Engineering Mathematics PDF

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Volume - I : Study Material with Classroom Practice Questions
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Page No. 01
Classroom Practice solutions

To
Engineering Mathematics
CONTENTS
Chapter
Name of the Chapter Page No.
No.
02 – 11
01 Linear Algebra
12 – 26
02 Calculus
27 – 41
03 Probability and Statistics
42 – 63
04 Differential Equations
64 – 76
05 Complex Variables
06 Numerical Methods 77 – 83
Chapter
1 Linear Algebra
Arthur Cayley
(1821 – 1895)
01. Ans: 1500 Hence, the total number of multiplication

Sol: Given that P is 10×5 matrix. operations to find the product [(PQ)R]1010
= 1000 + 2000
Q is 5×20 matrix
= 3000
and R is 20×10 matrix
Similarly, if we find the product
Now PQR is 10×10 matrix. Total number [P(QR)]10×10 by above method, the total
of elements in PQR = 100. Here, we can number of multiplication operations to find
find the product PQR only in two ways the product [P(QR)]10×10 = 1000 + 500
i.e., (PQ)R and P(QR) because PQ  QP. = 1500
So, to find the product matrix PQR first we  The minimum number of multiplication
find PQ and then find (PQ)R (or) we, first operations to find PQR = 1500.
find QR and then find P(QR)
02. Ans: (d)
For the product (PQ)10×20 Sol: Giving that
(I – A + A2 – ....+ (–1)nAn) = O ........ (i)
Number of elements in PQ = 200.
multiplying by A–1
To compute each element of the matrix PQ,
A–1 – I + A – A2 + ....+ (–1)n–1An–1 = 0 ...... (ii)
we require ‘5’ multiplications.
Adding (i) & (ii), we get
 Number of multiplications = 200×5
A–1 + (–1)nAn = O
= 1000
 A–1 = (–1)(n–1). An
For the product [(PQ)R]10×10
Number of elements in (PQ) R = 100 03. Ans: (b)
To compute each element of the matrix Sol: Here determinant of A = –8
(PQ)R, we require 20 multiplications. adj A

A–1 =
|A|
 Number of multiplications = 100  20
1
= 2000 c= (cofactor of the element 6 in A)
8
Arthur Cayley was probably the first mathematician to realize the importance of the notion of a matrix and in 1858 published
book, showing the basic operations on matrices. He also discovered a number of important results in matrix theory.
: 3 : Linear Algebra
1 2 3 07. Ans: 0.5

=
8

.  131
0 4

1 1 1
= –1 Sol: Given that  = 1 1  sin  1
1 1 1  cos 
04. Ans: 324
R2 – R1, R3 – R1
Sol: Det Mr = 2r –1
1 1 1
Det M1 + Det M2 + ...... Det M18 = 0 sin  1
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ..........+ 37 0 0 cos 
= 324 = sin . cos 
sin 2
05. Ans: –3 =
2
Sol: Given that |A|10 = 210 1
 maximum value of  =
 |A| =  2 2
 –3 – 25 =  2
08. Ans: 0
 3 = –27 or 3 = –23
1
Sol: Given that
  = –3 or  =  23 3
cos x x 1
2
f(x) = 2 sin x x 2x
06. Ans: 8 tan x x x
k
Sol: Given that A
n 1
n  72
applying
R2 R
and 3
x x
k k k
 k  k k  k  1 k  k = 72
2 2 2
cos x x 1
k2 k2 k2  k 1 f x  2 sin x
= x 2
x2 x
tan x
C2  (C2 – C1), C3  C3 – C1 1 1
x
1 0 1
k 0 0 f x 
 k2  k 1 0 = 72 Lt = 2 0 2
x 0 x 2
k 2
0 k 1 1 1 1
=0
 k(k+1) = 72
k=8
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: 4 : Postal Coaching Solutions
09. Ans: (c)  (1 – t)3 = 0

Sol: In a skew symmetric matrix, the diagonal t=1
elements are zero and aij = –aji for i  j.
Each element above the principal diagonal, 12. Ans: 1
we can choose in 3 ways (0, 1, –1). Sol: If the vectors are linearly independent, then
Number of elements above the principal 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1
n n  1 0
diagonal = 1 1 0 t
2
0 0 1 0
 By product rule,
Expanding by third column
Required number of skew symmetric
n  n 1 1 1 1
matrices = 3 2
.  (–1) 1 0 1  0
1 1 t
10. Ans: (c)
 (–1). (1 –(t–1)–1)  0
Sol: Number of 2×2 determinants possible with
t1
each entry as 0 or 1 = 24 = 16.
a b 13. Ans: (c)
Let  =
c d
 1 2 5   1 2 5 
   
If  > 0 then a = d = 1 and atleast one of the Sol:  2  4 a  4  ~  0 0 a  6 
 1  2 a 1  0 0 a  6
entries b or c is 0.    
 The determinants whose value is +ve are  1 2 5
 
=  0 0 0  if a = –6 and Rank = 1
 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0  
, and
0 1 0 1 1 1 If a  –6 then Rank of the matrix is 2
3  Option (c) is correct.
 Required probability =
16
11. Ans: 1 14. Ans: (c)

Sol: If the vectors are linearly dependent, then Sol: The characteristic equation is
1 t 0 0 |A – I| = 0
1 1 t 0 0  (2 – 4) (2 + 4) = 0
1 1 1 t
 4 = 16  1 1 0 0 0
 0 1 1 0 0 
By Caley Hamilton's Theorem 
A4 = 16I A ~  0 0 1 1 0
 
0 0 0 1  1
 0 0 0 1  1
15. Ans: 4
 1 1 0 0 0 R5  R5 – R4
 0 0 1 1 0 
  1 1 0 0 0
Sol: A   0  1 1 0 0  0 1 1 0 0 
  
1 0 0 0  1 A   0 0 1 1 0
 0 0 0 1  1  
0 0 0 1  1
 0 0 0 0 0 
R4  R4 + R1
= Echelon form of A
 1 1 0 0 0
 0 0 1  Rank of A = number of non-zero rows in
 1 0 
Echelon form of ‘A’ = 4
A ~  0 1 1 0 0
 
0 1 0 0  1 16. Ans: (b)
 0 0 0 1  1 Sol: The augmented matrix of the given system
is
R2  R3
1  1 2  1 1 
 1 1 0 0 0  [A|B] = 1 0 1 1 0 
 0 1 1 0 0   
0  1 1  2  1
 
A ~  0 0 1 1 0 
  R2 – R1
 0 1 0 0  1
 0 0 0 1  1 1  1 2  1 1 
~ 0 1  1 2  1
 
R4  R4 + R2 0  1 1  2  1
R3 + R2
 1 1 0 0 0 
 0 1 1 0 0  1  1 2  1 1 
   
A ~  0 0 1 1 0  ~ 0 1  1 2  1 
  0 0 0 0  2
 0 0 1 0  1
 0 0 0 1  1
Rank of coefficient matrix A = 2
R4  R4 + R3 Rank of [A|B] = 3
 The system has no solution
17. Ans: (c) R2 – 5R1

Sol: Let the given system be AX = B R3 + 2R1
The augmented matrix of the system  1 1 3 
 
1 0 0 0 0 ~  0  3  9
   0 1 3 
0 1 0 1 0 
=[A|B] = 
1 1 0 0 0 3R3 + R2
 
0 0 0 1 1
1 1 3 
 
R3 – R1 ~ 0  3  9
0 0 0 
1 0 0 0 0 
 
0 1 0 1 0
~  Here [A] = 2
0 1 0 0 0
  If B is a linear combination of columns of A,
0 0 0 1 1
then [A] = [A|B]
R3 – R2
 The system has infinitely many solutions
1 0 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 1 0
~  19. Ans: (c)
0 0 0  1 0
  Sol: If the system has non trivial solution, then
0 0 0 1 1
a b c
R4 + R3 b c a 0
1 0 0 0 0 c a b
 
0 1 0 1 0
~  C1  C1 + C2 + C3
0 0 0  1 0
  abc b c
0 0 0 0 1
 abc c a 0
abc a b
Here [A] = 3 and
R2 – R1, R3 – R1
[A|B] = 4
abc b c
 The system has no solution.  0 cb a c 0
0 a b bc
18. Ans: (d)
 1 1 3   (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = 0
 
Sol: A =  5 2 6   a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c
  2  1  3
 
20. Ans: (b) 1 1 1 6 

 
Sol: Let the given system be AX = B ~ 0 1 2 4 
The augmented matrix of the system 0 0   3   6
1 2  3 a The system has unique solution if   3.

 
= [A|B] = 2 3 3 b
5 9  6 c  22. Ans: (d)
Sol: If the system has non trivial solution then
R2 – 2R1
1 k 1
R3 – 5R1
k 3 k 0
1 2  3 a  3 1 1
~  
0  1 9 b  2a   1(k – 3) + k.2k + (k–9) = 0
0  1 9 c  5a 
 2k2 + 2k – 12 = 0
R3 – R2
 k = 2, –3
1 2 3 a 
~ 0  1 9 b  2a 

23. Ans: 2

0 0 0 c  b  3a 
Sol: The characteristic equation is
The system is inconsistent |A – I| = 0
if c – b – 3a  0 A real eigen value of A is  = 5
 3a + b – c  0 The eigen vectors for  = 5 are given by
[A – 5I] X = 0
21. Ans: (c)
Sol: Let the given system be AX = B
The augmented matrix of the system
0 0 1  0  x 1  0 
1 1 1 6  0 0 0 0   x  0 
= [A|B] = 1 2 3 10    2   
  0 0 3 1   x 3  0 
1 2   
     
0 0 3  4  x 4  0 
R2 – R1, R2 – R1
 x4 = 0, x3 = 0
1 1 1 6 
   [A] = 2 and n = 4=number of variables
~ 0 1 2 4 
0 1   1   6  The number of linear independent eigen
vectors corresponding to  = 5 are 2.
R3 – R2
24. Ans: 0 1 
 X1 = c1  
3 4  0 
Sol: Let a =  
4  3 The eigen vectors for  = 2 are given by
The characteristic equation is [A – 2I] X = 0
|A – I| = 0   1 2   x  0 
     
3 4  0 0   y  0 
 0
4 3  –x + y = 0
  = 5  2
 X2 = c2  
The eigen vectors for  = 5 are given by 1 
[A – 5I] X = 0
1   2
  2 4   x  0   The eigen vector pair is   and  
       0  1 
 4  8  y  0
 x – 2y = 0
26. Ans: (c)
 2
 X1 = c1   Sol: If A is singular then 0 is an eigen value of A.
1 
 The minimum eigen value of A is 0.
The eigen vectors for  = –5 are given by
[A + 5I] X = 0 The eigen vectors corresponding to the eigen
8 4   x  0  value  = 0 is given by
      
 4 2   y  0  [A – 0I]X = 0
 2x + y = 0 3 5 2  x  0 
1  5 12 7   y   0 
   
 X2 = c2  
  2 2 7 5  z  0
a+b=0
Applying cross multiplication rule for first
25. Ans: (a) and second rows of A, we have
1 2  x y z
Sol: Let A =     
0 2  11  11 11
The eigen values of A are 1, 2
x y z
The eigen vectors for  = 1 are given by   
1 1 1
[A – I] X = 0  The eigen vectors are
0 2   x   0  1
     
0 1   y   0  X = k  1
y=0  1 

27. Ans: (b)  (2 – ).(–3 – ).

Sol: Here, A is the elementary matrix obtained 1 0 0 0 1
given I3 with elementary operation R1  R3 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1   1 0 0
0 0 1 
1 1 1 1  
 A = 0 1 0
0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 
  = 2, –3
The characteristic equation is
 product of the non zero eigen values = –6
|A – I| = 0
 0 1
 0 1  0 0 29. Ans: 3
1 0  Sol: If  is eigen value then AX = X
 (1 –  ) (  2 – 1) = 0 4 1 2 1  1 
  = 1, 1, –1

 17 2 1  2   2
   
14  4 10 k  k 
28. Ans: –6
 6 + 2k = 
Sol: The given matrix has rank 2
21 + k = 2
 There are only 2 non zero eigen values
 42 + 2k = 4
The characteristic equation is
 = 12 and k = 3
|A – I| = 0
1  0 0 0 1
30. Ans: 3
0 1   1 1 0
Sol: Sum of the eigen values = Trace of A = 14
 0 1 1   1 0 =0
1 1 1 1   0  a + b + 7 = 14 ...... (i)
1 0 0 0 1  product of eigen values = |A| = 100
R1  R1 + R5 and  10ab = 100
R2  R2 + R3 + R4  ab = 10 .....(ii)
2 0 0 0 2
solving (i) & (ii), we have
0 3 3 3 0
 0 1 1  1 0 =0  a = 5 and b = 2
1 1 1 1   0  |a – b| = 3
1 0 0 0 1 
31. Ans: 1  Here Rank of [A – 2I] = 1

Sol: Product of eigen values = |A| = 0  Number of Linearly independent eigen
3 4 2 vectors for  = 2 is n – r
 9 13 7 0 =3–1=2
6 9 x 4
For since,  = 3 is not a repeated eigen
R2 – 3R1, R3 + 2R1
value, there will be only one independent
3 4 2
eigen vector for  = 3.
 0 1 1 0
0 x 1 0  The number of linearly independent eigen
vectors of A = 3.
 3(1 – x) = 0  x = 1
32. Ans: (d) 34. Ans: (d)
Sol: The characteristic equation is Sol: The characteristic equation is
4 =  (3 – 62 + 9 –4 ) = 0
 4 –  = 0 |A| = product of the roots of the

characteristic equation = 4
 (3 –1) = 0
Trace of A = sum of the roots of
  = 0, 1, –1  3 i
characteristic equation = 6
  = 0, 1, –0.5(0.866)i
35. Ans: (b)
33. Ans: 3
Sol: A is symmetric matrix.
 2 0 1 The eigen vectors of A are orthogonal.
Sol: Let A = 0 2 1
For the given eigen vector, only the vector
0 0 3
given in option (b) is orthogonal.
Here, A is upper triangular matrix
 option (b) is correct.
The eigen values are = 2, 2, 3
The eigen vectors for  = 2 are given by 36. Ans: (c)
[A –2I]X = 0 Sol: The characteristic equation is
0 0 1  x  0 3 – 18 2 + 45  = 0
 0 0 1  y   0   = 0, 3, 15
0 0 1  z  0 The eigen vector for  = 15 are given by
[A –15I] X = 0 (A – I) (A – 2I)
 4  6  6  3  6  6
 7  6 2   x  0  =  1 3  1 2
2 
 2  = O

 6 8  4   y   0 
       3  6  5 3  6  6
 2  4  12  z  0
 The minimal polynomial of A
x y z = ( – 1) ( – 2)
  
40  40 20 = 2 –3 + 2
x y z
   39. Ans: (a)
2 2 1
Sol: Let the given vectors X1 = [2, 2, 0],
 The eigen vectors for  = 15 are X2 = [3, 0, 2] and X3 = [2, –2, 2]
2 suppose X1 = a X1 + b X2
X = k  2 (k  0)  [2, 2, 0] = a[3, 0, 2] + b[2, –2, 2]
 1 
 2 = 3a + 2 b ......... (i)
2 = –2 b ........ (ii)
37. Ans: (c)
0 = 2a + 2b ........(iii)
a  1 0 From (i) and (ii), we get
1 a  1 0 a = 0 and b = –1
0 1 a  But, equation (iii) is not satisfied for these
 (a – ) [{(a – )2 –1} – (a – )] = 0 values.
 = a, a 2  The given vectors are linearly
independent
38. Ans: 2 – 3 + 2
40. Ans: k  0
Sol: If the given vectors form a basis, then they
5 6 6
are linearly independent
1 4 2 =0
k 1 1
3 6 4
 0 1 1 0
2
 ( –1) ( – 2) = 0 k 0 k
 Either ( –1) ( – 2) or ( –1) ( – 2)2 is
 k2 + k – k  0
the minimal polynomial
k0
Chapter
2 Calculus
(With Vector Calculus & Fourier Series)
Sir Isaac Newton G. W. Von Leibniz
(1643 – 1727) (1646 – 1716)
01. Ans: 7 04. Ans: (a)

1
sin 2x  a sin x
  5 n  n Sol: Lt b
Sol: Lt 7  5
n 
 n n
  Lt 7 1    
n   7 
x 0 x3
  By L' Hospital's rule
=7  Lt r n  0, | r |  1 2 cos 2x  a cos x
 n    Lt b
x 0 3x 2
2+a=0 ( b is finite)
02. Ans: 
 a=–2
 1 
Sol: Lt  sec x   By L' Hospital's rule

x  1  sin x 
2  4 sin 2 x  2 sin x
Lt b
1  sin x  cos x 
x 0 6x
 0 
= Lt    0 form
x   cos x 1  sin x   again, by L' Hospital's rule

