This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts
for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.
Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication in Cellular
Network - Performance Analysis of Optimum and
Practical Communication Mode Selection
Sami Hakola∗† , Tao Chen∗‡ , Janne Lehtomäki§ and Timo Koskela∗¶
∗ Nokia,
P.O. Box 407, 00045 Nokia Group, Finland
† sami.hakola@nokia.com
‡ tao.t.chen@nokia.com
§ Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, janne.lehtomaki@ee.oulu.fi
¶ timo.k.koskela@nokia.com
Abstract—In a cellular network system one way to increase
its capacity is to allow direct communication between closely
located user devices when they are communicating with each
other instead of conveying data from one device to the other
via the radio and core network. The problem is then when
the network shall assign direct communication mode and when
not. In previous works the decision has been done individually
per communicating device pair not taking into account other
devices and the current state of the network. We derive means for
getting optimal communication mode for all devices in the system
in terms of system equations. The system equations capture
information of the network such as link gains, noise levels, signal-
to-interference-and-noise-ratios, etc., as well as communication
mode selection for the devices. Using the derived equations
performance bounds for the cellular system where D2D com-
munication is an additional communication mode are illustrated
via simulations. Further, practical communication mode selection
algorithms are used to evaluate their system performance against
the achievable bounds. Analysis show the usability of the system
equations and the potential of having D2D operation integrated
into a cellular system when there is enough local communication
occurring.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In a cellular network user data is transmitted via base
station (BS) or other central network element when one user
device is communicating with another user device. When
communicating devices are relatively close to each other it
could be sensible to have a direct communication link instead
of conveying data via base station in order to save transmission
power of both user devices and base stations, radio access as
well as core network resources as discussed in [1]. The direct
communication mode requires half of the resources compared
to cellular communication mode1 thus offering double spectral
efficiency per connection typically. Also if devices in direct
communication mode are close to each other transmission
power levels could be lower than in cellular mode which
can be then turned into battery savings at the device and
reduced interference levels in the system. Further, reduced
1 Cellular communication mode means here a conventional radio access
where a user device is having a communication links towards and from a BS
978-1-4244-6398-5/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
interference levels in the system lead to higher system capacity
and spectrum efficiency.
On the other hand, there are lots of possible practical
limitations for D2D such as: 1) probability of local com-
munication might be low, 2) propagation channel between
devices is ”worse” than propagation channel between a BS
and devices (mainly due to difference in antenna heights
and antenna gains) and 3) interference to and from in-band
cellular mode users. Probability of local communication of all
communication in the system should be relatively high to have
a real reason for direct communication. Thus services and use
cases that would provide possibility for D2D communication
have high importance. Finally, in a system where there are both
cellular communication mode and D2D mode users accessing
the same spectrum, the interference situations are different
compared to a conventional cellular system.
Hsieh et al. show that using the peer-to-peer network model
in cellular wireless data networks is a promising approach
when the network model is complemented with appropriate
mechanisms [4]. They propose a hybrid network model in
which the aim is to combine the throughput and power
consumption advantages of the peer-to-peer model with the
fairness, resilience and mobility advantages of the cellular
model. [5]
Haas et al. provided system analysis results of frequency-
division duplexing (FDD) wideband code division multiple
access (WCDMA) cellular network where D2D communica-
tion was enabled on uplink spectrum [2]. They concluded that
permitting D2D communication in time-division duplexing
(TDD) mode at the cell edge results in a 1.5 times capacity
improvement over the scenario where only FDD cellular mode
operation is permitted. However the decision whether the
direct or cellular communication mode is selected for the
user is based on comparing the path loss between device and
BS to a pre-defined path loss. If the pre-defined path loss
is smaller, the direct mode is selected. Thus mode selection
wasn’t optimal in their studies because communication mode
selection was made individually for one pair at the time
without taking into account other users sharing the same
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.

