SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

M TECH 2ND SEM

DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN

(ECEM-907)
Multiple choice questions:

1) Which flip-flop plays a vital role by functioning as the basic building block of a ripple
counter?

a. S-R flip-flop
b. J-K flip-flop
c. D flip-flop
d. T flip-flop

2) Which flip-flop plays a vital role by functioning as the basic building block of a ripple
counter?

a. S-R flip-flop
b. J-K flip-flop
c. D flip-flop
d. T flip-flop

3) What would be the characteristic equation of SR latch corresponding to the K-map schematic
shown below?

a. S + RQn
b. S + RQn
c. S + RQn
d. S + RQn

4) Which is the prohibited state/ condition in S-R latch and needs to be avoided due to
unpredictable nature of output?

a. S = R = 0
b. S = 0, R = 1
c. S = 1, R = 0
d. S = R = 1
5) Which among the following are the sequential circuits entering into the phenomenon of
lock out condition?
a. Bush circuits
b. Bushless circuits
c. Locked circuits
d. Unlocked circuits

6) Which among the following sequential logic circuits are adopted for the designing of a
sequence generator?

a. Shift Registers
b. Counters
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

7)Which mechanism allocates the binary value to the states in order to reduce the cost of
the combinational circuits?

a. State Reduction
b. State Minimization
c. State Assignment
d. State Evaluation
8) if present state of D flip flop is 1 and its input is zero, then what would be the value of
next state after the application of a clock pulse?

a. Zero
b. Infinity
c. QA QB x
d. QA QB x

9)Why is the extent of propagation delay in synchronous counter much lesser than that of
asynchronous counter?

a. Due to clocking of all flip flops at the same instant

b. Due to increase in number of states
c. Due to absence of connection between output of preceding flip flop and clock of next one
d. Due to absence of mode control operation

10) Which flip flops serve to be the fundamental building blocks of counters?

a. S-R flip flops

b. J-K flip flops
c. T flip flops
d. D flip flops
11) On which factor/s does the clock pulse frequency of a counter depend/s for its reliable
operation?

a. Number of flip flops

b. Width of strobe pulse
c. Propagation delay
d. All of the above

12) If the output of two-bit asynchronous binary up counter using T flip flops is '00' at
reset condition, then what output will be generated after the fourth negative clock edge?
a. 00
b. 01
c. 10
d. 11

13) Which among the following are used in programming array logic (PAL) for reducing
the loading on inputs?
a. Input buffers
b. Output buffers
c. OR matrix
d. AND matrix

14) According to Moore circuit, the output of synchronous sequential circuit depend/s on ______
of flip flop
a. Past state
b. Present state
c. Next state
d. External inputs

15) Which type of memory elements are used in synchronous sequential circuits?
a. Clocked Flip flops
b. Unclocked Flip flops
c. Time Delay Elements
d. All of the above

16) Which type of triggering phenomenon is exhibited by Counters?

a. Edge
b. Level
c. Pulse
d. All of the above

17) Which sequential circuits are applicable for counting pulses?

a. Counters
b. Flip Flops
c. Registers
d. Latches
18) If the number of states in a counter are 2n, then the value of 'n' is ________
a. Less than the number of flip flops
b. Greater than the number of flip flops
c. Equal to the number of flip flops
d. Unpredictable

19) When the mode control pin is connected to ground, Universal Shift Register acts as
_______

a. Unidirectional register
b. Bidirectional register
c. Multi-directional register
d. None of the above

20) What would be the characteristic equation of SR latch corresponding to

a. S + RQn
b. P + RQn
c. R+ RQn
d. None of the above

Short Answer type Questions :

Q1. Derive the characteristic table and characteristic equations of J-K Flip Flop.
Q2. Derive the characteristic table and characteristic equations of S-R Flip Flop.
Q3.what is difference between combinational and sequential circuits?
Q4. For the below given state table draw logic diagram using T-Type Flip-Flops

Present Next State Out put

state X=0 X=1 X=0 X=1
A B AB AB Y Y
0 0 00 10 0 1
0 1 11 00 0 0
1 0 10 01 1 0
1 1 00 10 1 0

Q5. The Flip Flop input functions are

DA = Σm(2,4,5,6)
DB = Σm(1,3,5,6)
Y = Σm(1,5)
Circuit has one input z.; Design the logic circuit using D-Flip Flops.

Q6. Explain Lock Out condition.

Q7.Derive the state diagram for the given state table.