2
 8 cos 2 x  2 cos x
1  cos x  sin x  Lt b
= Lt  
x 0 6
x    sin x  cos 2 x 

2  b=–1
(by L' Hospital's Rule)  a = – 2 & b = –1
=
05. Ans: 1
03. Ans: 1 tan x
1
Sol: Lt    0
 e x  esin x  0  x 0 x
 
Sol: Lt 
x  0 x  sin x
  0 form
  tan x
1
Let y  Lt  
 e x  esin x . cos x  x 0
x
= Lt  
x 0
 1  cos x  Taking Logarithms on both sides
(by L' Hospital's Rule) 1
log y  Lt tan x log   ……… 1 (0  )
= 1 (applying L' Hospital's Rules two times) x 0
x
 log x 
 Lt  
x 0 cot x 
Issac Newton and Leibnitz independently developed calculus which leads to the development of differential
and integral equations of mathematical physics
: 13 : Calculus
By L' Hospital's rule 1 x  x

1
 Lt   = f(0)
1 x0 1  x
 
 Lt x
x 0  cos 2 x
 1  x 1x 
 Lt  1
 = f(0)
x 0 
 sin x   1  x  
x
 Lt   Lt sin x  0
x 0
 x  x 0 e 1
  f(0)
log y = 0 e
 y = e0 = 1  f(0) = e–2
06.
08. Ans: (c)
Sol: Lt  f ( x )  Lt  f ( x )  f (0)
x 0 x 0 Sol: f1(x) = 2ax, x  1
Lt f ( x )  Lt  f (0  h )  Lt  f  h  = 2x + a, x > 1
x  0 h 0 h 0
f1(1–) = f(1+)
1  ph  1  ph
= Lt  (  since f(x) is differentiable at x = 1)
h 0 h
2a = a + 2  a = 2
1  ph   1  ph 
= Lt 
h 0 
 h 1  ph  1  ph  f(1–) = f(1+) ( f(x) is continuous at x = 1)
a+1=1+a+b
2p
= Lt 
h0 1  ph  1  ph b=0
2p
= 09. Ans: –1
2
Sol: Let f(x, y) = xy + yx = C
=p
 f 
 
dy x
20   1  1  
Now f(0) = = dx  f 
02 2  
 y 
1
p=
2 y x y1  y x . log y
=
x y . log x  x y x 1
07. Ans: (a)
 dy 
Sol: If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then   1,1  1
 dx 
Lt f ( x )  f (0)
x 0

10. Ans: 2.718 13. Ans: 1.732
Sol: u = x ey z where y = a 2  x 2 and z sin2 x Sol: By Cauchy's mean value theorem

f d  f (3)  f (1)
du u u dy u dz 
  .  . gd  g(3)  g(1)
dx x y dx z dx
 
 x   3 1
= e z + x e z . 
y y
 + x ey sin 2x
  –d =  
 a x
2 2

 1  1
 dy   3 
   e = 2.718
 dx  0,1,1 d= 3
11. Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (d)

Sol: (a) Let f(x) = (x–2) in [1, 3] Sol: Let x –  = t
Here, f(1)  f(3) x=+t
 Roll's theorem is not applicable sin x sin   t 

(b) Let f(x) = 1 – (1 – x)–1 in [0, 2] x t
Here, f(x) is not continuous in [0, 2]  sin t
=
 Roll's theorem is not applicable t
(c) Let f(x) = sin x in [0, ] 1  t3 t5 

= t    .........
t  3! 5 ! 
Here, f(x) is continuous in [0, ] and
differentiable in (0, ). Further, t2 t4
= 1   .......
3! 5!
f(0) = f()
 Roll's theorem is applicable = 1
x  2  x  4  .......
3! 5!
(d) Let f(x) = Tan x in [0, 2]
Here, f(x) is not continuous in [0, 2]
15. Ans: (c)
 Roll's theorem is not applicable
Sol: e x  x  1  x  x   x  x   x  x 
2 2 2 2 3
2
 ....
1! 2! 3!
12. Ans: (d)
3x 2 7 3
Sol: Here, f(x) is neither continuous nor =1+x+  x  ........
2 6
differentiable in the interval [–1, +1].
 Option (d) is correct.

: 15 : Calculus
16. Ans: (b) 18. Ans: (c)

 x 3 y3  Sol: Given
Sol: Let u = tan 1  4 
4 
x y  u(x,y) = x2 tan–1(y/x) – y2tan–1(x/y)
u(x, y) is a homogenous function of degree 2
x 3  y3
 f(u) = tan u = 4 By Euler's theorem,
x  y4
  2u    2u    2u 
Here, tan u is a homogeneous function of x 2  2   2 xy   y 2  2  = 2(2 – 1)u
 x   xy   y 
degree 2.
=2u
By Euler's theorem
u u f u  19. Ans: (c)
x y 2
x y f  u 
Sol: Give u = f (2x – 3y, 3y – 4z, 4z – 2x)
 tan u  Let r = 2x – 3y, s = 3y – 4z and t = 4z – 2x
= 2 2 
 sec u  ux = ur.rx + us.sx + ut.tx
= sin (2u) = 2 ur + us. 0 + ut(–2)
uy = ur.ry + us.sy + ut.ty
17. Ans: (b)
= –3 ur + 3us + ut.0
Sol: Let u = x y z
2 2 2
uz = ur.rz + us.sz + ut.tz
2x x = ur. 0 + us(–4) + ut(4)
ux = =
2 x 2  y2  z 2 u 6ux + 4uy = 12 ur – 12ut –12 ur + 12 us
u2  x2 = 12 us – 12 ut
uxx =
u3 = – 3 uz
similarly,
20. Ans: (d)
u 2  y2
uyy = 1
u3 Sol: Let f(x) = x x
u2  z2 1
uzz = 1  log x 
u3 f(x) = x x  2 
 x
Adding
f(x) = 0  x=e
3u 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 
uxx + uyy + uzz = Further f(e) < 0
u3
 f(x) has maximum at x = 0
2
= 1
u
The maximum value = f(e) = e e

21. Ans: 0.785 24. Ans: 2

1  x 
1
Sol: f(x) = 6x2 – 18 ax + 12a2
Sol: Let y = f(x) = tan 
1  x  = 6(x –a) (x –2a)
1  f(x) = 0  x = a or 2a
f(x) =
1  x 2  If x1 = a then x2 = 2a
f(x) has no stationary points. x2 = x12  2a = a2  a = 0 or 2

Further f(0) = and Clearly f has a local maximum at x = 2 and a
4
local minimum at x = 4
f(1) = 0
 25. Ans: 5
 The maximum value of y =
4
Sol: z = 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
22. Ans: (b) = a2 – 2a + 6
Sol: f(t) = (t – 2)2 (t – 1) = (a –1)2 + 5  5
f(t) = 0  t = 1, 2 z is least iff a = 1
f(t) = (t –2)2 + 2(t – 1) (t –2) least value of z = [z]a=1 = 5
f(1) = 1 and
26. Ans: (a)
f(2) = 0
Sol: f(x, y) = 2(x2 – y2) – x4 + y4
 f(t) has a minimum at t = 1
consider fx = 4x – 4x3 = 0
23. Ans: (c)  x = 0, 1, –1

Sol: y = a log |x| + bx2 + x fy = –4y + 4y3 = 0
 dy   y = 0, 1, –1
   0
 dx  x  1 r = fxy = 4 – 12x2
 – a –2b + 1 = 0 ........... (1) s = fxy = 0
 dy  t = fyy = –4 + 12y2
   0
 dx  x  2 At (0,1), we have r > 0 and (rt – s2) > 0
a  f(x, y) has minimum at (0,1)

  4b  1  0 ............... (2)
2 At (–1, 0), we have r < 0 and (rt – s2) >0
1  f(x, y) has a maximum at (–1, 0)
solving (1) & (2), we have a = 2, b =
2

: 17 : Calculus
27. Ans: (b) = 4 + 5 +......+ 9

Sol: f(x, y) = xy + x – y = 39
fx = y + 1 = 0
30. Ans: 0.523
fy = x –1 = 0
Sol: We have,
 P(1, –1) is a stationary point
b b
r = fxx = 0 a
f ( x ) dx =  f (a  b  x ) dx
a
s = fxy = 1 1
Here, f(x) =
t = fyy = 0 1  tan 4 x
rt – s2 = –1 < 0 cos 4 x
=
 P(1, –1) is a saddle point cos 4 x  sin 4 x
  sin 4 x
28. Ans: 0.0023 f(a+ b –x) = f   x  =
 sin x  cos x
4 4
2
Sol: f(x, y, z) = xy2z3
5 5
cos 4 x
x + y + z = 1 ............. (1)
 
12 12
Let I =  f ( x ) dx =  dx
2 3 12 12
cos 4 x  sin 4 x
Let f = xy z +  (x + y + z –1)
again
fx = y2z3 +  = 0 ........... (2)
5 5
3
fy = 2xyz +  = 0 ......... (3) sin 4 x
I=  f (a  b  x ) dx = 
12 12
  dx
12 12
sin x  cos 4 x
4
fz = 3xy2z2 +  = 0 .......... (4)

adding
from (1), (2), (3) and (4) 5
4
2I =  dx 
12
1 1 1 
x= , y= , z= 12
12
6 12 18
 The maximum value of xy2z3 
I=
6
2 3
11 1
= .  .  = 0.0023
6  12   18  31. Ans: (d)

 t 1  e  dt
3
t
29. Ans: 39 Sol: 2
 x  dx
10
Sol: 
 1
 1
= 1  e t .t 2  2    2t 2 .e t dt
4 
 x  dx   x  dx  ........   x  dx
5 6 10 0
=  0
4 5 9
1
  1

5 6 10 t
dt = 2.   = 2 
 4 dx   5 dx  ........   = 2. e t 2
= 9 dx
4 5 9 0
2
32. Ans: (a) 35. Ans: (b)

 2
 dy 
 x sin x cos x dx apply property (3)
4 6 3
Sol:
0
Sol: Length =  0
1    dx
 dx 
By property 9 3

=  0
1  x dx

I  sin 6 x cos 4 x dx
2 3
 = 14
3
20 =  1  x  2
 0
3 3

 2
2 0
=2 sin 6 x cos 4 x dx (property 6)
36. Ans: (a)
By reduction formula dx
1 1 dx 1
Sol: 1 x 0 x 2 ( x 2 is even function)
2
 2
 5.3.1.3.1   3
2
I     1 dx 1
10.8.6.4.2 2  512 = 2 Lt   2
(since 2 is not defined)
x 0 0 x x
1
33. Ans: 4  1
= 2  = 2{(–1) – (–)}
 x 0
 x sin x  dx = k
2
Sol:
0
= (Divergent)
 2
 0
x sin x dx  

 x sin x dx = k
37. Ans: (a)
 x  cos x  sin x 0   x cos x  sin x 2   k
3
1  x2
  – [–3] = k Sol: 
1 x  12
dx at x =1
k=4
1 x2
Let f x   f x    as x  1
34. Ans: (a)
x  12
1
Let gx  
0 0
0 e x  e x
Sol:  sin hx dx  cos hx


2
x  12
 
f x  1 x
 x  1  2
2
2  e   e   Lt  Lt
    x 1 g x  x 1 x  12
2  2 
3
1
 1 0 
e 
 
But  x  1
1
2
is known to be divergent.
2
 By comparison test, the given integral also
divergent.

: 19 : Calculus
38. Ans: (a) 40. Ans: (c)

2 
x3  1 2 a cos 
Sol: 
1 2x
dx Sol:  
0
2
0
r sin  dr d
 2 a cos 
x3 1  r2 
Let f(x) =
2x
= 
0
2 sin   
 2 0
d
f  x    an x  2 
= 
0
2 sin  2 a 2 cos 2  d
1
Let g(x) = 0
2x = –2a2 1
t 2 dt Put cos  = t
f x   x3  1  1
 Lt   2  x   9 finite
Lt = 2a2 t
2
x  2 g x 
dt
x 2
 2x  0
2 2a 2
=
But  gx  dx in known to be convergent 3
1
 By comparison test, the given integral also 41. Ans: 0.1143

convergent. 1 1 1 x
Sol:  
0 y 2
0
x dz dx dy
39. Ans: (d)

   x1  x  dx  dy
1 1
=
 0 y2
ex
Sol:  2 dx
1
x 1  x2 x3 
1
= 
0
   dy
 2 3  y2
ex
Let f(x) = 2
x
1  1 y4 y6  4
Choose g(x) =
1 = 0  6  2  3  dy = 35
x2
 
1
 gx  dx   x dx  1 is known to be 42. Ans: 1.047
2
1 1 
2 1
convergent.
Sol:   
0 0
3
0
r 2 sin  drdd
 By comparison test, the given integral 2


 r3 
1
also convergent.
=  0 0
3   sin  dd
 3 0

1
 cos 03 d = 
2
=  0 3 3

43. Ans: 8 45. Ans: (c)

Sol: Y a a
y = |x|
Sol:   x, y dydx
0 ax
By changing the order of integration the

y = 4 – |x| above integral becomes
X
–4 0 2 4 y2
  x, y  dydx
a
= a
0 0
On solving the two curves in the first
Now,
Quadrant, we get x = 2. Therefore, the area
q s y2
  x, y  dxdy =   x, y  dydx

a
bounded by the curves is a
0 0
p r
= 2  4  x  dx   x dx 
2 2
 0 0   y2 
 q.s = a.  = y2
 a 
 x 2   x 2  
2 2

= 2  4 x     
 2 0  2 0 
  46. Ans: 32
= 2(8 –2 – 2) Sol: The volume =  z dx dy

R
  4  x  dx dy
= 8 sq. units 6 2
2
=
0 0
2
44. Ans: 0.0536 6  x3 
=   4 x 
3  0
dy
 x y  xy dxdy
Sol: 2 2
0

s = 32
   x 
y  xy 2 dy dx
1 x
2
=
0 x2  47. Ans: 25.12
4
  y2 x
1  y3  
x Sol: Volume =  0
 y 2 dx
=   x    x    dx
2
0
  2  x 2  3  x 2  4
= 
0
 x dx
 x2 2 6 
= 8 cubic units
=
1
0 2
 x  x 4


x 3
3
x  x 
 dx  

 0.054

: 21 : Calculus
48. Ans: (d) Given a  f
 dy 
2 a
3
Directional Derivative = f.
Sol: Length =  0
1    dx
 dx  |a|
3 f
= f.
= 
0
1  x dx
| f |
3
2 3
 = 14 = | f | = 4  4  64
=  1  x  2
 0
3 3
= 72
49. Ans: 1.88 = 2 18

1
x
2
Sol: Volume = dy
0 52. Ans: (a)
2
1 Sol: The Directional Derivative is maximum in
=  y
0
3
dy  1.88
the direction of 
Given (x, y, z) = x2y2z4
50.
  = (2xy2z4) i + (2x2yz4) j + (4x2y2z3) k
Sol: T = xy + yz + zx
 T = i y  z   jx  z   k x  y  At (3, 1,–2),  = 96 i  288 j  288 k
at (1, 1, 1),T = 2i  2 j  2k = 96i  3 j  3k 
Given a  3i  4k
53. Ans: (c)
 Directional Derivative
Sol: Given f = x2 + y2 + z2, r  x i  yj  3k
a
= T.  f r  fx i  fyj  fzk
|a|
= 2i  2 j  2k .
3i  4k  div f r  

fx    fy   fz 
x y z
9  16
2 = x.2 x   f   [ y.2 y   f ]  z.2 y   f 
=
5 = 2(x2 + y2 + z2) + 3f = 5f
51. 54. Ans: (b)

Sol: f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + 2z2 f1 f 2 f 3
Sol: Div f   
f = 2x i  2 yj  4zk x y z
= ex + e–x + 2 sin hx
at (1,1,2), f = 2i  2 j  8k

55. Ans: (a)  F = 

i j k where (x, y, z) is scalar potential
  
Sol:  × V =  2xy  z 3  i  x 2 j  3xz 2 k   i   j   k
x y z x y z
y  x  y x 2 y  1 0
2 2
3 2 2
 d = (2xy + z ) dx + x dy + 3xz dz
= i 0  0  j[0  0  k2 y  1  2 y  1
 2xy  z dx  x dy  3xz 2 dz
3 2

= 0
 dx y  xz 3 
2
=
56. Ans: (b)  (x, y, z) = x y + xz
2 3
Sol: Given
 Workdone =  F. dr
V  x 2  yz i  y 2  zx  j  z 2  xy  k C
Div V = 2x + 2y + 2z  0 = (3,1,4) – (1, –2,1)

= [9(1)+3(64)] – [1(–2) + 1(1)]
 V is not divergence free
= 202
i j k
  
Curl V = 58. Ans: 0
x y z
x 2  yz y 2  zx z 2  xy Sol: By Stokes' theorem,
= i x  x   jy  y  kz  z   0  F. dr =    F  . n ds
C S
 V is irrotational
i j k
  
Here,  × F =
57. Ans: 202 x y z
 
Sol: Given F  2 xy  z 3 i  x 2 j  3xz 2 k ex 2y 1
0
i j k
  
Curl F 
x y z
  F. d r  0
2 xy  z 3 x2 3xz 2
59.
 2 2

= i 0  0  j 3z  3z  k2x  2x   0 Sol: Y
(2,4)
 F is irrotational y=2x
 Work done by F is independent of path
of curve X
(0,0) (2,0)

: 23 : Calculus
By Green's Theorem, 61.