spectrum. III. J OINT COMMUNICATION MODE AND POWER

Performance analysis of spatial reuse of radio resources ALLOCATION
in a point-to-point (P2P) enabled TDD CDMA network has
In [6] Yates et al. consider the combined problem of
been provided in [3]. Authors distribute mobiles in the cell
regulating transmitter powers and assigning users to base
randomly and uniformly with a high enough density to guar-
stations in conventional cellular communication mode. As a
antee that only the terminals with most favorable locations
result, they formulate the minimum transmitted power problem
are accessed. In other words, they aim to reuse the same
in which total transmitted uplink power is minimized subject
radio resource in a single cell to the greatest extent by
to maintaining an individual carrier-to-interference (CIR) for
optimizing user location. However, that approach may not
each mobile. The minimization occurs over the set of power
provide general results because closest devices may not have
vectors and base station assignments. In this section we extend
any traffic between each other.
those system equations to include possibility for D2D mode
communication in TDD duplexity on the same radio resources
II. F RAMEWORK as cellular mode operation on uplink using FDD duplexity to
find optimum communication mode and transmission power
A general concept comprises a cellular network in which for each user device jointly.
user devices can communicate with each other, either via
means of conventional cellular mode or via means of di- A. Background
rect D2D communication. In other words, a D2D feature In the analysis we use WCDMA system where all the users
is integrated into the cellular network operation so that the are sharing the same frequency resource and are separated in
radio resources of the cellular network are used for both cellular mode (both in UL and DL) and D2D mode by non-
communication modes and are controlled by the BSs or other orthogonal scrambling codes. In DL frequency band there are
network elements. only users in cellular mode reserving resources if not control
It’s assumed that the cellular network is operating in FDD signalling from BS to D2D users is not taken into account.
duplex mode and D2D connections are utilizing TDD duplex In UL frequency band there are both cellular and D2D mode
mode either using cellular network uplink, downlink (DL) users sharing the same frequency resource.
or uplink and downlink resources controlled by the base
station(s). The general concept covering FDD or TDD cellular B. Generation of System Equations
network where direct communication connection utilize either
FDD or TDD can be found from [7] and another reference of
having P2P communication established in a cellular network
(especially in TDD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA) can be found from
[8]. In addition authors in [9] propose to use FDD uplink
for D2D operation in UMTS radio access network (UTRAN)
to release resources on downlink for other purpose. In this
study, D2D communication uses uplink resources of a cellular
network.
TDD duplex mode for D2D communication is selected
because of its in-built efficiency for asymmetric data trans-
mission between peers. And since the cellular network is in
FDD mode it’s possible to utilize dynamic UL/DL switching
patterns in D2D connections if the interference can be con-
trolled. Also if when FDD UL resources are utilized for D2D
communication only UL receiver functionality has to be added
to the mobile device instead of both DL transmitter and UL
receiver functionalities in the case if D2D communication was
also in FDD mode. Recently the similar setting of using uplink
band for direct communication in cellular networks has been
used in [10] and [11]. As a reference system in this study we
use WCDMA system where channels may not be orthogonal2
and interference experienced by receivers in a cell comprise
intra- and inter-cell interference.

2 In WCDMA downlink based on UMTS standard physical channels are Fig. 1. Link gains between each device and BS, and between devices.
orthogonal in nature but channel dispersion makes channels non-orthogonal.
In uplink user devices are separated by non-orthogonal scrambling codes.
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.

Let’s assume that we have a cellular system where there are when transmission powers and communication modes are
both cellular communication mode and D2D mode devices selected properly. Similarly SINR for Device 2 is
sharing the radio resources of the UL band. Fig. 1 depicts
link gains3 between devices where devices 1 and 4 are both (t)
gc α2,b2 m2 p2
having a cellular communication link and device 2 and 3
(t) (t) (t)
≥ βc (2)
are having a D2D communication link with each other. In α1,b2 m1 p1 + α4,b2 (1 − m4 )a4 p4 + nb
addition, the figure illustrates the occasion when device 3 is
transmitting to device 2 in D2D mode. Let’s assume that we and SINR for Device 4 (in D2D connection mode) is targeted
have altogether L devices in the system. Further, we define a to be greater than or equal to βd as follows
local communication probability as plocal (D2D candidates).
Then there are f loor (plocal L) locally communicating devices (t) (t)
and ceil (f loor(plocal L)/2) candidate D2D pairs. For the gd γ4,3 (1 − m4 )a4 p4
(t) (t)
≥ βd (3)
derivation of the new system equations the following symbols γ1,3 m1 p1 + γ2,3 m2 p2 + nu
are used:
i, j User device indices with values 1 ≤ i, j ≤ L At the even time slot t SINR requirement for Device 1 is
m A communication mode selection vector, of
size L × 1, for devices (mi = 1 if device i
(t)
is in cellular mode and mi = 0 if device i gc α1,b1 m1 p1
(t) (t) (t)
≥ βc (4)
is in D2D mode) α2,b1 m2 p2 + α3,b1 (1 − m3 )a3 p3 + nb
a(t) A TDD activity vector (used only when
mi = 0), where for the odd time slot t (D2D
T SINR requirement for Device 2 is
using TDD) a(t) = 1 0 1 0 . . .
and
 for the even time slot t a(t) =
T (t)
0 1 0 1 ... gc α2,b2 m2 p2
≥ βc (5)
βc A target signal-to-interference-and-noiser ra- (t)
α1,b2 m1 p1 + α3,b2 (1 − m3 )a3 p3 + nb
(t) (t)
tio (SINR) for cellular communication mode
physical radio link
βd A target SINR for D2D communication mode and SINR requirement for Device 3 (in D2D connection mode)
physical radio link
gc A processing gain for cellular communica- gd γ3,4 (1 − m3 )a3 p3
(t) (t)

tion mode transmission (t) (t)

