 3 16 9 12 = 0.747
Total 0 0 60 60 57
48. Ans: 0.4
correlation coefficient = x i 15
Sol: We have x = = 3,
uv n 5
rxy ruv
u 2 . v2 yi 36
y = = 7.2
n 5
57
= x i yi
60.60 cov (x, y) = x y
n
= 0.95
110
= 3 7.2 = 0.4
46. Ans: 0.18 5
1 x
bxy = Now the test statistic z
2
1 n
r= b yx b xy
2 = 280, x = mean of the sample = 265
= 30, n = size of the sample = 400
y
(ii) byx = r. 265 280
x Z 10
30
1 400
1 1 4 |Z| = 10
.
2 2 x
Z = 1.96
1
x = Since |Z| = 10 > 1.96, we reject null
4
hypothesis
(iii) Let the mean of x = x The sample is not drawn from population.
drawn from a population whit mean = 280 From the alternative hypothesis H1, we note
Alternate Hypothesis H1: The sample is not Let LOS be 5%. Therefore, z = 1.96.
1 7 1
0.125 1.96
8 8 400
Leonhard Euler is considered to be the pre-eminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest
mathematicians to have ever lived. He made important discoveries in every branch of mathematic
: 43 : Differential Equations
y dx x dy N
2 y dy 2 x 2ay
y2 x
x 1 M N 1
d 2 y dy
y N y x x
1
x x dx
d y 2 y dy Integrating factor = e =x
By multiplying the given differential
x y2 equation by the integrating factor, we get
2 C
y 2
(3x2y – 2ay2x)dx + (x3 – 2ax2y)dy = 0
3
x = cy + y
which is exact
Integrating,
05. Ans: (b)
x3y – ax2y2 = C
Sol: Given that
x2y (x – ay) = C
dy 2x
2
dx
x y2 2y
07. Ans: (d)
2x dx = (x2+y2 – 2y) dy
Sol: Given that
2(x dx + y dy) = (x2 + y2) dy
r sin d + (r3 – 2r2 cos + cos)dr = 0
2x dx 2 y dy
dy Let M = r sin and
x y
2 2
2 2
N = r3 – 2r2 cos + cos)
d(log(x +y )) = dy
M N
Integrating both sides sin and 2r 2 sin sin
r
log(x2+y2) + C = y
1 N M 1
y = log(x2+y2) + C 2 r
M r r
1
06. Ans: (c) 2 r r dr
Integrating factor (I.F) = e
Sol: Given that 2
er
(3xy – 2ay2)dx + (x2 – 2axy)dy = 0 = 2
r
Let M = 3xy – 2ay2 and
N = x2 – 2axy 08.
x2 Put y–4 = t
log sin t = C
2 dy dt
– 4 y–5
x2 dx dx
log [sin(y – x)] = C
2 1 dt t
5x 2
4 dx 2x
16. dt t
2 –1
2 20x 2
Sol: Given that (1 + y ) dx = (Tan y – x)dy dx x
2
tan 1 y x dy x dx
1 I.F = e = x2
1 y 2
dx
The solution is
–1
Put tan y = t
t.x2 = –20x2 .x2 dx + C
1 dy dt
x2 x5
1 y 2 dx dx 20 C
y4 5
dt
t x 1 x2 + (4x5 – C)y4 = 0
dx
dx
xt
dt 18.