 N M  Sol: By Green's Theorem,
C M dx  N dy  R  x  y  dx dy  N M 
 M dx  N dy    x  y 
dx dy
where M = x + y, N = x2 and
C R
Here, M = x – y and N = x + y
N M
 = 2x –1 N M
x y  = 1 – (–1) = 2
x y
  2x  1 dy dx
2 2x
The given integral=
x 0 y 0
y= x (1,1)
 2xy  y
2 2x
= 0 dx
0
y = x2
 4x 
2
= 2
 2 x dx
0
(0,0)
20
=
3
 N M 
60. Ans: (c) The given integral =   x 
R
 dx dy
y 
Sol: By Green's Theorem,
1 x
 N M 
C M dx  N dy  R  x  y  dx dy
=  
x 0 yx 2
2 dy dx
Here, M = 2x – y and N = x +3 y
=
1

x 0

2 x  x 2 dx 
N M  3 
1
 =2
x y  x 2 x3 
= 2  
3 3
Y 
2 0
(0, 1)
 2 1
= 2  
X  3 3
(–2, 0) (2, 0)
(0, –1) 2
=
3
62. Ans: 0
The given integral =  2 dx dy
R Sol: Given A  
= 2 Area of the given ellipse Curl A  0
= 2 (. 2. 1) = 4  A is Irrotational

Line
   x  y  z  dzdydx
integral of Irrotational vector =
4 3 4
x 0 y 0 z 0
function along a closed curve is zero
  4x  4y  8 dy dz
4 3
  A.dr  0 =
x 0 y 0
C
 12 x  18  24 dx
4
2 2 =
x y x 0
where C is   1 is a closed curve.
4 9 = 264
63. Ans: (c) 65. Ans: (b)

Sol: By Green's Theorem, Sol: Using Gauss-Divergence Theorem,
 N M 
 M dx  N dy    x  y 
dx dy  F.N
S
ds   div F dv
V
C R
C is the circle x2 + y2 = 4
=  V
3 dv  3 V
Here, M = –y3 and N = x3 4

= 3  r 3 = 4(4)3 = 256
N M 3

x y
 3x 2   3y 2 = 3(x2 + y2)  
66. Ans: (d)
= 2

 3 x  y dx dy
2

R i j k
  
Where R is x2 + y2 = 4 Sol: Curl F =
x y z
Using polar coordinates, 2 xy  y  yz2  y2z
x = r cos , y = r sin , |J| = r and
= i  2 yz  2 yz  j0  k0  1
x2 + y2 = r2
2 2
 Curl F  k
  3r .r dr d
2
=
0 r 0 Using Stokes' theorem,
 F.dr   curl F.N ds   k.N ds

2
 r4 
2
=  3.  d = 12 × 2 = 24  C S S
0
 4 0
Let R be the protection of s on xy plane
64. Ans: 264
dxdy
Sol: Using Gauss-Divergence Theorem,   k.N ds =  k.N
S R
| N.k |
 xy dy dz  yz dzdx  zx d dz   div F dv
  1 dx dy
V
S = ( N  k )
 y  z  x  dv
R
=
V = Area of Region
= –r2 = –(1)2 = –
: 25 : Calculus
67. Ans: (d) 70. Ans: (b)

Sol: The function f(x) = x.sin x is even function k  2  2 1 
 n
Sol: f(x) =    sin nx 
 The fourier series of f(x) contain only n 1  n 
cosine terms. 
At x =
The coefficient of sin 2x = 0 2
k 1 1 1 
68. Ans: (b) k= 1     ......
 3 5 7 
Sol: Let f(x) =

  x 2 1 1 1 
4  1     ........ =
3 5 7 4
The fourier series of f(x) in (0, 2) is
 71. Ans: (d)
f(x) =
a0
 a n cos nx   b n sin nx  
2 n 0 1, 0  x  
Sol: f x   
1 2 0,   x  2
 0
ao = f ( x ) dx
ao 
Let f(x) =   a n cos nx  b n sin nx 
1 2    x  2 n 1
2
 0
= dx
4 1 2
f x  dx
 0
a0 =
2
1    x  
3
=   1 
   12  0
 0
= 1 dx  1
=
1
12

 3  3 
72. Ans: (c)
2 3 2 Sol: f(x) = (x – x2)
= =
12 6 
a 2
f(x) = b n sin nx
The constant term = 0  n 1
2 12
bn =
2 
 0

x  x 2 sin nx dx 
69. Ans: (b)
Sol: The given function is even in (–, ) b1 =
2 
 0

x  x 2 . sin x dx  
 Fourier series of f(x) contains only cosine
= 2 x  x 2  cos x     2x  sin x    2 cos x 0

terms.
8
=


73. Ans: (b) where

Sol: f(x) = (x – 1)2 2 
f x  dx
 0
a0 =
The Half range cosine series is
a0  2 
  a n cos nx   0
(x –1)2 = = x dx
2 n 1

2  2  x2 
an =  x  1 cos nx  dx =   =
2
 0   2 0
1
= 2 x  12 . sin nx   2x  1. cos2 n2x  2 sin3n3 x  2 
 0
an = x. cos nx dx
  n  n  n  0
4 2  sin nx     cos nx  

 
= =  x.  1
n 
2 2
  n  0  n
2  
0
74. Ans: (b) 2 cosn  1

= 0  
 n2 
Sol: f(x) = |x| is even function
The fourier series of f(x) in (–, ) is substituting the values of a0 and an in (1)
 2    1  1
n
f(x) = |x|
 f(x) =    cos nx
2  n 1  n 2 
a0 
=   a n cos nx ........(1)
2 n 1

Chapter
3 Probability & Statistics
C. R. Rao
01. Ans: (c) C(0, 1) B(1, 1)

Sol: Four numbers can be selected out of 40 in
40
C4 = 37 × 38 × 65 ways.
O(0, 0) A(1, 0)
E: Event that the four numbers are
consecutive. Required Probability = area of the shaded
Favourable cases to E: (1 2, 3,4), (2,3,4,5), 1 2
region = 0
x dx 
3
(3,4,5,).......(37,38,39,40) whose number is
37
03. Ans: (d)
37 1
 P(E) = 40 = Sol: Let x  S. Then either
C4 2470
x  P, x  Q, or x  P, x  Q, or x  P,
 Required probability = PE 
x  Q or x  P, x  Q. Out of the above
= 1 – P(E)
four cases, three cases are favourable to the
1
= 1 event P  Q = .
2470
20
2469 3
=  The required probability =  
2470 4
02. Ans: (c) 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: The sample space is a square whose sides Sol: Let
are unit segments of the coordinate axes. A = The event that 5 appears in first throw
The figure whose set of points correspond to B = The event that sum is 6
the outcomes favourable to the event y2  x The cases favourable to B are
is bounded by the graphs of the function and {(5, 5, 6), (5, 6, 5), (6, 5, 5), (4, 6, 6),
y2 = x, y = 0 and x = 1 is shown below. (6, 4, 6), (6, 6, 4)}
A  B = {(5, 5, 6), (5, 6, 5)}
Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, FRS known as C R Rao (born 10 September 1920) is an Indian-born, mathematician and statistician.
The American Statistical Association has described him as "a living legend whose work has influenced not just statistics, but has had far
reaching implications for fields as varied as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, national planning, demography, biometry, and
medicine.
Required probability = P(A|B) Let E be the event that A is non singular.

n A  B  det A  0.
=
n B i.e., atleast one of the two numbers a & d is
2 1 zero or atleast one of the two numbers b & c
= =
6 3
is zero.
The matrices whose determinants are non
05. Ans: (a)
zero are:
Sol: The total number of five digit numbers
formed by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (without  1 0  1 0   1 1
 ,  ,  
repetition) = 5 = 120  0 1  1 1   0 1
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two  0 1   0 1 1 1 

 ,  ,  
 1 0   1 1 1 0 
digit number (i.e., tens and unit place) is
divisible 4. 6 3
 P(E) = =
16 8
 The last two digit number must be: 12,
24, 32 and 52 (4 cases). With last two digits 07. Ans: (d)
fixed, the other three places can be arranged Sol: Total number of triangles that can be formed
in 3(=6) ways. by using the vertices of a regular hexagon
= 6 C3  20.
 The number of favourable cases = 3 × 4
Among these, there are only two equilateral
= 24
triangles.
24
 Probability = 2 1
120  Required probability = 
20 10
1
=
5
08. Ans: 0.4
06. Ans: (c) Sol: If A and B are independent then
a b  P(A  B) = P(A). P(B) = 0.16 ....... (1)

Sol: Let A    where a, b, c and d
c d  By Addition theorem of probability
can take values 0 or 1. P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
 Total number of such matrices = 24 = 16  0.64 = P(A) + P(B) – 0.16

: 29 : Probability
 P(A) + P(B) = 0.8 ....... (2) Then the required probability

From (1) & (2), we get = P{(A3  A5) | A2}
P(A) = P(B) = 0.4
A2 A3
27 13 14
09. Ans: (a)
3
Sol: We have, 7 3
18 1 7
P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = = A5
36 2
P(A  B) = P(A  C) = P(B  C) U
9 1
= = nA3  A5   A 2 
36 4 =
n A 2 
1
Thus P(A  B) = = P(A) P(B) 23
4 = = 0.46
50
1
P(A  C) = = P(A)P(C)
4
11. Ans: (c)
1
P(B  C) = = P(B)P(C) Sol: Let E1, E2, E3 be the events of selecting urns
4
U1, U2, U3 respectively and W be the event
Which indicates that A, B, and C are pair of the drawn ball is white.
wise independent. However, since the sum 1
P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
of two numbers is even, 3
{A  B  C) =  and By Total theorem of probability P(W)
1 W W W

P(A  B  C)  = P(A)P(B)P(C) = P(E1) P  + P(E2) P  +P(E3) P 
8  E1   E2   E3 
which shows that A, B, and C are not 1 2 13 1 4
=      
independent. 3 5 35 3 5
9
10. Ans: 0.46 =
15
Sol: Let 3
=
A2 = event that the number is divisible by 2 5
A3 = event that the number is divisible by 3
A5 = event that the number is divisible by 5

12. Ans: (a) 14. Ans: (b)

Sol: Let A, B and C denote events of a bolt Sol: Let E1 bet the event of guessing, E2 the
manufactured by A, B and C. event of copying and E3 the event of
Let D be the event of the drawn bolt is knowing the answer.
defective. 1 1
 P(E1) = , P(E2) = ,
By Total theorem of probability P(D) 3 6
D D D 1 1 1

= P(A) P  + P(B) P  +P(C) P  P(E3) = 1     =
A B C 3 6 2
25  5  35  4  40  2  Let E be the event of writing correct answer.

=      
100  100  100  100  100  100  E 1  E  1
P   , P   (Given)
69  E1  4  E2  8
=
2000
 E
P   1
 E3 
13. Ans: (c)
Sol: E : Correct diagnosis By Baye's theorem,
E : Wrong diagnosis E 
Required probability = P 3 
E
D : Event of death.
 E
P(E) =
60 3
= , PE  
2 PE 3  P 
100 5 5 =  E3 
E
PE j  P 
3
 D  70
P  
7  D  80
 , P   =
4  E 
 E  100 10  E  100 5 j1  j
1
1
By Baye's theorem, = 2
1 1 1 1 1
E     1
Required probability = P  3 4 6 8 2
D
24
D =
PE P  29
= E
D D
P(E) P   PE  P  15. Ans: (c)
E E
Sol: Let Ej be the event that the bag contains
3 7

5 10 21 j number of red balls (j = 1, 2, 3, 4)
= =
3 7 2 4 37
   1
5 10 5 5  P(Ej) = (j = 1, 2, 3, 4)
4
: 31 : Probability
Let E be the event of drawing a red ball. E

PE1  P 
E 1  E  2  E 3 E 
 P 1    E1 
P   , P   , P  
 E1  4  E2  4  E3  4 E E  E 
PE1  P   PE 2  P 
 E1   E2 
 E  4
P   = 1 1 2
 E4  4 
2 5 12
= =
 By Baye's theorem, 1 2 1 1 17
  
2 5 2 6
 E 
PE 4  P 
E 
P 4    E4 
17. Ans: (c)
 E  4 E
 PE j P   2d 
E  4
j1  j Sol: Total probability =  C   = 1
d 1  d 
1
1 4 2
4 2
= =  C (2 + 2 + + )=1
11 2 3 4 5 3 3
    
44 4 4 4 1
C=
6
16. Ans: (d)
Expected demand = E (D)
Sol: E1: Event of letter coming from LONDON. 4
  d. P (D  d )
E2: Event of the letter coming from d 1
CLIFTON.  2   2   4   2   19 
 1   2    3    4     
E: Event of two consecutive letters ON.  6   6   8   18   9 
1
P(E1) = P(E2) = .
2 18. Ans: 5
Word LONDON consists of 5 pairs of Sol: Let X = Amount the player wins in rupees
consecutive letters The probability distribution for X is given
below
(LO, ON, ND, DO, ON) out of which there
are 2 ON's. Number of heads 0 1 2
CLIFTON consists of 6 pairs of consecutive X x 1 3
letters 1 2 1
P(X)
4 4 4
(CL, LI, IF, FT, TO, ON) out of which there
is only one 'ON'.

For the game to be fair we have to find x, so Required probability = P(E1|E2)

that E(X) = 0 PE1  E 2 
=
1 2 1 P( E 2 )
 x.   + 1.   + 3.   =0
4 4 4 P E1  0.22
 
x=5 P E 2  0.35
 Number of rupees, the player has to lose, = 0.62857
if no heads occur = 5.
21. Ans: 0 and 0.4
19. Sol: Here f (x) is an even function


Sol: P (X is even) = P (X = 2) + P (X = 4 )
E (X)   x. f ( x ) dx  0
+ P (X = 6) + …. 
1 1 1 ( x f(x) is an odd function)

 2
 4  6  .......
2 2 2 
E (X )   x 2 f ( x ) dx
2
1  1 1 2

3

 1        ....... 
22   2   2   0 1
1
  x (1  x ) dx   x 2 (1  x ) dx 
2
1 1 0
6
1  1 1
 1   
4  4 3 1
Variance of X = E (X2) –(E (X))2 =
6
20. Ans: 0.62857 Range(0.62 to 0.63)
22. Ans: (a)
Sol: Let
Sol: Required probability
E1 = The selected reader is reading only one
5 5
news papers 1 1
= C(10,5).   .   .1
E2 = The selected reader is reading atleast 2 2
10
one of the newspapers C5
=
The Venn diagram for the given data is 210
23. Ans: (b)

A B
.9 .6 .6 Sol: If the person is one step away, then we have
.2 two cases:
.3 .2
Case1: 6 forward steps and 5 backward
.65 .7
C

: 33 : Probability
(or) 25. Ans: (a)

Case2: 6 backward steps and 5 forward. 1
Sol: P(A) = P(B) = P(C) =
3
Required Probability
E = Event of getting 2 heads and 1 tail
= C(11,6)(0.4)6 + C(11,5)(0.6)6 (0.4)5 2
E 1 1 3
5 5
= C(11,5) (0.4) (0.6) (0.4 +0.6) P   3 C 2     
A 2 2 8
= 462 × (0.24)5
2
E  2 1 4
P   3 C 2     
24. Ans: (d) B  3 3 9
2
Sol: E1 = Event of writing good book E 1  2 2
P   3 C 2     
E2 = Event of not writing a good book C 3  3 9
E = Probability of publication Required probability =
1 E 2 E
P(E1) = P(E2) = , P   , P ( A ) P 
A A
2  E1  3 P  
 E  PA  P E   PB P E   PC  P E 
     