≥ βd (6)
gd A processing gain for D2D communication γ1,4 m1 p1 + γ2,4 m2 p2 + nu
mode transmisssion
b A BS assignment vector, i.e. bi indicates the By ignoring greater than condition in SINR requirements and
(t)
BS to which the user device i is connected solving pi in (1)-(6) and combining those equations together
(t)
αi,bj A link gain between a user device i and a we can derive the following formulae for pi to have option
BS bj for each user device as follows:
γi,j A link gain between user devices i and j
nb Noise power over the bandwidth at the re- (t)
i = mi
p⎛ ⎞
ceiver of the BS including both thermal

L βc αj,bi (t)
noiser power and the receiver’s noise figure ⎜ m j p ⎟
nu Noise power over the bandwidth at the re- ⎜ j=1 gc αi,bi j ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟
ceiver of the user device including both ther- ⎜ ⎟
⎜ L β α
(t) c j,bi (t) ⎟
mal noiser power and the receiver’s noise ·⎜ + (1 − mj ) aj pj ⎟
⎜ gc αi,bi ⎟
figure ⎜ j=1 ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟
p(t) A vector of transmission powers of user ⎝ βc ⎠
(t) + nb
devices where item pi gives a transmission gc αi,bi
(t) (7)
power of a device i in a time slot t +⎛(1 − mi ) ai ⎞
According to Fig. 1 at the odd time slot t SINR for Device 
L βd γj,i+1 (t)
⎜ mj p ⎟
1 is targeted to be greater than or equal to βc as follows ⎜ j=1 Gd γi,i+1 j ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟
gc α1,b1 m1 p1
(t) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ L β γ
(t) d j,i+1 (t) ⎟
(t) (t) (t)
≥ βc (1) ·⎜ + (1 − mj ) aj pj ⎟
α2,b1 m2 p2 + α4,b1 (1 − m4 )a4 p4 + nb ⎜ gd γi,i+1 ⎟
⎜ j=1 ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟
3 A link gain comprises a shadowed path loss attenuation, and transmitter ⎝ βd ⎠
+ nu
and receiver antenna gains. gd γi,i+1
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.

for odd t and the element i in power vector has to be greater than zero.
(t) Equation (9) can also be formulated like in [12]
p⎛
i = mi ⎞

L βc αj,bi (t) P(t) = (t) P(t) + ℵ(t) (13)
⎜ mj p ⎟
⎜ j=1 gc αi,bi j ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟ or
⎜ ⎟
⎜ L
(t) βc αj,bi (t) ⎟
·⎜ + (1 − mj ) aj pj ⎟
⎜ gc αi,bi ⎟
⎜ j=1 ⎟ (I − (t) )P(t) = ℵ(t) (14)
⎜ j=i ⎟
⎝ βc ⎠
+ nb where the interference matrix is
gc αi,bi
(t) (8)
+⎛(1 − mi ) ai ⎞

L βd γj,i−1 (t) (t) = M(ΦM + ΦA(t) − ΦMA(t) )
⎜ mj p ⎟ (15)
⎜ j=1 Gd γi,i−1 j ⎟ +A(t) (I − M)(ΘM + ΘA(t) − ΘMA(t) )
⎜ j=i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ L
(t) βd γj,i−1 (t) ⎟ and the noise vector
·⎜ + (1 − mj ) aj pj ⎟
⎜ gd γi,i−1 ⎟
⎜ j=1 ⎟
⎜ j=i ⎟ ℵ = MCNb + A(t) (I − M)Nu (16)
⎝ βd ⎠
+ nu
gd γi,i−1 The set of feasible power vectors under mode selection m
for even t. is   

