Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Session 08 12 PDF
Session 08 12 PDF
Introduction to Wireless
Communications
Ranjan Bose
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Wireless Communications
Outline
What is Wireless Communications?
History of Wireless Communications
The advantages
The challenges
The types
The Indian factor
Existing Wireless Systems
Emerging Wireless Systems
Example
Assume a spectrum of 120 KHz is
allocated over a base frequency for
communication between stations A and B
Each channel occupies 40 KHz
Channel 1 (b - b+40)
Types of Wireless
Communication
Mobile
Cellular Phones (GSM / cdma2000.1x)
Portable
IEEE 802.11b (WiFi),
IEEE 802.15.3 (UWB)
Fixed
IEEE 802.16 (WirelessMAN)
Typical Frequencies
FM Radio ~ 88 MHz
TV Broadcast ~ 200 MHz
GSM Phones ~ 900 MHz
GPS ~ 1.2 GHz
PCS Phones ~ 1.8 GHz
Bluetooth ~ 2.4 GHz
WiFi ~ 2.4 GHz
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum EHF - Extreme High Frequency
SHF - Super High Frequency
UHF - Ultra High Frequency
o
VHF - Very High Frequency
di
di
di
ra
HF - High Frequency
ra
r
ra
la
MF - Medium Frequency
FM
llu
AM
TV
TV
LF - Low Frequency
S/
ce
VLF - Very Low Frequency
X rays
Gamma rays
infrared visible UV
ν
1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
1920
Global Coverage
– Communications can reach where wiring is
infeasible or costly, e.g., rural areas, old buildings,
battlefield, vehicles, outer space (through
Communication Satellites)
Indian Institute of Technology, 10 Ranjan Bose
Delhi Department of Electrical Engineering
Wireless Communications
Flexibility
– Services reach you wherever you go (Mobility).
E.g, you don’t have to go to your lab to check your
mail
– Connect to multiple devices simultaneously (no
physical connection required)
Indian Institute of Technology, 11 Ranjan Bose
Delhi Department of Electrical Engineering
Wireless Communications
Challenges (1)
Efficient Hardware
– Low power Transmitters, Receivers
– Low Power Signal Processing Tools
Multimedia Requirements
Voice Data Video
Delay <100ms - <100ms
Packet Loss <1% 0 <1%
BER 10-3 10-6 10-6
Data Rate 8-32 Kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps
Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous
Challenges (2)
Network support for user mobility (mobile
scenarios)
– location identification, handover,...
Maintaining quality of service over
unreliable links
Connectivity and coverage
(internetworking)
Cost efficiency
Challenges (3)
Fading
Multipath
Higher probability of data corruption
– Hence, need for stronger channel codes
Need for stronger Security mechanisms
– privacy, authentication,…
Wireless vs Mobile
NOTE : Wireless does not necessarily
mean mobile
Microwave Transmission
– Widely used for long distance communication
– Gives a high S/N ratio, relatively inexpensive
– Problems:
• don’t pass through buildings well
• weather and frequency-dependent
Mobile FM MW SW Satellite
WLANs Telephony, Radio Radio Radio Links
IR Bluetooth
WLL
Radio
35 years
TV
13 years
Wireless Communications
12 years
User Growth
1,000
Fixed access
800
Million subscribers
600
Mobile access
Fixed and
mobile Internet
400
200
Mobile Internet
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Traffic Growth
Traffic
150
Internet access
125
100
75
Voice
50
25
0
1998 1999 2000 2001
800
715
700
620
600 526
500 433
400
300
200
90
100
4
0
2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Information to Power
be transmitted Coding Modulator
Amplifier
(Voice/Data)
Carrier
Antenna
Information
received Decoding Demodulator LNA
(Voice/Data)
Carrier
1. Cellular Systems
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
Geographic region divided into cells
Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-
separated locations
Base stations/Mobile Telephone Switching Offices
(MTSOs) coordinate handoff and control functions
BASE
STATION
MTSO
Internet
Access
Point
Traditional Applications
– Weather satellite
– Radio and TV broadcasting
– Military satellites
Telecommunication Applications
– Global telephone connections
– Backbone for global network
– GPS
4. PANs (2)
Peer-to-peer communications.
No backbone infrastructure.
Routing can be multihop.
Topology is dynamic.
Fully connected with different link SINRs
Indian Institute of Technology, 39 Ranjan Bose
Delhi Department of Electrical Engineering
Wireless Communications
2. Sensor Networks
Energy is the driving constraint
Automated Vehicles
- Cars
- UAVs
(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)
- Insect flyers
ns
Home entertainment
UWB PAN
Spectrum Regulation
Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R
Standard Bodies
CCIR(Consultative Committee on
International Radio)
– study groups for radio spectrum usage and
interworking of wireless systems
Radio Communications Sector ITU-R
(formerly CCIR and IFRB)
– world conferences, radio regulations
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
ITU-T (formerly CCITT)
– all worldwide wireline and wireless standards
– IEEE standards often accepted
Suggested Reading
1. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications,
2nd Edition, Pearson Education. 2002.
2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular
Telecommunications, 2nd Edition, McGraw
Hill, 1995.
3. Kamilo Feher, Wireless Digital
Communications: Modulation and Spread
Spectrum Applications, Prentice Hall, 2002.