 E  1 A  B C
P  
 E2  4 1 3

P(E) = P(E  E1) + P(E  E2) = 3 8
1 3 1 4 1 2
1 2 1 1     
= .  . 3 8 3 9 3 9
2 3 2 4
27 9
11 = 
= 75 25
24
26. Ans: 0.335
X denote the number of books published.
Sol: Let X = Number of times we have to toss a
Required probability= P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
pair of dice.
2
11 13 2  11  P = probability of getting 7 in one throw
= 2 C1   C2  
24 24  24  1
=
11 13  11 
2 6
= 2   
24 24  24  q=1–P
407 = probability of not getting 7 in one throw
=
576 5
=
6

q6 = probability of not getting a 6 in 6 e   .x

P(X= x) = (x = 0, 1, 2,……..)
throws x
P (X  6) = Probability that it take less than Required Probability = P(X  2)
6 tosses to get a 7 = 1 – P(X < 2)
6 = 1 – {P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)}
5
=1–  
6 = 1 – e–0.1 (1 + 0.1)
Required probability = P (X > 6) = 0.0045
  5  6   5  6
= 1  1        29. Ans: 0.122
  6    6 
Sol: We view the number of misprints on one
 0.335 page as the number of successes in a
sequence of Bernoulli trials. Here n = 300
27. Ans: 7
1
Sol: The probability of missing the target is since there are 300 misprints, and p = ,
500
q = 1 – p = 0.7. Hence the probability that n the probability that a misprint appears on a
n
missiles miss the target is (0.7) . Thus, we given page. Since p is small, we use the
seek the smallest n for which Poisson approximation to the binomial
n
1 – (0.7) > 0.90 or distribution with  = np = 0.6.
n
equivalently (0.7) < 0.10
We have
Compute
P(0misprint) = f(0; 0.6)
(0.7)1 = 0.7, (0.7)2 = 0.49, (0.7)3 = 0.343,
(0.7)4 = 0.240, (0.7)5 = 0.168, =
0.60 e 0.6 = e–0.6 = 0.549
0!
(0.7)6 = 0.118, (0.7)7 = 0.0823
Thus, atleast 7 missiles should be fired. P(1 misprint) = f(1; 0.6)
28. Ans: 0.0045 =

0.61 e 0.6 = (0.6) (0.549)
1!
Sol: Let X = number of accidents between 5 P.M
= 0.329
and 6 P.M.
For Poisson distribution, Required probability
= np = (1000) (0.0001) = 0.1 = 1 – (0.549 + 0.329)
= 0.122
: 35 : Probability
30. Ans: 0.1353 Let X denote the number of people with

Sol: Given that  = 900 vehicles/hour Alzheimer's disease.
= 1 vehicle/ 4 sec We seek BP(X < 150) or, approximately,
= 2 vehicles/8 sec NP (X  149.5). (BP denote Binomial
Probability for k vehicles in a time gap of 8 Probability and NP denote Normal
k e   Probability)
seconds = P(X = k) =
k! We have 149.5 in standard units
Required probability = P(X = 0) = e– = e–2 =
149.5  140 = 0.82
11.6
= 0.1353
Therefore,
31. Ans: 0.2
Required Probability = NP (X  149.5)
Sol: The area under normal curve is 1 and the
= NP(Z  0.82) = 0.5000 + (0.82)
curve is symmetric about mean.
= 0.5000 + 0.2939
= 0.7939
0.3
33. Ans: 2
80 100 120
 z2
1
 P(100 < X < 120) = P(80 < X < 120) = 0.3 Sol: f z   e 2
is the probability density
2
Now, P(X < 80) = 0.5 – P(80 < X < 120) function of Normal Distribution
= 0.5 – 0.3 = 0.2 
  f z  dz  1

32. Ans: 0.7939
Sol: This is a binomial experiment B(n, p) with  The value of given integral

n = 3500, p = 0.04, and q = 1 – p
 2  f z  dz  2
= 0.96. 
Then  = np = (3500) (0.04)

34. Ans: 0.3085
= 140,
Sol: Let X = diameter of cable in inches
2
 = npq = (3500)(0.04) (0.96) mean =  = 0.80
= 134.4, Standard deviation =   0.0004 = 0.02
 = 134.4 = 11.6

X (ii) When X = 64, we have Z = –1.33

The standard normal variable Z =
 Required probability = P(X  64)
0.81  0.80 1 = Area under the normal curve to the left of
When X = 0.81, Z = =
0.02 2
Z = – 1.33
Required probability = P (X > 0.81)
= 0.5 – (Area under the normal curve
1
= P(Z > ) between Z = 0 and Z = 1.33)
2
(By symmetry of normal curve)
=1 – (Area under the normal curve to the left
= 0.5 – 0.4082
of Z = 0.5)
= 0.0918
= 1 – 0.6915 = 0.3085
Expected number of students who weigh
35. Ans: (i) 28 (ii) 28 (iii) 205 less than 68 kgs = 300 × 0.0918
Sol: The parameters of normal distribution are = 28
 = 68 and  = 3 (iii) When X = 65, we have Z = –1
Let X = weight of student in kgs When X = 71, we have Z = +1
X  Required probability = P(65< X < 71)
Standard normal variable = Z =
 = Area under the normal curve to
the left of Z = – 1 and Z = +1
(i) When X = 72, we have Z = 1.33
= 0.6826
Required probability = P(X > 72)
(By Property of normal curve)
= Area under the normal curve to
Expected number of students who weighs
the right of Z = 1.33
between 65 and 71 kgs = 300 × 0.6826
= 0.5 – (Area under the normal
 205
curve between Z = 0 and Z = 1.33)
= 0.5 – 0.4082 36. Ans: (b)
= 0.0918 Sol: If X has uniform distribution in [a, b] then
Expected number of students who weigh (b  a ) 2
variance =
greater than 72 kgs = 300 × 0.0918 12
= 28 [3a  (a )]2 16a 2 4a 2
=  
12 12 3

: 37 : Probability
37. Ans: (b) 1

1 31
Sol: Let X be a uniformly distributed random

=  2
1 4
dx  3 dx
2 4
variable defined on [a, b]. 11 3

=  1 3  
ab 42 2
Mean is = 1  a + b = 2 ……. (1)
2 3
=
Variance is
b  a 2 = 1
 b – a = 2 …..(2)
4
12 3
39. Ans: 0.393
On solving, we get a = 0, b = 2
Sol: The probability density function of X is
1
 The PDF of f(x) is = ,axb
ba  e  x , x  0
f (x) = 
1 0 ,x 0
= ,0x2
2 5
1 1 P(X<5) =  f ( x ) dx
1 1 1
P(X < )
2  f x dx = 
0
2
0
2
2
dx 
4
0
5 x
1
=  e 10 dx  0.393
10
38. Ans: (c) 0
1
Sol: f(x) = , –2  X  2 40. Ans: (a)
4
1 1 1
|X–1|  Sol: Mean  0.5   = =2
2  0.5
The probability function of exponential
 1  1 
=  X  1   2     X  1  2 
 2  2  distribution is f(x) = 2e–2x, x  0.
|X–1| 
1 P(X >
1
2
)= 
1


2e 2 x dx =  e  2 x 

1
2 2 2
 1 3  = (0) – {–e–1} = e–1

=  -1  X   +   X  3
 2 2 
41. Ans: (d)
 1
P | X - 1 |   1
 2 1 x
Sol: The density function f(x) = e 5
5
 1 3 
= P  -1  X   + P   X  3 
 2 2 
1

We require P(x>8) = f ( x ) dx  e 8 / 5
8
f x dx  3 f x dx
3
= 2
1
2 = 0.2
42.  x3 x4 
1
1 1  1
= 6    6    
 xi 3 4 0 3 4  2
Sol: Mean = = 34
n
Median is that value ‘a’ for which
Median is the middle most value of the data
1
by keeping the data points in increasing P( X  a ) =
2
order or decreasing order. a
1
 6(x  x ) dx 
2
Mode = 36
0
2
S.D = 4.14
 a2 a3  1
 6   
43. Ans: (b)  2 3 2
Sol: Mean = xipi = 3 1
 3a2 –2a3 = 2
Variance = x p
2
i i  2
1
= 10.2 – 9 = 1.2 a=
2
44. Mode a that value at which f(x) is max/min

  f(x) = 6x –6x2
Sol: We have  f (x) dx  1

f1(x) = 6 – 12x
1
For max or min f1(x) = 0  6 – 12x = 0
 k(x  x ) dx  1
2
1
0
 x=
2
 x 2 1  x 3 1  f11(x) = –12
 k        1
 2 0  3 0  1
f 11    12 < 0
2
1 1
 k   1
 2 3 1
 maximum at x =
2
 3 2
k =1 1
 6   mode is
2
k=6

S.D = E( x 2 )  (E( x )) 2
Mean =  xf (x ) dx
 
1
1
2 5
  6( x 2  x 3 ) dx
0

: 39 : Probability
45. Ans: 0.95  m  m 2   2 .5  1 .6 

tan  =  1  =  
Sol:  1  m1m 2   1  2.5 1.6 
x y u= x – 5 v = y – 12 u2 v2 uv 0.9
= = 0.18
1 9 –4 –3 16 9 12 5
2 8 –3 –4 9 16 12
3 10 –2 –2 4 4 12 47. Ans: 0.747
4 12 –1 0 1 0 0 cov X, Y 
Sol: We have, r(X, Y) =
5 11 0 –1 0 1 0 varX  varY 
6 13 1 1 1 1 1
10
7 14 2 2 4 4 4 =
5.5  32.5
8 16 3 4 9 16 12
9 15 4 3 16 9 12 = 0.747
Total 0 0 60 60 57
48. Ans: 0.4
correlation coefficient =  x i 15
Sol: We have x  = = 3,
 uv n 5
rxy  ruv 
 u 2 . v2  yi 36
y = = 7.2
n 5
57
=   x i yi 
60.60 cov (x, y) =   x y
 n 
= 0.95
 110 
=  3  7.2  = 0.4
46. Ans: 0.18  5 
Sol: We have r = 1.6  0.4 = 0.64 = 0.8

49. Ans: i. (a) ii. (c) iii. (d)
y Sol: (i) The line of regression of y on x is
byx = r.
x
x
y= –2
y b yx 1.6 2
 = = =2
x r 0.8 1
 byx =
2
1 y 1 5
m1 = . = 2
r x 0.8 2 The line of regression of x on y is
y
 x=  10
m2 = r. x = 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 2
y

1 x 
 bxy = Now the test statistic z 
2 
1 n
r= b yx  b xy 
2  = 280, x = mean of the sample = 265
 = 30, n = size of the sample = 400
y
(ii) byx = r. 265  280
x Z  10
30
1 400
 
1 1 4  |Z| = 10
  .
2 2 x
Z = 1.96
1
 x = Since |Z| = 10 > 1.96, we reject null
4
hypothesis
(iii) Let the mean of x = x The sample is not drawn from population.
and the mean of y = y

51. Ans: (c)
Then the point x , y  satisfy the given lines
Sol: H 0 : P  1 , i.e., 20% of the product
of regression 5
manufactured is of top quality.
 2x  y  20  0 1
H1 : P  .
and 2 y  x  4  0 5
solving, we get x  12 and y  4 p = proportion of top quality products in the

sample
50. Ans: (b) 50 1
 
Sol: Null Hypothesis H0: The sample has been 400 8
drawn from a population whit mean  = 280 From the alternative hypothesis H1, we note
days that two-tailed test is to be used.
Alternate Hypothesis H1: The sample is not Let LOS be 5%. Therefore, z = 1.96.
drawn from a population with mean  = 280 1 1


pP 8 5
i.e.   280 z 
PQ 1 4 1
 
Two-tailed test should be used. n 5 5 400
Since the size of the sample is equal to 400.

: 41 : Probability
3 52. Ans: (d)

i.e., z   50  3.75
40 Sol: H0: p = P, i.e. the hospital is not efficient.
Now |z| = 3.75 > 1.96. H1: p < P
The difference between p and P is significant One-tailed (left-tailed) test is to be used.
at 5% level. Let LOS be 1%.
Also H0 is rejected. Hence H0 is wrong or the Therefore, z = – 2.33.
production of the particular day chosen is pP 63
z , where p   0.0984
not a representative sample. PQ 640
95% confidence limits for P are given by n
pP P = 0.1726, Q = 0.8274
 1.96
pq
n 0.0984  0.1726
z
0.1726  0.8274
Note:
640
pq
We have taken in the denominator,
n   4.96
because P is assumed to be unknown, for
 |z| > |z|
which we are trying to find the confidence
limits and P is nearly equal to p. Therefore, difference between p and P is
significant. i.e., H0 is rejected and H1 is
 pq   pq 
i.e.  p   1.96   P   p   1.96  accepted.
 n   n 
That is, the hospital is efficient in bringing
 1 7 1  down the fatality rate of typhoid patients.
i.e.  0.125     1.96   P
 8 8 400 
 1 7 1 
  0.125     1.96 
 8 8 400 
i.e. 0.093  P  0.157

Therefore, 95% confidence limits for the
percentage of top quality product are 9.3 and
15.7.

Chapter
4 Differential Equations
(With Laplace Transforms)
Leonhard Euler
(1707 – 1783)
01. Ans: (c) 03. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given that Sol: The given equation
(siny–y sinxy)dx+(x cosy – x sinxy) dy = 0 (5x3 + 3xy + 2y2)dx + (x2 + 2xy)dy = 0
 (sin y) dx + x cos y dy – sin xy (y dx+xdy)= 0 Let M = 5x3 + 3xy + 2y2 and
 d (x sin y) – sin(xy) d(xy) = 0 N = x2 + 2xy
  d (x sin y) –  sin(xy) d(xy) =  M N

 3x  4 y and = 2x + 2y
y x
 x sin y + cos(xy) = 
M N
where  is arbitrary constant  = x + 2y
y x
02. Ans: (a) 1  M N  x  2y 1

    2 
   
Sol: xy 2  2x 2 y 3 dx  x 2 y  x 3 y 2 dy  0
N  y x  x  2xy x
1
 dx
2 3
xy [y dx + x dy] + 2x y dx – x y dy =0 3 2  I.F = e x
=x
k=1
xy
y dx  x dy   2x 2 y3 dx  x 3 y 2 dy  0
x 3 y3 x3y2 Multiplying the given Differential Equation
by the integrating factor, we get
y dx  x dy 2 1 (5x4 +3x2y+2xy2)dx +(x3+2x2y)dy = 0
2 2
 dx  dy  0
x y x y
which is exact
 1 2 1 The solution is
d    dx  dy  0
 xy  x y (5x4 +3x2y+2xy2)dx = C
(x5 + x3y + x2y2) = C
Integrating, we get
04. Ans: (c)
1
  2 log x  log y  C Sol: Given that
xy
 dy 
 x2  1 (x + 2y3)    y
log    C  dx 
 y  xy
y dx – x dy = 2y3 dy
Leonhard Euler is considered to be the pre-eminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest
mathematicians to have ever lived. He made important discoveries in every branch of mathematic
: 43 : Differential Equations
y dx  x dy N
 2 y dy  2 x  2ay
y2 x
x 1  M N  1
d   2 y dy   
y N  y x  x
1
x  x dx
 d y    2 y dy Integrating factor = e =x
By multiplying the given differential
x y2 equation by the integrating factor, we get
2 C
y 2
(3x2y – 2ay2x)dx + (x3 – 2ax2y)dy = 0
3
x = cy + y
which is exact
Integrating,
05. Ans: (b)
x3y – ax2y2 = C
Sol: Given that
 x2y (x – ay) = C
dy 2x
 2
dx 
x  y2  2y 
07. Ans: (d)
 2x dx = (x2+y2 – 2y) dy
Sol: Given that
2(x dx + y dy) = (x2 + y2) dy
r sin d + (r3 – 2r2 cos + cos)dr = 0
 2x dx  2 y dy 
   dy Let M = r sin and
 x y
2 2

2 2
N = r3 – 2r2 cos + cos)
d(log(x +y )) = dy
M N
Integrating both sides  sin  and  2r 2 sin   sin 
r 
log(x2+y2) + C = y
1  N M   1 
 y = log(x2+y2) + C     2 r  
M   r   r 
 1
06. Ans: (c)  2 r  r  dr
Integrating factor (I.F) = e
Sol: Given that 2
er
(3xy – 2ay2)dx + (x2 – 2axy)dy = 0 = 2
r
Let M = 3xy – 2ay2 and
N = x2 – 2axy 08.
M Sol: Given that

 3x  4ay
y (x3y2 + x) dy + (x2y3 – y) dx = 0
(x2y2 – 1) y dx + (x2y2 + 1) x dy = 0
Let M = x3y2 + x and Integrating,

2 3
N=x y –y 4x 4 y  4x 3 y 2  x 4  C
1 10.
I.F =
Mx  Ny
Sol: Given that
1
= (y2 + 2x2y)dx + 2(x3 – xy)dy = 0
2xy
Let M = y2 + 2x2y and
multiplying the given differential equation
N = 2(x3 – xy)
by I.F, we get
M N
 4x  6 y  2x  2y
 xy 1 
2
x y 1  2
y x
    dx     dy = 0
 2 2x   2 2y 
1  M N   2
  