State table
Present Next State Out put
state X=0 X=1 X=0 X=1
A B AB AB Y Y
0 0 00 11 0 0
0 1 10 10 0 1
1 0 01 00 0 0
1 1 00 00 0 0

Q8. Design Modulus 6 counter using J-K flip flops.

Q9. Implement the circuit for the functions using 3x3x2 PLA
F1=Σm(3,5,7)
F2=Σm(4,5,7)
Q10.Explain the working of D and T Flip-Flops.

Long Answer type Questions:

Q1. Design look ahead carry adder.

Q2.What do you mean by counters. Design mod-10 counter?
Q3.Design a circuit to generate sequence 1101011 using JK flip-flops.
Q4. Using state reduction procedures draw the state diagram for the give state-table
; State- table
Present Next State Out put
state X=0 X=1 X=0 X=1
a b c 0 0
b d e 1 0
c c d 0 1
d a d 0 0
e e d 0 1

Q5. Draw the diagram of a shift register and explain its working.
Q6.Avoiding the Lock Out condition, design a clocked sequential circuit for the given state
diagram.

1 4 6 7 3

Q7. Design a circuit to generate sequence 1101011 using T flip-flops.

Q8. . Implement the circuit for the functions using 3x3x2 PLA
F1=Σm(2,5,7)
F2=Σm(3,5,7)
Q9.Draw the circuit diagram of 4-bit Bidirectional Shift Register and explain its working.
Q10. . The Flip Flop input functions are
DA = Σm(2,4,5,6)
DB = Σm(1,3,5,6)
Y = Σm(1,5);
Design the logic circuit using T-Flip Flops. Circuit has one input x.
 SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
M.TECH 2ND SEM
SUBJECT: ADVANCED DSP(ECEM -908)
MCQ’S
Q1.The cascade realisation of IIR system involves:
1) The transfer function broken into product of transfer functions
2) The transfer function divided into addition of transfer functions
3) Factoring the numerator and denominator polynomials
4) Derivatives of the transfer function .
a. 1,2 and 3 are correct
b. 1 and 3 are correct
c. 3 and 4 are correct
d. all the four are correct

Q2. FIR filters are ______________

1) Are non-recursive
2) Do not adopt feedback
3) Are recursive
4) Use feedback
a. 1&2
b. 3&4
c. 1&4
d. 2&3

Q.3.The magnitude response of Butterworth filter has

1) Flat stop band
2) Flat pass band
3) Tapering pass band
4) Tapering stop band
a.1 &2 are correct
b.2 & 4 are correct
c.2 & 3 are correct
d. All the four are correct

Q.4.To change the sampling rate for better efficiency in two or multiple stages,The
decimation and interpolation factors must be ____________ unity
1. Less than
2. Equal to
3. Greater than
4. None of the above.
Q.5.What is the mantissa and exponent respectively obtained when we add 5 and 3/8 in
binary floating point representation?
a)0.101010,011
b)0.101000,011
c)0.101011,011
d)0.101011,101

Q.6.Which of the following is the correct representation of afloating point number X?

a)2E
b)M.2E(1/2<M<1)
c)2M.2E (1/2<M<1)
d) None of the above.

Q.7.In IIR filter design by the Bilinear Transformation, the Bilinear Transformation is a
mapping from
a) Z-plane to S –plane
b) S –plane to Z-plane
c) S-plane to j-plane
d) j-plane to Z-plane.

Q.8 What is the Butterworth polynomial of order 3?

a) (s2+s+1)(s-1)
b) (s2-s+1)(s-1)
c) (s2-s+1)(s+1)
d) (s2+s+1)(s+1)

Q.9 Which of the following is a low pass-to-high pass transformation?

a) s → s / Ωu
b) s → Ωu / s
c) s → Ωu.s
d) none of the mentioned

Q.10 Which of the following operation has to be performed to increase the sampling rate by
an integer factor I?
a) Interpolating I+1 new samples
b) Interpolating I-1 new samples
c) Extrapolating I+1 new samples
d) Extrapolating I-1 new samples
Q.11 Which of the following has to be performed in sampling rate conversion by rational
factor?
a) Interpolation
b) Decimation
c) Either interpolation or decimation
d) None of the mentioned

Q.12 Which of the following methods are used in sampling rate conversion of a digital
signal?
a) D/A convertor and A/D convertor
b) Performing entirely in digital domain
c) None of the mentioned
d) D/A convertor, A/D convertor & Performing entirely in digital domain

Q.13 Which of the following use quadrature mirror filters?