Sol: Given that
I.F = e = ex
1 dx
dy
The solution is Tan y Tan x cos y cos 2 x
dx
x. et = t. et dt + C
dy
x.et = et[t – 1] + C sec y tan y sec y tan x cos 2 x
dx
x = t – 1 + Ce–t Put sec y = v
x tan 1 y 1 C.e tan
1
y
sec y tan y
dy dv
dx dx
17. dv
tan x v cos 2 x
Sol: Given that dx
dy y The solution is
5x 2 y 5
dx 2x v. sec x = cos2 x .sec x dx + C
1 dy y 4 sec y = cos x(sin x + C)
5x 2
y 5 dx 2 x
R R y(0) = 1
D= ,
2L 2L C2 = 0
The solution is y1 = ex + C1
Rt
y1(0) = 2
i = (A + Bt) e 2L
C1 = 1
y = C1 ex + C2 e–3ix
1 e 3 x e 3 x
=
D 2 1 2
25. Ans: (b)
1 e3x e 3 x
Sol: If e -x
(C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x ) + C3 e 2x
=
2 D 2 1 D 2 1
is the general solution then,
1 e 3x e 3 x
The roots of the auxiliary equation are =
2 10 10
–1 i 3 , 2
The corresponding differential equation is 28. Ans: (c)
(D – 2) [D – (–1 + i 3 ] [D – (–1 – i 3 ]y = 0 Sol: The auxiliary equation is
(D3 – 8)y = 0 D2 + 1 = 0
d3y D=i
8 y 0
dx 3
Complementary function (C.F)
26. Ans: (d) = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
Sol: The given equation is 1
P.I = sin x
2
d y D 1
2
2
ex
dx 1
= x. sin x
dy 2D
ex C
dx x
x
= cos x
y = e + C1x + C2 ........... (i) 2
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: 49 : Differential Equations
The solution is C1 = 0
x dy
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x cos x ...... (i) Given 0 when t = 0
2 dt
1
y 0 C2 = 0 C2 =
2 8
y(0) = 1 C1 = 1 substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i)
1
substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i) y sin 2t 2t cos 2t
8
x
y = cos x – cos x
2
30. Ans: (c)
1 5
29. Ans: (b) Sol: P.I = 4 x
D 1
Sol: The auxiliary equation is
= (1 + D4)–1 x5
2
D +4=0
= (1 – D4+ D8 – .........)x5
D = 2i
= x5 – D4x4 = x5 – 120x
Complementary function (C.F)
31. Ans: (a)
= C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t
x
1 1 2
P.I = 2 sin 2 t Sol: P.I = 2 e
D 4 4D 4D 1
x
1 1 2
= t. sin 2t = x. e
2D 8D 4
t (By Case of failure formula)
= cos 2t
4 x
x2 2 1
= e (Replacing D with )
8 2
The solution is
t 32. Ans: (d)
y = C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t – cos 2t ....(i)
4
Sol: P.I = 2
1 2
x 7x 9
dy D 5D 4
= –2C1 sin 2t + 2C2 cos 2t
dt 1
1 D 2 5D
cos 2 t t sin 2t = 1
4 4
x 2
7x 9
–
4 8
2
= 1 1 D 5D D 5D ..... x 2 7 x 9
2 2
y(0) = 0
4
4 4
= (1 + 2D1 – 3 D12 ) t2
=
1 2
4
1 5
25
x 7 x 9 2x 7 .2
2 4 16
= t2 + 4t + 6
1 2 9 23 The solution is
= x x
4 2 8
y = (C1 + C2t)et + t2 + 4t + 6
y = (C1 + C2 logx) x + (log x)2 + 4logx + 6
33. Ans: (a)
1
Sol: Particular Integral (P.I) = (x sinh x) 35. Ans: (c)
D 4
2
x 2 D1(D1 – 1) y + 6D1y + 6y = et
= sin hx cos hx (applying rule 1)
3 9 ( D12 + 5D1 + 6)y = et
y = C1 e –2t + C2 e–3t 1 2
P.I = .4e t = e t
D 7D1 12D1
3 2
3
y = C1 x–4 + C2 x3 ...... (i) 1
1 = C1 + C2 .......(ii) 2 t
y = C1 + C2e4t + C3e3t + e
3
y1 = 4C1 x–5 + 3C2 x2
2
y1(1) = 0 y C1 C 2 x 3 C 3 x 4 x
3
–4C1 + 3C2 ....... (iii)
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: 52 : Postal Coaching Solutions
Py
where, A = 2 dx
=
x2
4
1 log x 2
W
Py1
where, W = y1.y2 – y2.y1 =e –4x B= W
dx
e 2 x x e 2 x e x log x. e x
A = 2 . 4 x dx = e 2 x dx
x e
= x (logx – 1)
= – log x
Py 2 z xy y x 2 a 2 b 2
where, A = dx
W
2x
p=y+ y ...... (i)
where, W = y1.y2 – y2.y1 2 x2 a2
= e4x q=x+ x2 a2
z 1 1
p a ........ (ii) q – 2y = 2f1 log y . .........(ii)
x x y
z
q b ........ (iii)
y dividing (i) by (ii)
45. 47.