Integrating N  y x  x
2
  x 2 y2  1 1 x dx
   log x  log y  k Integrating factor = e = x 2
 4  2 2
y x 2 y2 multiplying the given differential equation

 log   + C
x 2 by I.F, we get
1 2 2
(y + 2x2y)dx + 2 (x3 – xy)dy = 0
09. x 2
x
Sol: Given that which is exact.
(4xy + 3y2 – x)dx + x(x+2y)dy = 0 Integrating,
2
Let M = 4xy + 3y – x and 2x2y – y2 = Cx
N = x(x+2y) 11.
M N Sol: Given that
 4x  6 y  2x  2y
y x
x dy  y 
  2  1 dx
1  M N  2
  

x y2 2

x y
2

N  y x  x
x dy  y dx
 dx
2
 x dx x 2  y2
Integrating factor = e = x2
 y
 d tan       dx  C
1
multiplying the given differential equation
x
by I.F, we get
y
x2 (4xy+3y2 – x) dx + x3(x+2y)dy = 0 tan 1     x  C
x
which is exact. y = x tan (C – x)
12. Ans: (a) 1 1

v.    1. dx  C
Sol: Given that x x
xy(C – log x) = 1
x2
dy
dx

 3x 2  2xy  1 
14. Ans: (d)
dy
x2  2xy  3x 2  1 Sol: Given that
dx
dy 2 3x 2  1 dy y
 y   log x with y(1) = 1
dx x x2 dx x
1
2
 x dx  x dx
I.F. = e 2
=x I.F = e =x
The solution is The solution is

xy =  log x. x dx
 1 
y.x 2    3  2 .x 2 dx  C
 x   x2  x2
 xy = log x.    C
1 C  2  4
y=x+ 
x x2 5
y(1) = 1  C=
4
13. Ans: (b)
The solution is
 dy   y 
Sol:       y 2 x x 5
 dx   x  y= log x  
2 4 4x
1 dy 1
 1
y 2 dx xy 15.
1 Sol: Given that
Put v
y dy
 x Tan y  x   1
1 dy dv dx
 
y 2 dx dx Put y – x = t
dv 1 dy dt
  .v  1  1 
dx x dx dx
dv 1 dt
 v  1  1  x tan t  1
dx x dx
1
x 1 dt
I.F= e
dx
= e–logx =  x tan t
x dx
The solution is  cot t dt =  x dx

x2 Put y–4 = t
log sin t = C
2 dy dt
– 4 y–5 
x2 dx dx
log [sin(y – x)] = C
2 1 dt t
   5x 2
4 dx 2x
16. dt t
2 –1
 2  20x 2
Sol: Given that (1 + y ) dx = (Tan y – x)dy dx x
2
 tan 1 y  x  dy  x dx
  1 I.F = e = x2
 1  y 2
 dx
The solution is
–1
Put tan y = t
t.x2 =  –20x2 .x2 dx + C
1 dy dt
  x2 x5
1  y 2 dx dx  20 C
y4 5
dt
t  x  1 x2 + (4x5 – C)y4 = 0
dx
dx
xt
dt 18.
Sol: Given that
I.F = e  = ex
1 dx
dy
The solution is Tan y  Tan x  cos y cos 2 x
dx
x. et =  t. et dt + C
dy
x.et = et[t – 1] + C sec y tan y  sec y tan x  cos 2 x
dx
x = t – 1 + Ce–t Put sec y = v
 
x  tan 1 y  1  C.e  tan
1
y
 sec y tan y
dy dv

dx dx
17. dv
 tan x v  cos 2 x
Sol: Given that dx
2xy1 = (10x3y5 + y) I.F = etan x dx = sec x
dy y The solution is
  5x 2 y 5
dx 2x v. sec x =  cos2 x .sec x dx + C
1 dy y 4 sec y = cos x(sin x + C)
  5x 2
y 5 dx 2 x

19. Ans: (a) d2y dy

2
P  Q  1 y  e x
Sol: The auxiliary equation is d x dx
4 D2 – 4D + 1 = 0
becomes
1 1
D= ,
2 2 d2y
2
 ex
d x
The solution is
dy
x
  e x  C1
y = (C1 + C2 x ) e ........ (i)
2 dx
y(0) = 2  C1 = 2  y = ex + C1 x + C2
x x
1 1
y = [C1 + C2 x ] e . + C2 e 22
2 21. Ans: (c)
1
y (0) = 2  C2 = 1 Sol: The given equation is
substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i) ( D2 – 2D + 5 )2 y = 0
x The auxiliary equation is
y = (2 + x) e 2
( D2 – 2D + 5 )2 = 0
20. Ans: (a)  D = 1  2i, 1 2i
Sol: For the solution y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x the The solution is

corresponding roots of the auxiliary y = ex [(C1 + C2 x) cos 2x
equation are D =  i . + (C3 + C4 x) sin 2x]
The auxiliary equation is

(D + i) (D – i) = 0 22. Ans: (b)
 (D2 + 1) = 0 Sol: The roots of the auxiliary equation are 1,
The differential equation is  2i.
d2y The differential equation is
y0
dx 2 (D –1) (D + 2i) (D – 2i) y = 0
Comparing this equation with the given  y111 – y11 + 4y1 – 4y = 0
equation
d2y dy 23. Ans: (c)
P Qy 0
2
d x dx Sol: The auxiliary equation is
we have P = 0 and Q = 1 R 1
D2 + D+ =0
Now, the equation L LC
R R y(0) = 1
D= , 
2L 2L  C2 = 0
The solution is y1 = ex + C1
Rt
 y1(0) = 2
i = (A + Bt) e 2L
 C1 = 1
24. Ans: (c) substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i)
Sol: The auxiliary equation is y = ex + x
D2 + (3i – 1)D –3i = 0

27. Ans: (d)
 D = 1, –3i
1
The solution is Sol: Particular Integral (P.I) = cosh 3x
D 1
2
y = C1 ex + C2 e–3ix
1  e 3 x  e 3 x 
=  
D 2  1  2 
25. Ans: (b)
1  e3x e 3 x 
Sol: If e -x
(C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x ) + C3 e 2x
= 
2  D 2  1 D 2  1
is the general solution then,
1  e 3x e 3 x 
The roots of the auxiliary equation are = 
2  10 10 
–1  i 3 , 2
The corresponding differential equation is 28. Ans: (c)
(D – 2) [D – (–1 + i 3 ] [D – (–1 – i 3 ]y = 0 Sol: The auxiliary equation is
 (D3 – 8)y = 0 D2 + 1 = 0
d3y D=i
 8 y 0
dx 3
Complementary function (C.F)
26. Ans: (d) = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
Sol: The given equation is 1
P.I = sin x
2
d y D 1
2
2
 ex
dx 1
= x. sin x
dy 2D
 ex  C
dx x
x
= cos x
y = e + C1x + C2 ........... (i) 2
The solution is  C1 = 0
x dy
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x  cos x ...... (i) Given  0 when t = 0
2 dt
 1
y   0  C2 = 0  C2 =
2 8
y(0) = 1  C1 = 1 substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i)
1
substituting the values of C1 & C2 in (i) y sin 2t  2t cos 2t 
8
x
y = cos x – cos x
2
30. Ans: (c)
 1  5
29. Ans: (b) Sol: P.I =  4 x
 D 1
Sol: The auxiliary equation is
= (1 + D4)–1 x5
2
D +4=0
= (1 – D4+ D8 – .........)x5
D =  2i
= x5 – D4x4 = x5 – 120x
Complementary function (C.F)
31. Ans: (a)
= C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t
x
1  1  2
P.I = 2 sin 2 t Sol: P.I =  2 e
D 4  4D  4D  1 
x
1  1  2
= t. sin 2t = x. e
2D  8D  4 
t (By Case of failure formula)
= cos 2t
4 x
x2 2 1
= e (Replacing D with )
8 2
The solution is
t 32. Ans: (d)
y = C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t – cos 2t ....(i)
4 
Sol: P.I =  2
1  2
 x  7x  9  
dy  D  5D  4 
= –2C1 sin 2t + 2C2 cos 2t
dt 1
1   D 2  5D 
cos 2 t t sin 2t = 1  
4  4
 x 2
 7x  9 
–  
4 8
  2
= 1 1   D  5D    D  5D   ..... x 2  7 x  9
2 2
y(0) = 0
4   
4  4
     

= (1 + 2D1 – 3 D12 ) t2
=
1 2

4
 1 5
 25 
x  7 x  9   2x  7   .2
2 4 16 
= t2 + 4t + 6
1 2 9 23  The solution is
=  x  x 
4 2 8
y = (C1 + C2t)et + t2 + 4t + 6
 y = (C1 + C2 logx) x + (log x)2 + 4logx + 6
33. Ans: (a)
1
Sol: Particular Integral (P.I) = (x sinh x) 35. Ans: (c)
D 4
2
Sol: The given equation is

 1   2D 
= x 2  sin hx   2 sin hx x2y11 + 6xy1 + 6y = x
2
D 4  D  4    d
Let x = et and D1 =
1   e x  e x   2D   e x  e  x  dt
= x      2 
 
 D  4  2
2
 
  D  4   2 
2
The given equation becomes
x 2 D1(D1 – 1) y + 6D1y + 6y = et
= sin hx  cos hx (applying rule 1)
3 9 ( D12 + 5D1 + 6)y = et
34. Ans: (b) The auxiliary equation

Sol: Given that
D12 + 5D1 + 6 = 0
2 11 1 2
x y – xy + y = (log x)
 D1 = –2, –3
t d
Let x = e and D1 = C.F = C1 e –2t + C2 e–3t
dt
1
The given equation becomes P.I = et
D  5D1  6
2
1 
D1(D1 – 1) y – D1y + y = t2
et
( D12 – 2D1 + 1)y = t2 =
12
The auxiliary equation
The solution is
2
D – 2D1 + 1 = 0
1
et
y = C1 e –2t + C2 e–3t +
 D1 = 1, 1 12
C.F = (C1 + C2t)et C1 C 2 x
 y  
1 x 2 x 3 12
P.I = t2
D1  12
36. Ans: (c)
= (1 – D1)–2 . t2
Sol: The differential equation is
(D – 1) (D + 1) y = 0 solving (ii) & (iii), we get

d 3 4
where D = and z = log x C1 = and C2 = 
dz 7 7
 (D2 – 1)y = 0 substituting the values in equation (i), we get
 D(D – 1)y + Dy – y = 0 3 –4 4 3
y= x  x
7 7
d2y dy
 x 2
2
x y0 As x  , we have y  
dx dx
d 2 y  1  dy  y   The solution does not tend to a finite limit
      0
dx 2  x  dx  x 2  as x  .
37. Ans: (d) 38. Ans: (a)

Sol: The given equation is Sol: The given equation is
x2y11+2xy1–12y = 0 d3y d2y dy
x 2
3
 4x 2  6 4
d dx dx dx
Let x = et and D1 =
dt d
Let x = et and D1 =
The given equation becomes dt
D1(D1 – 1) y + 2D1y – 12y = 0 The given equation becomes
( D12 + D1 – 12)y = 0 D1(D1 – 1) (D1 – 2) y – 4D1(D1 – 1) y +6D1 y = 0
The auxiliary equation ( D13 – 7 D12 +12D1)y = 0
D12 + D1 –12 = 0 The auxiliary equation

 D1 = –4, 3 D13 – 7 D12 +12D1= 0
D1 = 0, 4, 3
The solution is C.F = C1 + C2e4t + C3e3t
y = C1 e –2t + C2 e–3t 1 2
P.I = .4e t = e t
D  7D1  12D1
3 2
3
y = C1 x–4 + C2 x3 ...... (i) 1
y(1) = 1 The solution is
 1 = C1 + C2 .......(ii) 2 t
y = C1 + C2e4t + C3e3t + e
3
y1 = 4C1 x–5 + 3C2 x2
 2 
y1(1) = 0  y   C1  C 2 x 3  C 3 x 4  x 
 3 
 –4C1 + 3C2 ....... (iii)
39. Ans: (a) The auxiliary equation is

Sol: The given equation is (D + 1)2 = 0  D = –1, –1
e 2 x C.F = (C1 + C2x)e–x
y11 + 4y1 + 4y = = P (say)
x2 = C1e–x + C2 xe–x
The auxiliary equation is = C1 y1 + C2y2
(D + 2)2 = 0  D = –2, 2 where, C1 = e–x & C2 = xe–x

P.I = A.y1 + B.y2 ............ (i)
C.F = (C1 + C2x)e–2x
where,
= C1e–2x + C2 xe–2x Py 2
A=  dx
W
= C1 y1 + C2y2
where, W = y1.y2 – y2.y1 = e–2x
where, C1 = e–2x & C2=xe–2x
e  x log x. xe  x
A=  dx
P.I = A.y1 + B.y2 ............ (i) e 2 x
Py
where, A =   2 dx
=
x2
4

1  log x 2 
W
Py1
where, W = y1.y2 – y2.y1 =e –4x B=  W
dx
e 2 x x e 2 x e  x log x. e  x
A =   2 . 4 x dx =  e 2 x dx
x e
= x (logx – 1)
= – log x
Py1 41. Ans: (b)

B=  W
dx
e 2 x e 2 x 1  d 2 y   dy 
=  x 2 . e 4 x dx =  x  2   4   4 y 
e2x
 dx   dx  x
substituting the values of A & B in (i) The auxiliary equation is

P.I = –e–2x[1 + log x] (D –2)2 = 0  D = 2, 2
C.F = (C1 + C2x)e2x
40. Ans: (b)
Sol: The given equation is = C1e2x + C2 xe2x
y+ 2y +y = e-x log x = C1 y1 + C2y2

where, C1 = e2x & C2= xe2x 43.

P.I = A.y1 + B.y2 ............ (i) Sol: The given équation is
Py 2 z  xy  y x 2  a 2  b 2
where, A =   dx
W
2x
p=y+ y ...... (i)
where, W = y1.y2 – y2.y1 2 x2  a2
= e4x q=x+ x2  a2
e2x x e2x  x 2  a 2 = q – x ............ (ii)

A=  . 4 x dx
x e
from (i) & (ii)
=–x
xy
Py p=y+
B =  1 dx qx
W
px + qy = pq
2x 2x
e e which is the required partial differential
= x .
e4x
dx
equation.
= log x
44.
substituting the values of A & B in (i)
P.I = –xe2x + xe2x log x
1 
The solution is z = y2 + 2f   log y 
x 
y = (C1 + C2x + xlogx – x) e2x
1   1 
p = 2f1   log y  .   2  ............ (i)
42. x   x 
Sol: The given equation is 1  1

q = 2y + 2f1   log y  .  
z = ax + by + a2 + b2 ....... (i) x  y
z 1  1
 p  a ........ (ii) q – 2y = 2f1   log y  .   .........(ii)
x x  y
z
 q  b ........ (iii)
y dividing (i) by (ii)
substituting the values of a & b from (ii) & p y

 2
q  2y x
(iii) in (i)
z = px + qy + p2 + q2 px2 + qy = 2y2

45. 47.
Sol: The given equation can be written as Sol: The given equation is
z – xy = (x2 + y2) p – q = log(x + y)
Differentiating partially with respect to x
 The auxiliary equations are
p – y = 1(x2 + y2).2x ........ (i)
dx dy dz
Differentiating partially with respect to y  
1  1 logx  y 
q – x = 1(x2 + y2).2y ........ (ii)
dx dy
Dividing (i) by (ii) 
1 1
py x
  x+y=C
qx y
dx dz
qx – py = x2 – y2 
1 logx  y 
1
 dx = dz
46. Ans: (a) log C
Sol: The given equation is z
x=  C1
 2u  2u log C
  f x , y 
x 2 y 2 z
x–  C1
The general form of 2nd order linear partial log x  y
differential equation is given by The solution is