From (7) and (8) we can make a matrix form as follows: P(t) = P(t) ≥ 0 P(t) ≥ P(t) + ℵ (17)
⎛ ⎞
M  
⎜ · ΦM + ΦA(t) − ΦMA(t) ⎟ (t) The set P(t) describes a cone of feasible powers in that
P(t) = ⎜
⎝ +A(t) (I − M)
⎟P
⎠ if p ∈ P(t) then αp ∈ P(t) for all α ≥ 1. Each cone P(t)
  (9)
is specified by an interference matrix  and noise vector ℵ.
· ΘM + ΘA(t) − ΘMA(t)
The non-negative noise vector displaces these cones from the
+MCNb + A(t) (I − M) DNu
origin. [6] On the other hand, one of the devices of D2D pair
where diagonal
  C, of size L×L, has diagonal elements
matrix has power equal to zero due TDD duplexity depending on the
Cii = βc gc αi,b(i) , D, of size L×L, has diagonal elements on-going time slot. Since elements of M,Φ ,Θ and A are in
Dii = [βd /(gd γi,i+1 ) βd /(gd γi,i−1 ) . . . the range [0, 1], is non-negative. Thus Perron-Frobenius theory
(10) guarantees the existence of a dominant, positive eigenvalue r
βd /(gd γL−1,L ) βd /(gd γL,L−1 )], [13]. Equation (18) has a positive solution if and only if r < 1.
diagonal matrix A(t) has diagonal elements formed by a(t) , This is referred later as eigenvalue criteria. If r < 1 then there
diagonal matrix M formed from mode selection vector of is a unique solution P(t) given by
devices m, matrix Φ, of size L × L, defines gains against  −1
interference from other devices when device in question is in P(t) = I − (t) ℵ(t) (18)
cellular communication mode and it has been formulated as
follows: ⎧ C. Utilization of System Equations
⎨ 0 i=j
Φij = βc αj,bi (11) Using (15) we can find the optimal mode selection vector
⎩ i = j m∗ for example via minimizing the first norm of power vector
gc αi,bi
combined from two consecutive time slots
matrix Θ, of size L × L, defines gains against interference  
 
from other devices when device in question is in D2D com- arg min P(t−1) + P(t)  (19)
M 1
munication mode and it has been formulated as follows:
⎧ subject to
⎪ 0 i=j
⎪
⎪  −1 (t)
⎨ βd γj,i+1
i = j, i is odd P(t) = I − (t) ℵ
Θij = gd γi,i+1 (12)
⎪
⎪ βd γj,i−1
(t) (t)
pi = 0 : mi = 0, ai = 0
⎪
⎩ i = j, i is even, (t) (t)
gd γi,i−1 pi > 0 : mi = 1 OR mi = 0, ai = 1
vector
 Nb , of size L × 1, is defined as follows: Nb = Further one can find a probability for having a dominant
T
nb nb · · · nb , vector Nu , of size L × 1, is defined positive eigenvalue of the interference matrix (14) that is
 T
as follows: Nu = nu nu · · · nu , and A(t) is a less than unity. Then we can analyse system capacities as
diagonal matrix formed from a vector a(t) . a function of system outage when D2D is allowed using an
For P(t) we have to have a non-negative vector where the optimal mode selection and compare those results to the pure
element i can be zero only if mi = 0 and ai = 0. Otherwise cellular mode system and practical mode selection algorithms.
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.

TABLE I
S IMULATION PARAMETERS FORCE D2D D2D mode is selected always for locally
communicating devices.
Parameter Value
To study capacity in a cellular network we are mainly
Cellular layout Isolated cell, 1-sector
interested in to find the capacity when the system outage is
System area User devices are distributed within
a range of 500 m from the BS
around 5 %. The system outage here is referred to a probability
Path loss model for cellular link 128.1 + 37.6log10(d[km]) [14]
that eigenvalue criteria of the interference matrix (14) cannot
Path loss model for D2D link 148 + 40log10(d[km]) [14]
be fulfilled. We simulate the system realization via means
of multiple independent drops and by averaging over the
Shadow fading standard deviation 10 dB for cellular mode links and
12 dB for D2D mode links [14] drops we can derive the probability for the eigenvalue criteria
Noise spectral density -174 dBm/Hz with certain parameter settings. The obtained probability is
System bandwidth 5 MHz considered as the system outage.
Noise figure 5 dB at BS / 9 dB at device In Fig. 2 one can obtain the system capacity in terms of the
Minimum coupling loss 70 dB BS-Device / 40 dB Device- number of users in the system for the outage probability being
Device 5 % when maximum distance between locally communicating
Antenna gains and patterns (trans- BS: 14 dBi Device: Omnidirec- devices is 50 metres and local communication probability is
mitter and receiver) tional 0 dBi
either 0.2 or 0.4. It can be seen that when the maximum D2D
Processing gain Cellular 30 / D2D 15
distance is quite large there is not much potential improvement
Probability of local communication 0.2, 0.4 available from D2D capability in the system. The available
per device
performance improvement increases as a function of increasing
Maximum distance between locally 5, 50 [m]
communicating devices local communication probability. On the other we can see
how dangerous it would be to use path loss based or forcing
all locally communicating devices into D2D communication
IV. P ERFORMANCE ANALYSIS mode in this case. Those methods really deteriorate the system
In this section system level simulations are carried out using performance and actually as local communication probability
previously generated system equations to find out optimum increases the situation goes even worse. This is due to fact
and practical capacities of the system when D2D is allowed. that these methods don’t consider the interference situation at
The results are compared to pure cellular communication mode all.
case.
System capacity at 5th percentile, 50 m
A. Simulation Model, User Distribution and Simulation Pa- 80
rameters CELLULAR
OPT D2D
The network consists of one BS with one sector. Probability 70
PL D2D
for locally communicating devices is given as a simulation
System capacity at 5th percentile