Sol: The given equation can be written as Sol: The given equation is
z – xy = (x2 + y2) p – q = log(x + y)
Differentiating partially with respect to x
The auxiliary equations are
p – y = 1(x2 + y2).2x ........ (i)
dx dy dz
Differentiating partially with respect to y
1 1 logx y
q – x = 1(x2 + y2).2y ........ (ii)
dx dy
Dividing (i) by (ii)
1 1
py x
x+y=C
qx y
dx dz
qx – py = x2 – y2
1 logx y
1
dx = dz
46. Ans: (a) log C
Sol: The given equation is z
x= C1
2u 2u log C
f x , y
x 2 y 2 z
x– C1
The general form of 2nd order linear partial log x y
u u
f x, y, z , 0 ...........(1) 48.
x y
Sol: The auxiliary equations are
Equation (1) is said to be
dx dy dz
............ (i)
(i) Parabolic if B2 4AC = 0 zy xz yx
(ii) Elliptic if B2 4AC < 0 Using the multipliers 1, 1, 1 each of the
2
(iii) Hyperbolic if B 4AC > 0 fractions in (i)
Here, A = 1, B = 0 & C = 1 dx dy dz
2
=
B – 4AC = –4 < 0 0
The given differntial equation is Elliptic dx+ dy + dz = 0
x2 + y2 + z2 = C2 ........ (iii)
d
z 2 a 2 dt C
The solution is
f(x + y + z, x2 + y2 + z2) = 0 z2 a 2 = t + C
z2 = (x + ay + C)2 + a2
49.
Sol: The given equation is
51.
2
q = 3p (Type-I)
Sol: The given equation is
Let the solution be
p2 + q2 = x + y (Type-III)
z = ax + by + c ......... (i)
p2 – x = y – q2 = a (say)
p=a
p= ax and q = ya
q=b
dz = p dx + q dy
substituting in the equation, we have dz = a x dx + y a dy
2
b = 3a ...........(ii)
Eliminating b from (i) & (ii) Intégrating,
The solution is z = ax + 3a2y + c 2 2
z a x y a b
3/ 2 3/ 2
3 3
50. 52.
Sol: The given equation is Sol: The given equation can be written as
2 2 2 2
q = z p (1 – p ) (Type-II) 1
z = px + qy + (Type-IV)
Let t = x + ay pq
The solution is
dz dz
p= & q = a. 1
dt dt z ax by
a b
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: 56 : Postal Coaching Solutions
X 4Y
k
X Y Now the solution is,
X 4Y k k
k and k x y
X Y u = C1 e 3
C2 e 2
k k k
y x y
X = C1 ekx and Y = C 2 e 4 u = C3 e 3 e 2
Sol: The given equation is The general form of 2nd order linear partial
u u u u
= X1Y and = XY1 f x, y, z , 0 ...........(1)
x y x y
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: 57 : Differential Equations
Here, A = C2, B = 0, C = 0 is
B2 – 4AC = 0
nx 2nt
y(x, t) =
n 1
B n sin
5
sin
5
..... (i)
The equation is parabolic
y
nx 2nt 2n
t
n 1
B n sin
5
cos .
5 5
56. Ans: (b)
given that
u 2u
Sol: The given equation is 2 y
t x = 3sin2x – 2sin5x at x = 0
t
Let u = X(x).T(t)
3sin2x–2sin5x =
nx 2n
u
2
u B n sin .
5 5
= X11T and = XT1 n 1
x 2 t
Comparing coefficients of sin 2x &
substituting in equation (i)
sin 5x, we get
X11T = XT1
3 1
X T B10 = and B25 =
k 4 5
X T
remaining coefficients are zero.
X k T
and k The solution is
X T
3 1
T = C1 ekt y sin 2x sin 4t sin 5x sin 10t
4 5
k k
x x
X = C2 e + C3 e
59.
The solution is
Sol: The given equation is
k
x
k
x
kt
u = C1e C 2 e
C3e 2u 2u
t 2 x 2
A
2 2
n u(x, t) = n sin nx e c n t
n 0
The solution is
given that
2u 0
u x , t 1 1 sin nx sin nt u(x, 0) = sinx
n
n 1 n
2 2
A
2 2
sin x = n sin nx e c n t
60. n 0
x u(0, t) = 0, u(80, t) = 0 is
y y 0 sin 3
nx
c 2n 2 2 t
u(x, t) = A n sin e 6400
...... (i)
x
nx 80
n 0
y0 sin 3 = A n sin
n 1 given that
y0 x 3x
nx x
4 3 sin
4
sin
4
= A n sin
u(x, 0) = 100 sin
n 1 80
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: 59 : Differential Equations
x
nx u(0, y) = u(l, y) = 0 is
100 sin =
80
A n sin
80
nx
n 0 ny ny
u(x, y) = sin A e B e
A1 = 100 and A2 = A3 = ...... = 0
substituting the values in (i) given that
2 2
c t
x u(x, ) = 0
u x, t 100 sin e 6400
80 0=A=0
nx
ny
63. Now, u(x, y) = sin B e
cos
nx nx ny
=
2u 0
n
= 2u 0 1 1n
n
sin = 2 A sin sin h
0
The solution is
1
2A =
ny
2u 0 nx
na u(x, y) 1 1 e sin
n
sin h
n 0 n
0 1
conditions
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: 60 : Postal Coaching Solutions
s (s 1) 2
(s 2) 3
sin t 1
(By first shifting property) L{f(t)} = L
t
= s s 1
2
ds
67.