a) Sub band coding
b) Trans-multiplexer
c) Sub band coding & Trans-multiplexer
d) None of the mentioned

Q.14.The sampling rate conversion can be as shown in the figure below.

a) True
b) False

Q.15. What is the process of reducing the sampling rate by a factor D?

a) Sampling rate conversion
b) Interpolation
c) Decimation
d) None of the mentioned

Q.16. If we down-sample a signal x(n), then the resulting signal will be an aliased version of
x(n).
a) True
b) False
Q.17 When computations are truncated to fit in the limited precision constraints, the give rise
to infinite word length effects:
a)true
b)false

Q.18. The IIR filter designing involves

a. Designing of analog filter in analog domain and transforming into digital domain
b. Designing of digital filter in analog domain and transforming into digital domain
c. Designing of analog filter in digital domain and transforming into analog domain
d. Designing of digital filter in digital domain and transforming into analog domain

Q.19. In direct form for realisation of IIR filters,

1) Denominator coefficients are the multipliers in the feed forward paths
2) Multipliers in the feedback paths are the positives of the denominator coefficients
3) Numerator coefficients are the multipliers in the feed forward paths
4) Multipliers in the feedback paths are the negatives of the denominator coefficients

a. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

b. 1 and 2 are correct
c. 3 and 4 are correct
d. All the four are correct

Q20. Which is/are the correct way/s for the result quantization of an arithmetic operation?
a. Result Truncation
b. Result Rounding
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

Q21. In FIR filter design, which among the following parameters is/are separately controlled
by using Kaiser window?
a. Order of filter (M)
b. Transition width of main lobe
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

Q22. The error in the filter output that results from rounding or truncating calculations within
the filter is called
a. Coefficient quantization error
b. Adder overflow limit cycle
c. Round off noise
d. Limit cycles.
Q23. The Elliptic filters have
1) Flat pass band
2) Flat stop band
3) Equiripple pass band
4) Equiripple stop band
a. 1 and 2 are correct
b. 3 and 4 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All the four are correct

Q24. The frequency warping is referred as

1) lower frequencies in analog domain expanded in digital domain
2) lower frequencies in digital domain expanded in analog domain
3) non linear mapping
4) compression of higher frequencies

a. 1, 3 and 4 are correct

b. 2 and 4 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All the four are correct
Q25. The transformation technique in which there is one to one mapping from s-domain to z-
domain is

a. Approximation of derivatives
b. Impulse invariance method
c. Bilinear transformation method
d. Backward difference for the derivative

Q26. What is the disadvantage of impulse invariant method

a. Aliasing
b. one to one mapping
c. anti aliasing
d. warping

Q27. Parallel form of realisation is done in

a. High speed filtering applications

b. Low speed filtering applications
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Q28. In FIR filters, which among the following parameters remains unaffected by the
quantization effect?

a. Magnitude Response
b. Phase Characteristics
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

Q29. How is the sensitivity of filter coefficient quantization for FIR filters?
a. Low
b. Moderate
c. High
d. Unpredictable

Q30. IIR filter design by approximation of derivatives has the limitations

1) Used only for transforming analog high pass filters
2) Used for band pass filters having smaller resonant frequencies
3) Used only for transforming analog low pass filters
4) Used for band pass filters having high resonant frequencies

a. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

b. 1 and 2 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. All the four are correct

SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. Express the fraction 7/8 and -7/8 in sign magnitude, two’s complement, and ones’s
complement format.
2. The analysis filter of a two channel QMF filter bank is given by H0(z)=1+z-1. Give the
expression for the distortion transfer function.
3. Discuss stft.
4. Explain Levinson Durbin algorithm.
5. What is Haar wavelet.
6. What is an FIR system? Compare an FIR system with an IIR system.
7. Define overflow error.
8. Explain basics of AR, ARMA and MA MODEL.
9. What is need for multirate signal processing?
10. What is a rectangular window? Obtain its frequency domain characteristics.
11. For the analog transfer function
H(s)=1/(s+1)(s+2) , determine the H(z) using impulse invariance technique. Assume T=1s.
12. What are common types of Analog filters?
13. Analyse truncation and round-off processes in binary number representations.
14. What is meant by a linear phase FIR system?
15. What Is Meant By Floating Pint Representation? What Are The Advantages Of Floating
Point Representation?
LONG ANSWER TYPE
Q1.A low pass filter is to be designed with the following desired frequency response
𝑒 −𝑗2𝑤 , − π/4 ≤ w ≤ π/4
Hd(w) = {
0, π/4 ≤ w ≤ π
Determine the filter coefficients hd(n), if the window function is defined as =𝑤(𝑛) =
1, 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 4
{
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Also,determine the frequency response h(ejw) of the desired filter.
Q 2.Describe M-channel QMF filter bank. Explain how alias free QMF realisation is
achieved.
Q3. Give the polyphase representation of uniform filter bank.
Q4. Using bilinear transformation obtain H(z) if H(s)= 1/(s+1)2 , and T=0.1s.
Q5. Discuss power spectral estimation by the Bartlett method.
Q6.Consider an AR process of order 1, described by x(n)=ax(n-1)+w(n), where a is a
constant and w(n) is a white noise process of zero mean and variance σ2. Find the mean
and autocorrelation function of the process x(n).
Q7.Explain IIR filter design by impulse invariance method.
Q8.Develop the direct form I realisation of the difference equation
y(n)=b0x(n)+ b1x(n-1)+ b2x(n-2)-a1y(n-1)-a2y(n-2)-a3y(n-3).
Q9. Discuss parallel realisation of IIR systems.
Q10. Determine the order and the poles of a low pass Butterworth filter that has a -3db
bandwidth of 500Hz and an attenuation of 40db at 1000Hz.
Q11. Explain the sampling rate conversion by a factor I/D.
Q12. What are uniform DFT filter banks? Explain in detail.
Q13.Write the input output relationship for a decimation by a factor five.
Q14. The prototype filter in a four channel uniform DFT filter bank is characterized by the
transfer function H0(Z)=1+Z-1+3Z-2+4Z-3. Determine the transfer functions H1(Z), H2(Z),
H3(Z) in the analysis section.
 SSM college of engineering
Department of electronics and communication engg.
Examination: Mtech (2nd sem). Branch:E&C engg.
subject: Optical communication systems (ECEM-910E3).

SECTION 1 ( OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS).

1- Which kind of dispersion phenomenon gives rise to pulse spreading in single mode
fibers?
a. Intramodal
b. Intermodal
c. Material
d. Group Velocity
2- In digital receivers, which codes are used to designate the sampled analog signals
after their quantization into discrete levels?
a. Binary
b. Decimal
c. ASCII
d. Excess-3
3- Multimode step index fiber has
a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture
4- If a fiber operates at 1400nm with the diameter of about 10 μm, n1 = 1.30, Δ = 0.80%,
V = 3.5, then how many modes will it have?
a. 6.125
b. 9.655
c. 12.95
d. 16.55
5- A typically structured glass multimode step index fiber shows as variation of
attenuation in range of
a) 1.2 to 90 dB km-1at wavelength 0.69μm
b) 3.2 to 30 dB km-1at wavelength 0.59μm
c) 2.6 to 50 dB km-1at wavelength 0.85μm
d) 1.6 to 60 dB km-1at wavelength 0.90μm
6- For a photo-diode with responsivity of 0.50 A/W & optical power of about 12μW,
what would be the value of generated photocurrent?
a. 3 μA
b. 6 μA
c. 9 μA
d. 12 Μa
7- A multimode step index fiber has a large core diameter of range
a) 100 to 300 μm
b) 100 to 300 nm
c) 200 to 500 μm
d) 200 to 500 nm
8- In single-mode fibers, how does the fraction of energy traveling through bound mode
appear in the cladding?
a. As a crescent wave
b. As a gibbous wave
c. As an evanescent wave
d. All of the above
9- Which feature of an eye-diagram assists in the measurement of additive noise in the
signal?
a. Eye opening (height, peak to peak)
b. Eye overshoot/ undershoot
c. Eye width
d. None of the above
10- Multimode graded index fibers are manufactured from materials with
a) Lower purity
b) Higher purity than multimode step index fibers.
c) No impurity
d) Impurity as same as multimode step index fibers.
11- In spontaneous emission, the light source in an excited state undergoes the transition
to a state with _______
a. Higher energy
b. Moderate energy
c. Lower energy
d. All of the above
12- Multimode graded index fibers have overall buffer jackets same as multimode step
index fibers but have core diameters
a) Larger than multimode step index fibers.
b) Smaller than multimode step index fibers.
c) Same as that of multimode step index fibers.
d) Smaller than single mode step index fibers.
13- In the fiber optic link, power transfer from one fiber to another and from fiber to
detector must take place with _________coupling efficiency.
a. maximum
b. stable
c. minimum
d. unpredictable
14- Multimode graded index fibers with wavelength of 0.85μm have numerical aperture
of 0.29 have core/cladding diameter of
a) 62.5 μm/125 μm
b) 100μm/140 μm
c) 85 μm/ 125 μm
d) 50 μm/ 125μm
15- Which method determines the dispersion limitation of an optical link?
a. Link power budget
b. Rise time budget
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
16- In single mode fibers, the most beneficial index profile is
a) Step index
b) Graded index
c) Step and graded index
d) Coaxial cable
17- The fibers mostly not used nowadays for optical fiber communication system are
a) Single mode fibers
b) Multimode step fibers
c) Coaxial cables
d) Multimode graded index fibers
18- Which is the correct order of sequential steps for an electric arc fusion technique?
A. Pressing of fiber ends for fusion
B. Application of heat for smoothening of end-surfaces
C. Alignment of broken fiber edges
a. A, B, C
b. B, A, C
c. C, B, A
d. C, A, B
19- A fiber which is referred as non-dispersive shifted fiber is
a) Coaxial cables
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Standard multimode fibers
d) Non zero dispersion shifted fibers
20- In an optical fiber, the concept of Numerical aperture is applicable in describing the
ability of __________
a. Light Collection
b. Light Scattering
c. Light Dispersion
d. Light Polarization
21- In the structure of a fiber, which component provides additional strength and prevents
the fiber from any damage?
a. Core
b. Cladding
c. Buffer Coating
d. None of the above
22- Standard single mode fibers (SSMF) are utilized mainly for operation in
a) C-band
b) L-band
c) O-band
d) C-band and L-band
23- Which kind/s of misalignment assist/s in the reduction of overlap region in fiber?
a. Angular
b. Longitudinal
c. Lateral
d. All of the above
24- Fiber mostly suited in single-wavelength transmission in O-band is
a) Low-water-peak non dispersion-shifted fibers
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Low minimized fibers
d) Non-zero-dispersion-shifted fibers
25- Which among the following represent/s the measure/s to minimize the
inhomogenities for Mie scattering reduction?
a.Extrusion Control
b. Increase in relative R.I. difference
c. Removal of imperfections due to glass manufacturing process
d. All of the above
SECTION 2ND ( SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