FORCE D2D
parameter per device. Devices that don’t have a local commu- 60
nicating peer are distributed uniformly over the system area.
Two consecutive devices that are having a local communica- 50
tion in terms of devices indices form a pair. One device of
the pair is distributed uniformly over the system area whereas 40
the other device of the pair is distributed uniformly upon a
disk centered by the first device and radius of the disk is 30
given as a simulation parameter. Thus the radius gives the
20
maximum distance between locally communicating devices.
Used simulation parameters are provided in Table I.
10
B. Simulations (Numerical Analysis)
Here we analyse system capacities against system outage in 0
p_local 0.2 p_local 0.4
four different cases:
CELLULAR All devices are in cellular mode (no D2D Fig. 2. System capacity at 5th percentile of the system outage when
communication mode available). maximum D2D distance is 50 m and local communication probabilities are
0.2 and 0.4 for different mode selection algorithms compared to pure cellular
OPT D2D Mode selection vector for all devices is communication mode system.
searched in order to minimize the first norm
of the device powers combined over two time
slots (18) and to fulfill eigenvalue criteria. Impact of decreasing the maximum distance between locally
PL D2D D2D mode is selected if path loss between communicating devices can be seen in Fig. 3 where the
communicating devices is less than minimum maximum distance is 5 metres. Now we can see that even path
of path losses between each device and BS. loss based and forcing D2D methods behave quite well, almost
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2010 proceedings.
reaching the achievable upper bound. In addition to gains
with optimal mode selection method, gains with two other
mode selection methods increase as the local communication
probability increases.
From above observations one could think a practical mode
selection algorithm to be such that it could first check if the
path loss or link gain between locally communicating devices
were below a certain threshold. The algorithm could then
further use above described path loss based mode selection
criteria (PL D2D) to decide the used communication mode for
the D2D pair in question. On the other hand, in the system
where devices share the same radio resource, the practical
mode selection algorithm could be based on interference-
awareness in which interference measurements from devices
could be used for mode selection especially in the case of the
large maximum distance between communicating devices.
System capacity at 5th percentile, 5 m
80
CELLULAR
70 OPT D2D
PL D2D
System capacity at 5th percentile
FORCE D2D
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Spring 2008. IEEE, May 2008, pp. 56–60.
p_local 0.2 p_local 0.4
Fig. 3. System capacity at 5th percentile of the system outage when maximum
D2D distance is 5 m and local communication probabilities are 0.2 and 0.4 for
different mode selection algorithms compared to pure cellular communication
mode system.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
In this paper we derived the system equations that can be
used to analyse a system where both cellular communication
mode and D2D communication mode devices can share the
same resources and the communication mode selection as well
as power allocation for the communicating devices can be
assigned jointly and optimally. Further we showed how the
derived system equations can be used to evaluate the system
where D2D communication mode is integrated into a conven-
tional cellular network system. Via numerical analysis it was
shown that communication mode selection algorithms need
to be designed carefully to prevent deteriorating the system
performance. According to the results main affecting factors
for the performance gain from D2D are local communication
probability and maximum distance between communicating
devices, as well as mode selection algorithm.
In the future, interference-aware mode selection algorithm
could be evaluated against above mentioned mode selection
algorithms to find a practical algorithm to achieve close
to optimum gains from D2D also when maximum distance
between communicating devices increases. Also, one could use
different deployment scenarios to analyse D2D performance,
for example in indoor environments.
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