= tan 1 s s
s
Sol: L(cos t ) = tan 1 s
s 1
2
2
By first shifting property = cot–1 s
(s 1) s 1 L{f1(t)} = cot–1 s – f(0)
L (e t cos t ) 2
(s 1) 1 s 2s 2
= cot–1 s – 1
By multiplication by tn property
d s 1 70.
L(t e–t cost) = (–1)
ds s 2 2s 2 s
Sol: L(cos t) =
s 1
2
s 2 2s
=
s 2
2s 2 2 By fist shifting property
L(e–t. cos t) =
s 1
68. s 12 1
1 1 By integral property
Sol: L(1 – et) =
s s 1 1 s 1
L e t cos dt = 2
t
0
By integral property s s 2s 2
71. 2s
e st t sin t dt
t , 0 t 1 s 2
1
2 0
Sol: f(t) =
0, 1 t 2 Put s = 3
f(t) is periodic function with period 2 23
e st t sin t dt
1 2
f t dt
3 2
1 2 0
e
st
L{f(t)} =
1 e 2s 0
3
1 1
0
e st t. sin t dt
50
t. e
st
= dt f
1 e 2s 0
1
1 e st e st 74. Ans: (a)
= t. 1 2
1 e 2s s s 0 1
Sol: f(t) = L1 2
e s e s 1 s s 1
1
= 2 2
1 A B C
1 e 2s s s s 2
s s 1 s s
2
s 1
1 e s s e s
=
s 2 1 e 2s 1 = A (s+1) + B(s+1) + cs2
C = 1, B = 1, A = –1
72. 1 1 1
f(t) = L1 2
s s s 1
1
Sol: L(et) =
s 1 = –1 + t + e–t
et u (t – 3) = [et– 3. u(t – 3)]e3
By second shifting property 75.
L[et.u(t –3)] = e3. L[et– 3. u(t – 3)] 1
Sol: L1 2 t
s
e 3s e 33s
= e3. =
s 1 s 1
By first shifting property
73. 1
L1 2
e 2 t .t
1 s 2
Sol: L (sin t) =
s 1
2
76. 78.
1 3s 1
Sol: L1 Sol: L1
ss 1
s 1 s 1
2
1 1 3s 1 A Bs C
= L1 2
s 1 s
s 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
2
= et – 1 3s + 1 = A(s2 + 1) + (Bs + C) (s – 1)
s = 1 4 = 2A A = 2
77.
A + B = 0 B = –2
s
Sol: L1 2
3 = –B + C C = 1
s 4
2
L1 3s 1 1 2
L
s
2 2 2
1
s 1 s 1
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
s 1
1
= L 2 2
s 4 s 4 = 2 et – 2 cos t + sin t
79.
s
L1 2 cos 2t and
s 4 1
Sol: L1 2
s 1s 2
1 sin 2t
L1 2
s 4 2 1 A B C
s 1s 2 s 1 s 2 s 22
2
1 cos 2t 4x
t = et – e2t + t e2t
= t sin 2t
4 4 0
80.
Here, ux = vy and vx = –uy only at one point ( cosh(ix) = cosx & i sin x = i sin hx)
Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician. “More concepts and theorems have been named for
Cauchy than for any other mathematician”. Cauchy was a prolific writer; he wrote approximately eight hundred
research articles and almost single handedly founded complex analysis.