 2u  2u  2u  z 
A  B  C  x  y, x  0
x 2 xy y 2  logx  y  
 u u 
 f  x, y, z ,   0 ...........(1) 48.
 x y 
Sol: The auxiliary equations are
Equation (1) is said to be
dx dy dz
  ............ (i)
(i) Parabolic if B2  4AC = 0 zy xz yx
(ii) Elliptic if B2  4AC < 0 Using the multipliers 1, 1, 1 each of the
2
(iii) Hyperbolic if B  4AC > 0 fractions in (i)
Here, A = 1, B = 0 & C = 1 dx  dy  dz
2
=
B – 4AC = –4 < 0 0
 The given differntial equation is Elliptic  dx+ dy + dz = 0

 x + y + z = C1 ......... (ii) substituting in the given equation

Using the multipliers x, y, z each of the  dz 
2 2
  dz  2 
2  dz  1    
 a.   z     dt  
fractions in (i)  dt   dt   
x dx  y dy  z dz
=
0 dz z2  a 2
 
 x dx+ y dy + z dz = 0 dt z2
 x2 + y2 + z2 = C2 ........ (iii)
d 
z 2  a 2   dt  C
The solution is
f(x + y + z, x2 + y2 + z2) = 0 z2  a 2 = t + C
z2 = (x + ay + C)2 + a2
49.
51.
2
q = 3p (Type-I)
Let the solution be
p2 + q2 = x + y (Type-III)
z = ax + by + c ......... (i)
 p2 – x = y – q2 = a (say)
p=a
p= ax and q = ya
q=b
dz = p dx + q dy
substituting in the equation, we have  dz = a  x dx + y  a dy
2
b = 3a ...........(ii)
Eliminating b from (i) & (ii) Intégrating,
The solution is z = ax + 3a2y + c 2 2
z   a  x    y  a   b
3/ 2 3/ 2
3 3
50. 52.
Sol: The given equation is Sol: The given equation can be written as
2 2 2 2
q = z p (1 – p ) (Type-II) 1
z = px + qy + (Type-IV)
Let t = x + ay pq
The solution is
dz dz
p= & q = a. 1
dt dt z  ax  by 
a  b 
53. substituting in equation (i)

Sol: The given équation is 3X1Y + 2XY1 = 0
u u 3X  2Y
 4 ............. (i)  k
x y X Y
Let u = X(x).Y(y) 3X  2Y
 k and k
u u X Y
= X1Y and = XY1
x y k
x
 X = C1 e 3
and
substituting in equation (i) k
 y
1
X Y = 4XY 1 Y = C2 e 2
X 4Y
 k
X Y Now the solution is,
X 4Y k k
 k and k x  y
X Y u = C1 e 3
C2 e 2
k k k
y x  y
 X = C1 ekx and Y = C 2 e 4 u = C3 e 3 e 2
Now the solution is,

given that u(x,0) = 4e–x
k
y
u = C1C2 ekx e 4
–x
k
x
 4e = C3 e 3
k
y
u = C3 ekx e 4
......... (ii)  C3 = 4 and k = –3
given u 0, y   8e 3 y 1
  2 x 3 y 
u = 4e 2
k
y
 8e–3y = u(0,1) = C3 e 4
55. Ans: (b)
 C3= 8, k = –12
Sol: The one dimensional heat equation is
 u = 8 e–12x–3y
u  2u
 C2 2
54. t x
Sol: The given equation is The general form of 2nd order linear partial
u u differential equation is given by

3 2 0
x y  2u  2u  2u
A  B  C
Let u = X(x).Y(y) x 2 xy y 2
u u  u u 
= X1Y and = XY1  f  x, y, z ,   0 ...........(1)
x y  x y 
Equation (1) is said to be 58.

(i) Parabolic if B2  4AC = 0 Sol: The solution of the given equation is with
(ii) Elliptic if B2  4AC < 0 conditions
(iii) Hyperbolic if B2  4AC > 0 y(0, t) = 0; y(5,t) = 0; y(x,0) = 0;
Here, A = C2, B = 0, C = 0 is
B2 – 4AC = 0

nx 2nt
y(x, t) = 
n 1
B n sin
5
sin
5
..... (i)
 The equation is parabolic
y 
nx 2nt  2n 
t
 n 1
B n sin
5
cos .
5  5 

56. Ans: (b)
given that
u  2u
Sol: The given equation is  2 y
t x = 3sin2x – 2sin5x at x = 0
t
Let u = X(x).T(t)
 3sin2x–2sin5x =

nx  2n 
 u
2
u  B n sin .
5  5 

= X11T and = XT1 n 1
x 2 t
Comparing coefficients of sin 2x &
substituting in equation (i)
sin 5x, we get
X11T =  XT1
3 1
X T B10 = and B25 = 
 k 4 5
X T
remaining coefficients are zero.
X k T
 and k The solution is
X  T
3 1
 T = C1 ekt y sin 2x  sin 4t   sin 5x  sin 10t 
4 5
k k
x x
 
X = C2 e + C3 e
59.
The solution is
 


k 
x

 k
 x


kt 
u = C1e C 2 e 
 
 C3e     2u  2u
  
  t 2 x 2
57. Ans: (d) The solution of the given equation with
Sol: The equation given in option (d) represents conditions
one dimensional wave equation. u(0,t) = 0; u(1, t) = 0; u(x,0) = 0 is

 comparing the coefficients both sides

u(x, t) =  B n sin nx sin nt ..... (i)
n 1 3y 0  y0
A1 = and A2 =
u 
=  B n sin nx cos nt .n 4 4
t n 1
0 = A2 = A4 = A5 = ..........
given that
Hence, the solution is
u
x,0  u 0 y0  x ct 3x 3ct 
t yx , t   3 sin  cos   sin  cos  
4

 u0 =  B n sin nx n
n 1 61.
By half range sine series, we have Sol: The solution of given equation subject to the
1 conditions
Bn (n) = 2  u 0 sin nx dx
0
u(0, t) = 0, u(, t) = 0 is
2u
Bn = 2 02 1  cos n  
A
2 2
n  u(x, t) = n sin nx e c n t
n 0
The solution is
given that
 

2u 0
u x , t    1   1 sin nx sin nt u(x, 0) = sinx
n
n 1 n 
2 2

A
2 2
 sin x = n sin nx e c n t
60. n 0
Sol: The solution of the given equation with  A1 = 1 and A2 = A3 = ...... = 0

conditions  The solution is
y u x , t   sin x e  c t
2
y(0,t) = 0; y(l,t) = 0; (x,0) = 0 is

t

nx nct
y(x, t) = 
n 1
A n sin

cos

..... (i) 62.
Sol: The solution of given equation subject to the
given that conditions
 x  u(0, t) = 0, u(80, t) = 0 is
y  y 0 sin 3  
   
nx
 c 2n 2 2 t
u(x, t) =  A n sin e 6400
...... (i)
 x  
nx 80

n 0
 y0 sin 3   = A n sin
   n 1  given that
y0  x 3x  
nx  x 
4 3 sin
4
 sin
4 
=  A n sin

u(x, 0) = 100 sin  
n 1  80 
 x  
nx u(0, y) = u(l, y) = 0 is
 100 sin   =
 80 
A n sin
80
nx  
n 0 ny ny

u(x, y) = sin A e  B e 
 
 A1 = 100 and A2 = A3 = ...... = 0   
substituting the values in (i) given that
2 2
c  t
 x   u(x, ) = 0
u x, t   100 sin   e 6400
 80  0=A=0
nx   
ny
63. Now, u(x, y) = sin B e 

Sol: The solution of given equation subject to the   

conditions The general solution is
u(0, y) = u(l, y) = u(x, 0) = 0 is 
nx   ny

u(x, y) =  Bn sin 
e

 ... (i)
nx   
ny ny
 n 1  
u(x, y) = A sin  e e 

   given that u(x, 0) =u0

nx
nx ny  u0 =  Bn sin
u(x, y) = 2 A sin sin h ...... (i) n 1 
 
nx

2
given that Bn =  u 0 sin dx
0 
nx
u x, a   sin  nx 

  cos
nx nx ny
=
2u 0 
 
 n
  = 2u 0 1   1n

n
 
 sin = 2 A sin sin h 
     0
The solution is
1
 2A =
 
ny

2u 0   nx 
na u(x, y)   1   1 e  sin 
n
sin h 
 n  0 n   
Now, the solution is 65.

 ny  Sol: f(t) = t  1  t  1 , t  0
sinh 
    nx 
u x , y   sin  
 na     2 when t  1
sinh   
   2 t when t  1

L {f ( t )}   e st . f ( t ) dt
64. 0
1 
Sol: The solution of given equation subject to the   e . 2 dt   e st . 2 t dt
st
0 1
conditions
= log s  log s  1s

1  
 e st    e st   e st  
 2   2  t.   1 2  
  s 0    s   s  1 
  s 
 e st 1   e s e s  = log  
2    2  2   s  1  s
  s s  s s 
 s 
 e s 1  2  e s  = 0 – log  
 2  2    1    s 1 
s s s  s 
 s 1
= log  
66.  s 
Sol: L (1+ t e–t)2
69.
= L (1+2t e–t + t2 e–2t)
1
1 2 2 Sol: L(sin t) =
   s 1
2
s (s  1) 2
(s  2) 3
 sin t   1
(By first shifting property) L{f(t)} = L
 t 
 = s s 1
2
ds
67. 
= tan 1 s s 

s 
Sol: L(cos t )  =  tan 1 s
s 1
2
2
By first shifting property = cot–1 s
(s  1) s 1 L{f1(t)} = cot–1 s – f(0)
L (e t cos t )   2
(s  1)  1 s  2s  2
= cot–1 s – 1
By multiplication by tn property
d  s 1  70.
L(t e–t cost) = (–1)  
ds  s 2  2s  2  s
Sol: L(cos t) =
s 1
2
s 2  2s
=
s 2
 2s  2 2 By fist shifting property
L(e–t. cos t) =
s  1
68. s  12  1
1 1 By integral property
Sol: L(1 – et) = 
s s 1 1  s 1 
L   e t cos dt  =  2
t
 0 
By integral property  s  s  2s  2 
 1  et   1 1  (By integral property of Laplace

L       ds
 t  s
 s s  1  Transforms)
71. 2s 
   e st t sin t  dt
t , 0  t  1 s 2
 1
2 0
Sol: f(t) = 
0, 1  t  2 Put s = 3
 f(t) is periodic function with period 2 23 
   e st t sin t dt
1 2
f t  dt
3 2
1 2 0
e
st
L{f(t)} =
1  e 2s 0
 3
1 1
 
0
e st t. sin t dt 
50
 t. e
st
= dt f
1  e 2s 0
1
1   e st   e st  74. Ans: (a)
=  t.   1 2 
1  e 2s   s   s  0  1 
Sol: f(t) = L1  2 
 e s   e  s  1  s s  1 
1
=     2   2 
1 A B C
1  e 2s   s   s  s    2
s s  1 s s
2
s 1
1  e s  s e s
=

s 2 1  e 2s   1 = A (s+1) + B(s+1) + cs2
C = 1, B = 1, A = –1
72.  1 1 1 
 f(t) = L1   2 
 s s s  1
1
Sol: L(et) =
s 1 = –1 + t + e–t
et u (t – 3) = [et– 3. u(t – 3)]e3
By second shifting property 75.
L[et.u(t –3)] = e3. L[et– 3. u(t – 3)] 1
Sol: L1  2   t
s 
 e 3s  e 33s
= e3.   =
 s 1 s 1
By first shifting property
73.  1 
L1  2
 e 2 t .t
1  s  2  
Sol: L (sin t) =
s 1
2
 By second shifting property

L ( t sin t) =  e st t sin t  dt
0
 e 4s 
L1  2
 e 2 t 4  .u t  4
d  1   st
  e t sin t  dt  s  2 
ds  s 2  1  0
 (–1). 

76. 78.
 1   3s  1 
Sol: L1  Sol: L1 

 ss  1  

 s  1 s  1 
2

 1 1 3s  1 A Bs  C
= L1      2
s 1 s   
s  1 s  1 s  1 s  1
2
= et – 1 3s + 1 = A(s2 + 1) + (Bs + C) (s – 1)
s = 1  4 = 2A  A = 2
77.
A + B = 0  B = –2
 s 
Sol: L1  2
3 = –B + C  C = 1

 s  4 
2

 L1  3s  1  1  2
L 
 s
 2 2  2
1 


 s  1 s  1 
2
  s  1  s  1 s  1 
 s   1 
1
= L  2  2 
 s  4   s  4  = 2 et – 2 cos t + sin t
79.
 s 
L1  2   cos 2t and
s 4  1 
Sol: L1  2
 s  1s  2 
 1  sin 2t
L1  2 
s 4 2 1 A B C
  
s  1s  2 s  1 s  2 s  22
2
By convolution theorem, 1 = A(s – 2)2 + B(s–1)(s–2) + C(s–1)

s=1 A=1
 s   1 
1
L  2 . 2  A + B = 0  B = –1
 s  4   s  4 
s=2C=1
t sin 2t  x 
=  cos 2x.
0 2
dx 
L1 
1 
2
 1
 L1  
1

1 
2
 s  1s  2   s  1 s  2 s  2 
1   cos 2t  4x   
t = et – e2t + t e2t
= t sin 2t     
4   4 0
80.
t sin 2t Sol: L(y11) + L(y1) = L(t2) + 2L(t)

=
4 {s2 y – s y(0) – y1(0)} + {s y – y(0)}
2
=
s  s2
3

2  2s Comparing s3 coefficients, A+B = 2  B = 0

(s2 + s) y – 4s – 2 =
s3 Comparing s4 coefficients, A + t = 4  A = 2
2s  2
(s2 + s) y = 4s + 2 + Comparing s2 coefficients, B + C = 0  C = 0
s3
2 2 2 
4s 4  2s 3  2s  2 y = L1   4  
y= s s s 1
s 4 s  1
t3
4s  2s  2s  2 A B C D
4 3
E =2+  2e  t
  2 3 4 3
s s  1
4
s s s s s 1
4s4 + 2s3 + 2s + 2 = As3(s+1) + Bs2(s+1)
+ Cs(s+1) + D(s+1) + E.s4
s=0 D=2
s = –1  E = 2

Chapter
5 Complex Variables
Augustin-louis Cauchy
(1789 –1857)
01. Ans: (a) 03. Ans: (d)

2 2
Sol: Let u + iv = f(z) = z = (x+iy) Sol: sin(z), cos(z) and polynomial az2 + bz+c are
then u + iv = f(z) = (x2 – y2) + i(2xy) analytic everywhere.
 u = x2 – y 2 and v = 2xy  sin(z), cos(z) and az2+bz+c are an entire
 ux = 2x vx = 2y functions.
 uy = – 2y vy = 2x 1
is analytic at every point except at
z 1
Here ux = vy and vx = –uy at every point and
1
also u, v, ux, uy, vx, vy are continuous at z = 1 because the function is not
z 1
every point. defined at z = 1.
 f(z) is analytic at every point. 1
 is not analytic at z = 1
z 1
02. Ans: (a)
1
 is not an entire function
Sol: Let u + iv = f(z) = z Im (z) = (x + iy) y z 1
then u + iv = f(z) = xy + iy2
 u = xy and v = y2 04. Ans: (a)
 ux = y vx = 0 Sol: Given that z = sin hu.cos v + i coshu. sinv
uy = x vy = 2y  z = sinhu.cosh(iv) + coshu.(i sinv)
Here, ux = vy and vx = –uy only at one point ( cosh(ix) = cosx & i sin x = i sin hx)
origin. i.e., C.R equations ux = vy and  z = sinhu. cosh(iv) + coshu.sinh(iv)
vx = –uy are satisfied only at origin. Further  z = sinh(u+iv)

vx, vy, ux, uy are also continuous at origin. ( sinh(A+B) =sinhA coshB+coshA.sinhB)
 f(z) = z Im(z) is differentiable only at  z = sinh(w) ( w = u + iv)
origin (0,0).  w = sinh–1(z)
 w = f(z) = sinh–1(z)
1
 w1 = f1(z) =
1  z2
Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician. “More concepts and theorems have been named for
Cauchy than for any other mathematician”. Cauchy was a prolific writer; he wrote approximately eight hundred
research articles and almost single handedly founded complex analysis.
: 65 : Complex Variables
Here, f1(z) is defined for all values of z = z3 + 3z2 + c is a required analytic
except at 1  z 2 = 0 (or) 1+z2 = 0 (or) function where c = c1 + ic2 is a integral
z = i, –i constant & c = c1 + ic2 because given real

