HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL

ENGINEERS 2
VOLUME 1

MAFP & VVGV Module CE 142

Hydraulics for Civil Engineers 2020

HYDRAULICS FOR CIVIL

ENGINEERS 2
VOLUME 1

MARIE ANGELI F. PEÑAFLOR

VASCO VIC G. VALDEZ
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
2020

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CHAPTER 01: FLOW RATES

DISCHARGE

The discharge, Q, often called the volume flow rate, is the volume of fluid
that passes through an area per unit time. Typical units for discharge are ft3/s
(cfs), ft3/min (cfm), gpm, m3/s, and L/s.

Volume Flow Rate, Q =A V

Flow rate in terms of Mass or Weight:

Mass Flow Rate,

Weight Flow Rate,

Where:

Q = discharge
A = cross-sectional area
V = velocity or mean velocity of flow
= mass density
= weight density/unit weight

Continuity of Flow

When at any instant (assuming steady flow conditions), the number of

particles passing every cross section of the stream is the same, the flow is said
to be continuous, or there is continuity of flow. This principle is based from the
for any isolated system
closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must
remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so quantity
can neither be added nor be removed

Steady Flow

If the discharge Q passing a given cross section of a stream is constant

with time, the flow is steady at that cross section. If Q at the cross section varies
with time the flow is unsteady. Steady flow involves permanency of conditions
at any particular cross section.

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Letting Q, A and V represent, respectively, discharge, area, and mean

velocity, with similar applying to the same cross section, continuity of flow with
non-compressible fluids exists when

Q Q1 Q2 Q

With gas flow, the number of particles passing the given point depends not
only on their mean velocity and the area of cross section but also on the
density of the gas. The equation of continuity for compressible fluids thus
becomes

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

1. Compute the discharge of water through a 3-in. pipe if the mean

velocity is 8.5 ft/s.

Solution:

Answer

2. Air that has a mass density of 1.24 kg/m3 flows in a pipe with a diameter
of 30 cm at a mass rate of flow of 3 kg/s. What is the discharge and the
mean velocity in this pipe?

Solution:

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Answer

Answer

3. Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/s. Find

(a) the volume flow rate in m3/s and L/s, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/s,
(c) weight flow rate in N/s.

Solution:

(a) Volume floe rate

Answer

(b) The density of water at STP is 1000 kg/m3.

Answer

(c) The unit weight of water at STP is 9810 N/m3.

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Answer

4. A pipe line consists of successive lengths of 15-in, 12-in, and 10-in

diameter pipe. With a continuous flow through the line of 9 cfs of water
compute the mean velocity in each size of pipe.

Solution:

Construct a schematic diagram of what is described in the problem/situation.

Come up with an equation of discharge by applying the law of continuity of
flow.

Answer

Answer

Answer

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5. Water flows steadily through a closed tank as shown. At section 1, D1 = 6

cm and the volume flow is 100 m3/hr. At section 2, D2 = 5 cm and the
average velocity is 8 m/s. If D3 = 4 cm, what is (a) Q3 in m3/hr and (b)
average V3 in m/s?

Solution:

At section 1, the discharge is going inside the tank.

Since velocity is known at section 2, we can solve the discharge at that section:

To solve the discharge at section 3, first we need to know the direction

of flow at that section. From the law of continuity of flow, the discharge going
in should be equal to the discharge going out. Therefore, we can know the
direction of flow at section 3 by simply comparing the discharges at sections 1
and 2. If the discharge at section 2 (which is going out of the tank) is greater
than the discharge at section 1, the discharge at section 3 is going inside the
tank. This means that the there should be another source of discharge to
account for the larger amount of outflow at section 2. On the other hand, if
the discharge at section 2 is less than that of section 1, the direction of flow at
section 3 is going out.

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Then, from the law of continuity of flow,

Or

Answer

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