: 65 : Complex Variables
f(i) = 1 + 2i c = 2 where
f(z) = z2 + 2z + 2 F(z) = (1+i) f(z), U = u – v & V = u+v
f1(z) = 2z + 2 then F(z) = U + iV is analytic
= 2(x+ i y) + 2 ( f(z) = u + iv is analytic)
= 2(x+ 1) + i(2y) Now Ux = ex[cos y – sin y]
because the given real part does not contain Sol: Given u2 = x2 – y2 – 3x
–
given by f(z) = a n (z z 0 ) n .
Sol: Given u(r, ) = e cos (log r) n 0
1 f n z 0
ur = –e– sin (log r). and where an =
r n!
u = –e– cos(log r) Here, the coefficient of (z – z0)n in the
v v Taylor's series expansion of f(z) about z = z0
Consider dv = dr d
r f n z 0
is given by an = .
dv = (vr) dr + (v) d n!
1 f z 0 f
= u dr r u r d a2 = =
r 2! 2!
1
2 1 1
1 and 1 f(z) = log1
z z z
1 1 1 1
f(z) = = log1 , 1
z 1 z 2 z z
1 1 log (1 – z) =
f(z) =
1 2
z1 z1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
z z
........ ,
1 1
1
1 2
1 z 2 2 3 z
= 1 1
z z z z 1
1
f(z) = z
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2
2
1 1 1 f(z) = . 3 ...... , 1
1 2 .... 1 ...... z 2z 2
3 z z
z z z z z z
1
1 1 The coefficient of is 1
f(z) = (1 – 1) + (1– 2) 2 z
z z
1 18. Ans: (a)
+ (1 – 22) +.......
z3
1
Sol: Given f(z) = in 0 < |z+1|< 2
1
The coefficient of 2 = –1 z 1z 3
z
Let z + 1 = t then z = t – 1 and 0 < |t| < 2
17. Ans: 1 1 1
Now, f(z) = =
z 1z 3 t t 2
z
Sol: Let f(z) = log and |z| > 1
1 z 1
Instead of expanding in
z 1z 3
1
(or) 1
z powers of z + 1 it is enough to expand
1
in powers of t in 0 < |t| < 2
z t t 2
then f(z) = log
1 1 t
z1 z f(z) =
t t 2
in 0 < |t| < 2 or 1
2
1
1 1 1 1 t t
1 f(z) = . = . .1 , 1
= log t t
21
t 2 2 2
1 1
2
z
1 t t
2
t 20. Ans: (a)
f(z) = ..... , 1
1
2t 2 2 2 1
Sol: Given that f(z) = in 0 < |z| < 4
4z z 2
1 1 1
f(z) = t ........... 1 z
2t 4 8 f(z) = in |z| < 4 or 1
z4 z 4
1 z 1 z 1
2
1
f(z) = .... 1
2z 1 4 8 16 f(z) =
1
=
1 z
1 in
z
1
z 4z 4 4
4 z1
19. Ans: (b) 4
1 z z
2
1 z
Sol: Given f(z) = 2 in |z| > 2 f(z) = 1 ..... in 1
z 3z 2 4z 4 4 4
(or) |z| > 2 > 1 n
1 z z
f(z) =
1 f(z) =
4z
in
n 0 4 4
1
z 1z 2
1 z
=
1
1
in |z| > 2 & |z| > 1
f(z) = 4 n 1
z n 1 in
4
1
z 2 z 1 n 0
6z 9
=
1 1 1
3z z
2
2 2
1 .....
z z z
f11(z) = 3z z 6 6z 9 23z z 3 2z
2 2
1 1
f(z) = 2 n
n 1
1
n 1
3z z
2 4
z n 0 z n 0 z
3
n 1 n 1 f1(1) = ,
1 1 4
(or) f(z) = 2 n
z
n 0 z
n 0 18 3
f11(1) = and f(1) =
8 2
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: 70 : Postal Coaching Solutions
The Taylor's series of f(z) about z = z0 is Then the singular points of f(z) are given by
given by z2 + 9 = 0 (or) z = 3i, –3i
f(z) = f(z0) + (z – z0) f1(z0) But only one singular point z = –3i lies
+
z z 0 2 f z .... inside the given circle C: |z + 3i| = 2
z
0
2!
Consider f(z) =
f(z) = f(1) + (z – 1) f1(1) z z0
+ z 1 f 1 ....
2 1
2! = z 3i
z 3i
3 3 3 18 1
z 1 . z 1 ...