point 'u' is containing constant '1'.
 f1(z) does not exist at z = i, –i
 f(z) is not differentiable at z = i, –i
07. Ans: (c)
f(z) is not analytic at z = i, –i Sol: Given that u = ex[x cos y – y sin y]
 ux = ex[cos y – 0] + ex[x cos y – y sin y]
05. Ans: (a)
and uy = ex[– x sin y – y cos y – sin y]
Sol: Given that v = ex[y cos y + x sin y]
x x Consider f1(z) = ux – iuy
 vx = e [0 + sin y] + e [y cos y + x siny]
x  f1(z) = ex[cos y + x cos y – y sin y]
and vy = e [–y sin y + cos y + x cos y]
– i ex[–x sin y – y cos y – sin y]
consider f1(z) = ux – iuy
 f1(z) = ez[1 + z – 0] – i ez[0 – 0 –0]
 f1(z) = vy + i vx (  ux = vy & vx = – ux)
[Replacing 'x' by 'z' and 'y' by '0']
 f1(z) = ex[–y sin y + cos y + x cos y]
  f1(z) dz = ez z dz +  ez z dz + c
+ i ex[siny+ycosy+xsiny]
1 z z z z  f(z) = z ez – ez + ez + c
  f (z) = ze – e + e +c = z e +c is a
= z ez + c
required analytic function.
where c = c1 + i c2 = 0 + ic2
06. Ans: (c) because the given part 'u' is not containing
Sol: Given that any constant.
u = x3 – 3xy2 + 3x2 – 3y2 + 1
08. Ans: (c)
 ux = 3x2 – 3y2 + 6x and
Sol: Given that Re{f1(z)} = 2x + 2, f(0) = 2 and
uy = –6xy – 6y
f(1) = 1 + 2i
Consider f1(z) = ux – iuy
1 2 2
Let f1(z) = u + iv
 f (z) = (3x – 3y + 6x) –i(–6xy – 6y)
1 2
f11(z) = ux + i vx
 f (z) = (3z – 0+ 6z) –i (0 – 0)
= ux – i uy = 2
(Replacing 'x' by 'z' and 'y' by '0')
f1(z) = 2z + c
1 2
 f (z) dz =  (3z + 6z) z + c
f(z) = z2 + cz + k
z3 z2 f(0) = 2  k = 2
 f(z) = 3 +2 +c
3 2

f(i) = 1 + 2i  c = 2 where
 f(z) = z2 + 2z + 2 F(z) = (1+i) f(z), U = u – v & V = u+v
f1(z) = 2z + 2 then F(z) = U + iV is analytic
= 2(x+ i y) + 2 ( f(z) = u + iv is analytic)
= 2(x+ 1) + i(2y) Now Ux = ex[cos y – sin y]
 Imaginary part of f1(z) = 2y & Uy = i ex[–sin y – cos y]

consider F1(z) = Ux – iUy
09. Ans: (c)  F1(z) = ex[cos y – sin y]–iex[–sin y–cos y]
Sol: Given u = (x –1)3 – 3xy2 + 3y2  F1(z) = ez(1 – 0) – i ez(0 – 1)
 ux = 3(x – 1)2 –3y2  F1(z) = ez(1+i)
and uy = –6xy + 6y
  F1(z) dx = (1+i)  ez dz + c
consider f1(z) = ux – i uy
 F(z) = (1+i) ez + c
1 2 2
 f (z) = 3(x – 1) – 3y – i (–6xy + 6y)
 (1+i) f(z) = (1+i) ez + c
 f1(z) = 3(z – 1)2 – 0 – i(– 0 + 0)
C
(Replacing 'x' by 'z' & 'y' by '0')  f(z) = ez + k where k =
1 i
 f1(z) dz =  3 (z –1)2 dz + c
 f(z) = (z –1)3 + ic 11. Ans: (b)
because the given real part does not contain Sol: Given u2 = x2 – y2 – 3x
any constant.  ux = 2x –3 and uy = –2y

consider dv = Vx dx + Vy dy
10. Ans: (b)  dv = (–uy) dx + (ux) dy
x
Sol: Given that u – v = e [cos y – sin y] (  ux = vy & vx = – uy)
Let f(z) = u + iv .......... (1) be the required  dv = (2y) dx + (2x – 3) dy
analytic which is exact differential equation
then i f(z) = iu – v .......... (2)
  dv =  2y dx +  (– 3) dy + k
 v(x, y) = 2xy – 3y + k
Adding (1) & (2), we get
f(z) + i f(z) = (u + iv) + (iu – v)
 (1 + i) f(z) = (u – v) + i (u + v)
Let F(z) = U + iV

12. Ans: (d) consider dv = vx dx + vy dy

Sol: Given that v = x3 – 3xy2  dv = (–uy) dx + (ux) dy
2 2
 vx = 3x – 3y and vy = -6xy  dv=–(–6 xy+ 6y) dx + (3x2 –6x + 3 – 3y2)
Consider du = ux dx + uy dy   dv= –(–6 xy+ 6y) dx + (3 – 3y2) dy + k
 du = (vy) dx + (–vx) dy  v(x, y) = 3x2y – 6 xy – y3 + 3y + k
( ux = vy & vx = – uy) = 3(x –1)2y – y3 + c
 du = (–6xy) dx + (–3x2 + 3y2) dy
which is exact differential equation 15. Ans: (b)
  du =  (–6xy) dx + (3y2) dy + k Sol: Let f(z) = ez + sin z and z0 = 

Then Taylor's series expansion of f(z) about
 u(x, y) = –3x2y + y3 + k
a point z = z0 (or) in power of (z – z0) is
13. Ans: (c) 
–
given by f(z) = a n (z  z 0 ) n .
Sol: Given u(r, ) = e cos (log r) n 0
1 f n  z 0 
 ur = –e– sin (log r). and where an =
r n!
u = –e– cos(log r) Here, the coefficient of (z – z0)n in the
 v   v  Taylor's series expansion of f(z) about z = z0
Consider dv =   dr    d
 r     f n  z 0 
is given by an = .
 dv = (vr) dr + (v) d n!
 1  f z 0  f 
= u   dr  r u r  d  a2 = =
 r  2! 2!
 dv = 1 e  cos log r  dr   e  . sin log r  d

r =
e z
 sin z z
=
e
2 2
1
  dv =  e– . .cos (log r) dr +  0 d + c
r 16. Ans: –1
–
 v(r, ) = e sin (log r) + c 1 1
Sol: Given f(z) =  and |z| > 2
z 1 z  2
14. Ans: (b)
Now, |z| > 2
Sol: Given that u = (x –1)3 –3xy2 + 3y2
 |z| > 2 > 1
 ux = 3(x – 1)2 –3y2 and
 |z| > 2 and |z| > 1
uy = –6xy + 6y

1
2 1  1
  1 and  1  f(z) = log1  
z z  z
1 1  1 1
f(z) =  =  log1   , 1
z 1 z  2  z z
1 1  log (1 – z) =
 f(z) = 
 1  2
z1   z1     1 1  1  2 1  1  3
 z  z 
          ........ ,
1  1
1
1  2
1   z 2  2  3  z  
= 1    1  
z  z z  z 1
1
 f(z) = z
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1  2 2 
2
1 1 1 f(z) =   . 3  ...... , 1
1   2  ....  1        ...... z 2z 2
3 z z
z z z  z   z   z  
1
1 1  The coefficient of is 1
 f(z) = (1 – 1) + (1– 2) 2 z
z z
1 18. Ans: (a)
+ (1 – 22) +.......
z3
1
Sol: Given f(z) = in 0 < |z+1|< 2
1
 The coefficient of 2 = –1 z  1z  3
z
Let z + 1 = t then z = t – 1 and 0 < |t| < 2
17. Ans: 1 1 1
Now, f(z) = =
z  1z  3 t t  2
 z 
Sol: Let f(z) = log  and |z| > 1
1 z  1
Instead of expanding in
z  1z  3
1
(or) 1
z powers of z + 1 it is enough to expand
1
  in powers of t in 0 < |t| < 2
 z  t t  2 
then f(z) = log  
  1  1 t
 z1  z   f(z) =
t t  2 
in 0 < |t| < 2 or  1
  2
1
  1 1 1 1  t t
 1   f(z) = . = . .1   ,  1
= log  t  t
21  
t 2  2 2
1 1 
   2
 z

1  t t
2
 t 20. Ans: (a)
 f(z) =       ..... ,  1
1  
2t   2   2   2 1
Sol: Given that f(z) = in 0 < |z| < 4
4z  z 2
1 1 1
 f(z) =   t  ........... 1 z
2t 4 8  f(z) = in |z| < 4 or 1
z4  z  4
1 z  1 z  1
2
1
 f(z) =     .... 1
2z  1 4 8 16  f(z) =
1
=
1  z
1 in
z
1
 z 4z  4  4
4 z1  
19. Ans: (b)  4
1  z z 
2
1 z
Sol: Given f(z) = 2 in |z| > 2  f(z) = 1        ..... in 1
z  3z  2 4z   4   4   4
(or) |z| > 2 > 1 n

1 z z
 f(z) =
1  f(z) =
4z
   in
n 0  4  4
1
z  1z  2

1 z
=
1

1
in |z| > 2 & |z| > 1
 f(z) = 4 n 1
z n 1 in
4
1
z  2 z  1 n 0
1 1 2 21. Ans: (a)

 f(z) =  in 1
 2  1 z
z1   z1   3
 z  z Sol: Given f(z) = and z0 = 1
3z  z 2
1
and 1 The given function is analytic at z = 1
z
1 1
 Taylor's series expansion of f(z) is
1  2 1  1
 f(z) = 1    1   possible at z = 1
z  z z  z
 33  2z 
1 2 2
2
 Now, f1(z) =
 f(z) = 1        .....
z   z   z 
3z  z  2 2

6z  9
=
1  1 1 
3z  z 
2
2 2
 1        .....
z   z   z  
 f11(z) = 3z  z 6  6z  9 23z  z 3  2z 
2 2
1  1
 f(z) =  2 n  
n 1 
 
1
n 1
3z  z 
2 4
z n 0  z  n 0  z 
3
 n 1  n 1  f1(1) = ,
1 1 4
(or) f(z) = 2 n
 
z
 
n 0  z 
n 0 18 3
f11(1) = and f(1) =
8 2
The Taylor's series of f(z) about z = z0 is Then the singular points of f(z) are given by
given by z2 + 9 = 0 (or) z = 3i, –3i
f(z) = f(z0) + (z – z0) f1(z0) But only one singular point z = –3i lies
+
z  z 0 2 f z   .... inside the given circle C: |z + 3i| = 2
z 
0
2!
Consider f(z) =
 f(z) = f(1) + (z – 1) f1(1) z  z0
+ z  1 f 1  ....
2 1
2! = z  3i
z   3i 
3 3  3 18 1
  z  1  . z  1  ...
2
 
3z  z 2

2  4  8 2!  By Cauchy's Integral Formula, we have
 1 
22. Ans: (c)
 f z  dz = 2i  z  3i 
C z  3i
2
Sol: The given function f(z) = z is analytic at  1 
= 2i 
every point.   3i  3i 
 The value of the given integral is 
= = –1.04719
independent of the path joining z = 0 and 3
z=3+i
24. Ans: (c)
3 i

2
Now, I =
z 0
z dz cos z 
Sol: Let f(z) =
z 1
3  i 3  0
3 i
 z3 
 I =   = z 
 3 0 3 3 =
z  z0
=
27  27i  9  i 
Then the singular point of f(z) is given by
3
z –1 = 0 (or) z = 1
 26 
 I = 6  i Here, the singular point z = 1 lies inside the
 3 
given circle C: |z –1| = 2.
23. Ans: –1.047
 By Caychy's Integral Formula, we have
1
 f z  dx  2i cos z 
Sol: Let f(z) = 2
z 9 z 1
C
1
= = 2i(–1)
z  3i z  3i 
= –2i
25. Ans: 0 Here, the singular point z = 0 of the function

4z 2  z  5 f(z) lies inside the circle C: |z| = 1.
Sol: Let f(z) =
z4
Then the singular point of f(z) is given by
z – 4 = 0 (or) z = 4 z=0
Given that C: 9x2 + 4y2 = 36

9x 2 4 y 2
  1 z  e z
36 36 Let f(z) = 
z  z 0  z  011
x 2 y2
  1 Then by Cauchy's Integral Formula, we have
2 2 32
2i  d z 
 f z  dz =
C
 e 
1!  dz  z 0
  f z  dz = 2i (–e–z)z=0
z= 2 z= 4 C
  f z  dz = –2i
C
Here the singular point of the function f(z) 27. Ans: (a)
2 2
x y sin 2 z 
lies outside the ellipse   1. Sol: Let f(z) =
4 9 3
z
 The given function f(z) has no singular  
 6 
inside and on the curve 'C'
6 3.sin 2 z
=
Hence by Cauch's Integral Theorem, we z  3
have  f z  dz  0 . Then the singular point of f(z) is given by
C
(z–)3 = 0 (or) z = .
26. Ans: (c)
1 e z ez
Sol: Let f(z) =  
z 2 e z z 2 z  02 z=0 z=1 z=
Then the singular point of the function f(z)
is given by z2ez = 0 (or) z = 0 ( ez  0 z)

Here the singular z =  lies outside the given 29. Ans: (d)
circle C: |z| = 1.
Sol: Let f(z) =
 
cos z 2
 By Cauchy's Integral Theorem, we have z  2z  1
 f z  dz = 0 Then the singular points of f(z) are given by

C
(z –2) (z –1) = 0
 z = 1 and z = 2
28. Ans: (d)
e 2z
Sol: Let f(z) =
z  14
z= 1
Then the singular point of f(z) is given by z=0 z= 2 z=3
(z+1)4 = 0  z = –1.
Here, the two singular points z = 1 and z = 2

lie inside the circle C: |z| = 3
z= –1
z=0 z=3
 1 
Now, f(z) = cos(z2).  
 z  2 z  1 
Here, the singular point z = –1 lies inside the

 
 1
= cos z 2  
1 
given circle C: |z| = 3.  z  2 z  1
z 
Let f(z) =  
cos z 2 cos z 2  
z  z 0 n 1  f(z) =
z2

z 1
e 2z
=
z   131  By Cauchy's Integral Formula, we have
Then the Cauchy's Integral Formula, we
cos z 2  cos z 2 
have  f z  dz =
C

C
z2
dz  
C
z 1
dz
2i  d 2 z 3
C f z  dz = 3!  dz 3 e  = 2i [cos(z2]z=2 – 2i[cos(z2)]z=1

z  1
2i 2 z
  f z  dz =
3!
8e z1 = 2i (1) – 2i (–1)
C
= 4i
8
  f z  dz =   i e  2
C 3

30. Ans: (c) 31. Ans: (b)

1
5z 2  4z  3
Sol: Let f(z) = z2 e z Sol: Given f(a) = C
za
dz
Then
where 'C' is 16 x2 + 9y2 = 144 (or)
 1 1 1 1
2
 3 4
          x 2 y2
2  z z  z z  1
f(z) = z 1      .... 32 4 2
 1 2! 3! 4! 
  Let a= i for finding the value of f1(i).
 
Then the singular point z = a = i of the
2 1 11 1 1
 f(z) = z + z +    ......
2! 3! z 4! z 2 5z 2  4z  3
function lies inside the ellipse
za
1 1 1
 f(z) = (z – 0)2 + (z –0) +   By Cauchy's integral formula, we have
2 ! 3! z  0
5z 2  4z  3
+
1 1
 ........
f(a) =  za
dz
4! z  02 C
 f(z) has a singular point at z = 0. = 2 i (5z2 – 4z + 3)z=a
Here, the singular point z = 0 lies inside the  f(a) = 2i (5a2 – 4a + 3)
circle |z| = 1.  f1(a) = 2i (10a – 4)

R1 = Res(f(z) : z = 0) = The coefficient of  f1(i) = 2i (10 i – 4)
1 = –4 (5 + 2i)
in Laurent series
z  0
1 1 32. Ans: 0
 R1 = Res (f(z) : z = 0) = = .
3! 6 cos h z 
Sol: Let f(z) =
4z 2  1
 By Cauchy's Residue Theorem, we have  cosh z  
 
cos h z  4 
 f z  dz = 2i(R1) = = 
 1  i  i
C 4 z 2    z   z  
 4  2  2
1
= 2i   i
6 Then the singular points of f(z) are z = ,
2
i
= i
3 .
2

=  1  2i cos z z  i     1  2i cos hz z  i 

 4i   2   4i   2 
z=i/2
  i        i 
z=0 z=1 =  cos h     cos h  
z= –i/2
2  2   2    2 
 i   i
= cos h    cos h 
i 2 2 2  2 
Here, the two singular point z = and
2 =0 ( cosh(–z) = cosh(z))
i
z= lie inside the circle |z| = 1.
2 33. Ans: 0
  sin z
Sol: The singular points of f(z) = are
  z. cosz 
cos z   1 
Now, f(z) =
4  i    i   given by z.cos(z) = 0
  z   z     
 2    2   
 z = 0 and z = (2n+1) ,nI
2
  
   
 f(z) =  cos z   1 3
  z = 0 and z =  , , ..........
 4  i   i i   2 2
   z      
  2   2 2  

1 
+  z= –/2
 i   i i  z=2
 z     z= /2
 2  2 2 
 cos h z    cos h z  
   
 4i    4i 
 f(z) =   
 i    i   z = 0, z = and z =  lie inside the
z  2  z   2  2 2
  
circle |z| = 2.
 