2
3z z 2
2 4 8 2! By Cauchy's Integral Formula, we have
1
22. Ans: (c)
f z dz = 2i z 3i
C z 3i
2
Sol: The given function f(z) = z is analytic at 1
= 2i
every point. 3i 3i
The value of the given integral is
= = –1.04719
independent of the path joining z = 0 and 3
z=3+i
24. Ans: (c)
3 i
2
Now, I =
z 0
z dz cos z
Sol: Let f(z) =
z 1
3 i 3 0
3 i
z3
I = = z
3 0 3 3 =
z z0
=
27 27i 9 i
Then the singular point of f(z) is given by
3
z –1 = 0 (or) z = 1
26
I = 6 i Here, the singular point z = 1 lies inside the
3
given circle C: |z –1| = 2.
23. Ans: –1.047
By Caychy's Integral Formula, we have
1
f z dx 2i cos z
Sol: Let f(z) = 2
z 9 z 1
C
1
= = 2i(–1)
z 3i z 3i
= –2i
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: 71 : Complex Variables
f z dz = 2i (–e–z)z=0
z= 2 z= 4 C
f z dz = –2i
C
Here the singular point of the function f(z) 27. Ans: (a)
2 2
x y sin 2 z
lies outside the ellipse 1. Sol: Let f(z) =
4 9 3
z
The given function f(z) has no singular
6
inside and on the curve 'C'
6 3.sin 2 z
=
Hence by Cauch's Integral Theorem, we z 3
have f z dz 0 . Then the singular point of f(z) is given by
C
(z–)3 = 0 (or) z = .
26. Ans: (c)
1 e z ez
Sol: Let f(z) =
z 2 e z z 2 z 02 z=0 z=1 z=
Then the singular point of the function f(z)
is given by z2ez = 0 (or) z = 0 ( ez 0 z)
Here the singular z = lies outside the given 29. Ans: (d)
circle C: |z| = 1.
Sol: Let f(z) =
cos z 2
By Cauchy's Integral Theorem, we have z 2z 1
(z+1)4 = 0 z = –1.
2i 2 z
f z dz =
3!
8e z1 = 2i (1) – 2i (–1)
C
= 4i
8
f z dz = i e 2
C 3
x 2 y2
2 z z z z 1
f(z) = z 1 .... 32 4 2
1 2! 3! 4!
Let a= i for finding the value of f1(i).
Then the singular point z = a = i of the
2 1 11 1 1
f(z) = z + z + ......
2! 3! z 4! z 2 5z 2 4z 3
function lies inside the ellipse
za
1 1 1
f(z) = (z – 0)2 + (z –0) + By Cauchy's integral formula, we have
2 ! 3! z 0
5z 2 4z 3
+
1 1
........
f(a) = za
dz
4! z 02 C
Here, the singular point z = 0 lies inside the f(a) = 2i (5a2 – 4a + 3)
sin z
Sol: The singular points of f(z) = are
z. cosz
cos z 1
Now, f(z) =
4 i i given by z.cos(z) = 0
z z
2 2
z = 0 and z = (2n+1) ,nI
2
f(z) = cos z 1 3
z = 0 and z = , , ..........
4 i i i 2 2
z
2 2 2
1
+ z= –/2
i i i z=2
z z= /2
2 2 2
cos h z cos h z
4i 4i
f(z) =
i i z = 0, z = and z = lie inside the
z 2 z 2 2 2
circle |z| = 2.
By Caychy's Integral Formula, we have Here, z = and z = are simple poles of
2 2
f z dz sin z z
C f(z) = =
z cosz z
1 cos h z 1 cos h z
=
4i C i
dz
4i C i
dz where 1(z) = cos(z)– z sin z
z 2 z 2
1
Res(f(z) : z = 0) = The coefficient of in
2 1 z
R1 = Res(f(z): z = ) = =
2 above series
0
2 2
24 1
= = 0.333.....
2 2.4! 3
=
35. Ans: 1
2
R2 = Res(f(z): z = ) = Sol: The given singular point z = 0 is a simple
2
pole
2
1 ez
1 2 (or) 1st order pole of f(z) =
= = z cosz sin z
0
2 Now R1 = Res (f(z) : z = 0) = Lt z 0 f z
z 0
2 2
Hence, R1 + R2 = + =0 1 ez
R1 = Lt z 0.
z 0 z cosz sin z
1 1 1 1
f(z) = 3
5 cos2z 36. Ans: 0
z z 2 2
z2 z
Sol: Let f(z) =
2z 2 2z 4 z 110
1
f(z) = 1 1 1 2! 4! Then the singular point of f(z) is z = 1 and
z 3 2z 5 2z 2z 6
....... the singular z = 1 lies inside the circle
6!
|z| = 2.