By Caychy's Integral Formula, we have Here, z = and z =  are simple poles of
2 2
 f z  dz sin z z 
C f(z) = =
z cosz  z 
1 cos h z   1  cos h z 
= 
4i C  i
dz  
  4i  C    i 
 dz where 1(z) = cos(z)– z sin z
z  2  z   2  
  

 1
   Res(f(z) : z = 0) = The coefficient of in
 2 1 z
R1 = Res(f(z): z = ) =   =
2   above series
   0
2 2
24 1
=  = 0.333.....
2 2.4! 3
=

  35. Ans: 1
  
 2
R2 = Res(f(z): z =  ) =  Sol: The given singular point z = 0 is a simple
2  
    pole
 2
1 ez
1 2 (or) 1st order pole of f(z) =
= = z cosz   sin z 
 
0
2 Now R1 = Res (f(z) : z = 0) = Lt z  0 f z 
z 0
2  2
Hence, R1 + R2 =   +   =0 1 ez
     R1 = Lt z  0.
z 0 z cosz   sin z 
34. Ans: 0.33 0 

 form 
0 
Sol: f(z) =
1 1
z 3
z

 5 sin 2 z   z0  e z   1  e z 
 R1 = Lt
z 0  z sin z   cos z   cosz 
1 1 1  cos2z  
=  0 11
z 3 z 5  2   R1 = =1
0 11
1 1 1 1 
 f(z) = 3
 5   cos2z  36. Ans: 0
z z 2 2 
z2  z
Sol: Let f(z) =
 2z 2 2z 4  z  110
1   
 f(z) = 1  1  1  2! 4!  Then the singular point of f(z) is z = 1 and
z 3 2z 5 2z  2z 6 
   .......  the singular z = 1 lies inside the circle
 6! 
|z| = 2.
 1 1  Now,
 5
 3 
 f(z) = 1  1   2z z  z  z2  z
4
z 3 2z 5  2 1 2
6
 f(z) = =
 2.4!. z  2.6! z  ......
 
z  z 0 n 1 z  110

 By Cauchy's Integral formula, we have z 

Let f(z) =
2i  d 9 2 
z  z 0 n 1
 f z  dz = 
 9 z z 
9!  dz

C  z 1  ez 
 
2i  z  2 
= 0 = 0 =
z  311
9
37. Ans: (d) Then by Cauchy's Integral Formula, we have
ez 2i  d  e z 
Sol: Let f(z) =
z  2z  32  f z  dz =
C
  
1!  dz  z  2  z 3
Then the singular points of f(z) are z = –2 &  z  2e z  e z 1 
= 2i 
z = 3 of these two singular points z = –2 and  z  22  z3
z = 3 only z = 3 lies inside the circle
 3  2 e 3  e 3 
|z –3| = 4. = 2i  
 3  2 
2

8i e 3
=
25
z= –2 z=3 z=7

Chapter
6 Numerical Methods
Carl David Tolme Martin Wilhelm
Runge (1856 – 1927) Kutta (1867-1944)
01. Ans: (c) = 0.2576 + 0.6363 –1

3
Sol: f(x) = x – 4x –9 = 0 = –0.1061 < 0
f(2) = –9 < 0, f(3) = 6 > 0
Root lies in (0.6363, 1)
23
Let x1 = = 2.5 is first approximation f x1  x 2  f x 2 .x1
2 x3 =
f x 1   f x 2 
to the root
10.6363   0.10611
 f(x1) = f(2.5) = –3.375 < 0 =
1  0.1061
Now, Root lies in [2.5, 3]
= 0.6711
2.5  3
Let x2 = = 2.75 is second
2 03. Ans: (b)
approximation root. Sol: f(x) = xex – x = 0
f(0) = –2 < 0, f(1) = 2.7183 – 2 > 0
02. Ans: 0.67
Let x0 = 0, x1 = 1
Sol: f(x) = x3 + x –1 = 0
f x1 .x 0  f x 0 .x1
Let x0 = 0.5, x1 = 1 x2 =
f x 1   f x 0 
f(x0) = f(0.5) = –0.375
0.71830   2 .1
f(x1) = f(1) = 1 =
0.7183   2
f x1 .x 0  f x 0 .x1
 x2 = 2
f x 1   f x 0  =
2.7183
is first approximation root = 0.7357
10.5   0.3751 f(x2) = f(0.7357)
=
1   0.375
= 0.7357 .e0.7357 – 2 = –0.4644
0.5  0.375 0.875
= = Take x0 = 0.7357 & x1 = 1
1.375 1.375
f x 2 .x1  f x1 .x 2
= 0.6363  x3 =
f x 2   f x 1 
f(x2) = f(0.6363) 0.9929
= = 0.8395
= (0.6363)3 + (0.6363) – 1 1.1827
C. Runge and M. W. Kutta (German mathematicians) developed an important family of implicit and explicit iterative
methods, which are used in temporal discretization for the approximation of solutions of ordinary differential equations.
In numerical analysis, these techniques are known as Runge–Kutta methods.
04. Ans: (b) 08. Ans: (a)

Sol: f(x) = x4 – x – 10 = 0; f1(x) = 4x3 – 1 1 3 
Sol: xn+1 =  x n  
f(1) = –10 < 0, f(2) = 4 > 0 2 x n 
Let x0 = 2 is initial approximation Let xn+1 = xn = x
f x 0  1 3
 x1 = x0 – x  
f 1 x 0  x=
2 x
4 x2 = 3
= 2 = 1.871
31
09. Ans: (b)
05. Ans: (c)
Sol: f(x) = 3x – cos x – 1
Sol: Trap.rule =
h
2

y0  y 4   2y1  y 2  y3  
f(x0) = f(0) = –2 = 0.01
0.2474  0.2860  20.2571  0.2667  0.2764
1 1 2
f (x0) = f (0) = 3
0.01
f x   2 = 2 = 0.5334  1.6004
 x1 = x0 – 1 0 =  2
f x 0  3 3
= 0.005[2.1338]
06. Ans: (a) = 0.0106
Sol: Let x = N
10. Ans: (a)
2
f(x) = x – N = 0 Sol:
x 2n  N x –1 0 1
xn+1 = xn –
2x n
f(x) = 5x3 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 –9 1 5
x 2n  N
=
2x n h
y 0  y 2   20  4y1 
1
1
f ( x ) dx =
3
1 N
xn+1 =  x n   ......... (i)
2 x n  =
1
 4  41 = 0
3
07. Ans: (b)

11. Ans: (a)
Sol: Taking N = 18 & x0 = 4 in equation (i) of
Sol: Error = Exact value of the integral – The
previous examples(06), we get
value of the integral by the simpson's rule
4  18
2
x1 = = 4.25 =0–0=0
8

12. Ans: (b) 0.5

= 2  2.1  22.7  3  42.4  2.8  2.6
Sol: The area 3
= 7.783
h
= y 0  y 6   2y 2  y 4   4y1  y3  y5 
3
13. Ans: (c)

Sol:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f(x) =
1 x2 2 5 10 17 26 37
dx h
= y 0  y 6   2y1  y 2  y 3  y 4  y 5 
6

0 1 x 2
2
1  1  1 1 1 1 1 
= 1    2     
2  37   2 5 10 17 26 
= 1.4107
14. Ans: (a) 15. Ans: (a)
Sol: The volume of cylinder =   y 2 dy

1
ba 2
0
Sol: Error = Max  h  f x 
12
=
2

y0  y 24   2y 22  4y12  y32 
h 2
 =
1

1
 62.718
12 100
0.25
= 1  1  29  44  1 = 0.0136
3
0.25
= 40 Here,
3 2
f(x) = e x
10
= Max |f11(x)|[0,1] = 6e
3
ba
h=
n
1
=
10
16. Ans: (c) Second iteration will be

ba 4 1
Sol:  h  max f iv x   10 5 x2 = (12 – y1 – z1)
180 10
ba 1 = 0.90
Let h = =
n n 1
y2 = 13  2x 2  10 y1 
1 10
f(x) =
x = 1.00
iv
Max |f (x)|at x = 1 = 24 1
z2 = 14  2x 2  2 y 2 
 1 1  10
  4  24   10 5
 180 n  = 1.00
 n  10.738 The required solution after second iteration
 n  10.738 is x = 0.9, y = 1 & z = 1
17. Ans: x = 0.9, y = 1 & z = 1 18. Ans: 0.6
Sol: Let Sol: y1 = f(x, y) = 4 – 2xy
10x + y + z = 12 x0 = , y0 = 0.2, h = 0.1
2x + 10y + z = 13 By Taylor's theorem,
2x+2y + 10z = 14 and y(x) = y(x0+ h)

h 2 11
x0 = 0, y0 = 0, z0 = 0 1
= y(x0) + h y (x0) + y x 0 
2!
Then first iteration will be
= 0.2 + 0.1(4) +
0.12  0.4
1 2!
x1 = (12 – y0 – z0)
10
= 0.598 = 0.6
= 1.2
1 19. Ans: 0.6
y1= 13  2x1  10 y 0 
10 Sol: f(x, y) = 4 – 2xy
1
= 13  21.2  0 = 1.06 x0 = 0, y0 = 0.2, f1 = 0.1
10
By Euler's formula
1
z1 = 14  2x1  2 y1  y1 = y0 + h f(x0, y0) = 0.2 + 0.1(4 – 0)
10
= 0.6
1
= 14  21.2  2.1.06 = 0.95
10

20. Ans: 0.04 23. Ans: 1.1165

Sol: By Euler's formula, Sol: f(x, y) = x+ y2,
y1 = y0 + h f(x0, y0) x0 = 0, y0 = 1, f1 = 0.1
y1 = 0 + (0.2) (0 + 0) = 0 k1 = hf(x0, y0) = 0.1
y2 = y1 + h f(x1, y1)  h k 
k2 = hf  x 0  , y 0  1 
y2 = 0 + 0.2(0.2 + 0)  2 2
y2 = 0.04  h  k1  
2
= 0.1 x 0     y1   
 2  2  
21. Ans: 0.095
= 0.1168
1
Sol: y1 = y0 + k1  k 2 
2  k 
k3 = hf  x 0  h, y 0  2 
k1 = hf(x0, y0) = 0.1 (1 – 0) = 0.1  2 
k2 = hf(x0 + h, y0 + k1) = 0.1[0.05 + 1.1185]
= 0.1 (1 – 0.1) = 0.09 = 0.1168
1 k4 = hf(x0+ h, y0 + k3) = 0.1347

y1 = 0 + 0.1  0.09
2 1
y1 = y0 = k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 
= 0.095 6
= 1 + 0.1164
22. Ans: 1.1961 y1 = 1.1164
Sol: f(x, y) = x + sin y
x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.2 24. Ans: 2.6 – 1.3x, 2.3
k1 = h(f0, y0) Sol: The various summations are given as
= 0.2(0+ sin 1) follows:
= 0.2(0.8414) = 0.1682
xi yi x i2 xiyi
k2 = hf(x0 + h, y0 + k1)
–2 6 4 –12
= 0.2(0.2 + sin (1.1682))
–1 3 1 –3
= 0.2(0.2 + 0.9200)
0 2 0 0
= 0.2(1.1200)
= 0.2240 1 2 1 2
1  –2 13 06 –13
y1 = 1+ (0.1682 + 0.2240) = 1.1961
2

Thus, yi = na + b  xi f(x) = f(x0) + (x – x0) f[x0, x1]

xiyi = a  xi + b  x i2 + (x – x0) (x – x1) f[x0, x1, x2]
= 1 + (x –1) 13 + (x –1) (x –3) 8
These are called normal equations. Solving
= 8x2 – 19x + 12
for a and b, we get
n  x i yi   x i  yi p(2) = 6
b
n  x i2   x i 
2
p1(2) = 13
a
y i
b
x i
 y  bx 26. Ans: 8x2 – 19x + 12, 6, 13
n n
Sol:
4   13   2  13
b ⏃p ⏃2p
46  6 x P(x)
= –1.3
a
13
 1.3 
 2  2.6 1 1 27  1
 13
4 4 3 1
Therefore, the linear equation is
37  13
8
y = 2.6 – 1.3x 4 1
3 27
4
64  27
The least squares error =  y  a  bx 
i 1
i i
2
43
 37
4 64
= (6 – 5.2) + (3 – 3.9) + (2 – 2.6)2
2 2
+ (2 – 1.3)2
= 2.3 By Newton's divided difference formula
P(x) = P(x0) + (x – x0) f[x0, x1]
2
25. Ans: i. 8x – 19x + 12 ii. 6 iii. 13
+ (x – x0)(x –x1) f[x0, x1, x2)
Sol: f(x) =
x  3x  4 1  x  1x  4 27  = 1 + (x – 1)13 + (x –1) (x –3).8
1  31  4 3  13  4
= 8x2 – 19x + 12
+
x  1x  3 64 P1(x) = 16 x – 19
4  14  3
P(2) = 6
f(x) = 8x2 – 19x + 12
P1(2) = 13
f(2) = 6
f1(2) = 13

27. Ans: x2 + 2x + 3, 4.25, 3 To calculate forward differences

Sol: Since the given observations are at equal
x f(x) f(x) 2f(x) 3f(x)
interval of width unity.
1 24
Construct the following difference table. 96
3 120 120
x f(x)  f(x) 2f(x) 3f(x)
216 48
0 3 5 336 168
3 384
1 6 2 7 720
5 0
2 11 2
Now by Newton's forward interpolation
7 0
formula, we have
3 18 2
f(a+uh) = f(a) + uf(a)
9
u u  1 2
4 27 +  f(a)
2!
u u  1u  2 3
Therefore f(x) +  f(a)
3!
f(x) = f(0) + C(x,1) f(0) + C(x, 2) f(0)
x 1
 x x  1  y(x) = 24 + 96
= 3 + (x × 3) +   2  2
 2! 
 x 1  x 1 
2    1
f(x) = x + 2x + 3  2  2  120
+
f1(x) = 2x + 2 2
f(0.5) = 4.25  x 1  x 1   x 1 

    1   2
2   2  2
f1(0.5) = 3 +    48
6
3 2 = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
28. Ans: x + 6x + 11x + 6, 990, 299
y1(x) = 3x2 + 12x + 11
Sol: Let us apply Newton's forward formula
y(8) = 990
x  a x 1
Let u   y1(8) = 299
h 2

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Classroom Practice solutions

01. Ans: 1500 Hence, the total number of multiplication

To compute each element of the matrix Sol: Here determinant of A = –8

(PQ)R, we require 20 multiplications. adj A

1 2 3 07. Ans: 0.5

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09. Ans: (c)  (1 – t)3 = 0

Number of elements above the principal 1 1 0 1

11. Ans: 1 14. Ans: (c)

17. Ans: (c) R2 – 5R1

20. Ans: (b) 1 1 1 6 

1 2  3 a The system has unique solution if   3.

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27. Ans: (b)  (2 – ).(–3 – ).

31. Ans: 1  Here Rank of [A – 2I] = 1

32. Ans: (d) 34. Ans: (d)

Sol: The characteristic equation is Sol: The characteristic equation is

 4 –  = 0 |A| = product of the roots of the

[A –2I]X = 0 Sol: The characteristic equation is

01. Ans: 7 04. Ans: (a)

By L' Hospital's rule 1 x  x

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10. Ans: 2.718 13. Ans: 1.732

Sol: u = x ey z where y = a 2  x 2 and z sin2 x Sol: By Cauchy's mean value theorem

11. Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (d)

(c) Let f(x) = sin x in [0, ] 1  t3 t5 

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16. Ans: (b) 18. Ans: (c)

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21. Ans: 0.785 24. Ans: 2

23. Ans: (c)  x = 0, 1, –1

a  f(x, y) has minimum at (0,1)

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27. Ans: (b) = 4 + 5 +......+ 9

fz = 3xy2z2 +  = 0 .......... (4)

32. Ans: (a) 35. Ans: (b)

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38. Ans: (a) 40. Ans: (c)

 By comparison test, the given integral also 41. Ans: 0.1143

39. Ans: (d)

 By comparison test, the given integral 2

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43. Ans: 8 45. Ans: (c)

By changing the order of integration the

  x, y  dxdy =   x, y  dydx

= 2(8 –2 – 2) Sol: The volume =  z dx dy

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48. Ans: (d) Given a  f

49. Ans: 1.88 = 2 18

at (1, 1, 1),T = 2i  2 j  2k = 96i  3 j  3k 

51. 54. Ans: (b)

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55. Ans: (a)  F = 

Div V = 2x + 2y + 2z  0 = (3,1,4) – (1, –2,1)

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By Green's Theorem, 61.

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63. Ans: (c) 65. Ans: (b)

Here, M = –y3 and N = x3 4

 F.dr   curl F.N ds   k.N ds

67. Ans: (d) 70. Ans: (b)

Sol: Let f(x) =