1 1 Now,
5
3
f(z) = 1 1 2z z z z2 z
4
z 3 2z 5 2 1 2
6
f(z) = =
2.4!. z 2.6! z ......
z z 0 n 1 z 110
ez 2i d e z
Sol: Let f(z) =
z 2z 32 f z dz =
C
1! dz z 2 z 3
Then the singular points of f(z) are z = –2 & z 2e z e z 1
= 2i
z = 3 of these two singular points z = –2 and z 22 z3
z = 3 only z = 3 lies inside the circle
3 2 e 3 e 3
|z –3| = 4. = 2i
3 2
2
8i e 3
=
25
z= –2 z=3 z=7
C. Runge and M. W. Kutta (German mathematicians) developed an important family of implicit and explicit iterative
methods, which are used in temporal discretization for the approximation of solutions of ordinary differential equations.
In numerical analysis, these techniques are known as Runge–Kutta methods.
: 78 : Postal Coaching Solutions
Sol: Let x = N
10. Ans: (a)
2
f(x) = x – N = 0 Sol:
x 2n N x –1 0 1
xn+1 = xn –
2x n
f(x) = 5x3 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 –9 1 5
x 2n N
=
2x n h
y 0 y 2 20 4y1
1
1
f ( x ) dx =
3
1 N
xn+1 = x n ......... (i)
2 x n =
1
4 41 = 0
3
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f(x) =
1 x2 2 5 10 17 26 37
dx h
= y 0 y 6 2y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5
6
0 1 x 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 2
2 37 2 5 10 17 26
= 1.4107
ba 1 = 0.90
Let h = =
n n 1
y2 = 13 2x 2 10 y1
1 10
f(x) =
x = 1.00
iv
Max |f (x)|at x = 1 = 24 1
z2 = 14 2x 2 2 y 2
1 1 10
4 24 10 5
180 n = 1.00
= 0.1 x 0 y1
2 2
21. Ans: 0.095
= 0.1168
1
Sol: y1 = y0 + k1 k 2
2 k
k3 = hf x 0 h, y 0 2
k1 = hf(x0, y0) = 0.1 (1 – 0) = 0.1 2
= 0.2(0.8414) = 0.1682
xi yi x i2 xiyi
k2 = hf(x0 + h, y0 + k1)
–2 6 4 –12
= 0.2(0.2 + sin (1.1682))
–1 3 1 –3
= 0.2(0.2 + 0.9200)
0 2 0 0
= 0.2(1.1200)
= 0.2240 1 2 1 2
1 –2 13 06 –13
y1 = 1+ (0.1682 + 0.2240) = 1.1961
2
a
y i
b
x i
y bx 26. Ans: 8x2 – 19x + 12, 6, 13
n n
Sol:
4 13 2 13
b ⏃p ⏃2p
46 6 x P(x)
= –1.3
a
13
1.3
2 2.6 1 1 27 1
13
4 4 3 1
Therefore, the linear equation is
37 13
8
y = 2.6 – 1.3x 4 1
3 27
4
64 27
The least squares error = y a bx
i 1
i i
2
43
37
4 64
= (6 – 5.2) + (3 – 3.9) + (2 – 2.6)2
2 2
+ (2 – 1.3)2
= 2.3 By Newton's divided difference formula
P(x) = P(x0) + (x – x0) f[x0, x1]
2
25. Ans: i. 8x – 19x + 12 ii. 6 iii. 13
+ (x – x0)(x –x1) f[x0, x1, x2)
Sol: f(x) =
x 3x 4 1 x 1x 4 27 = 1 + (x – 1)13 + (x –1) (x –3).8
1 31 4 3 13 4
= 8x2 – 19x + 12
+
x 1x 3 64 P1(x) = 16 x – 19
4 14 3
P(2) = 6
f(x) = 8x2 – 19x + 12
P1(2) = 13
f(2) = 6
f1(2) = 13
u u 1u 2 3
Therefore f(x) + f(a)
3!
f(x) = f(0) + C(x,1) f(0) + C(x, 2) f(0)
x 1
x x 1 y(x) = 24 + 96
= 3 + (x × 3) + 2 2
2!
x 1 x 1
2 1
f(x) = x + 2x + 3 2 2 120
+
f1(x) = 2x + 2 2