1- Explain the general configuration of an eye diagram showing the definitions of

fundamental measurement parameters. Also explain noise margin and timing
jitter parameters.
2- a) Define bandwidth and rise time of photo detectors
b)Explain optical receiver sensitivity
3- What is the maximum core diameter for a fiber if it is to operate in single mode at
a wavelength of 1550nm if the NA is 0.12?
4- Explain about power budget and rise time budget
5- A MMGI fiber has a core refractive index of 1.46, a cladding refractive index of
1.45. The critical radius of curvature at which the maximum bending loss occurs
is 0.84µm. Determine wavelength of the transmitted light.
6- An Optical fiber cable has a core refractive Index of 1.5. Two perfectly aligned
optical fiber lengths one butted together. Calculate the optical loss in decibels at
the joints where there is an air gap between the fiber end faces
7- Explain the principle of LASER action. What are the necessities for Lasing action
to take place.
8- Explain dispersions in single mode fiber in detail. What are the needs for
dispersion management.
9- Discuss the types of noise in Optical receivers.
10- Define the term Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture. Derive an expression
for acceptance angle and numerical aperture highlighting their relationship.

SECTION 3RD (LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

1- A step-index fiber has a core index of refraction of n1 = 1.425. The cut-off angle
for light entering the fiber from air is found to be 8.50o. (a) What is the
numerical aperture of the fiber? (b) What is the index of refraction of the
cladding of this fiber? (c) If the fiber were submersed in water, what would be
the new numerical aperture and cut-off angle?
2- a- Explain the impact ionisation in APD and compare the detection principle of
APD with basic P-N diode and PIN diode. Also define photo multiplication
factor.
b- Discuss Graded Index fibers.
3- Describe the material dispersion and Waveguide dispersion in detail using the
necessary derivation and compare the both.
4- Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with refractive index
difference of 1.6% and core refractive index of 1.48 in order that it may be
suitable for single mode operation for an operating wavelength of 0.9µm. Further
estimate the maximum core diameter for a single mode operation when the
refractive index is reduced by a factor of 10. Assume V number as 2.405.
5- Discuss in detail
a) Radio over fiber
b) Microwave photonics.
6- Discuss Isolators and circulators in detail. Also explain construction and working
of Optical couplers.
7- A- The quantum efficiency for an APD is 90%. Find the responsivity at 1600nm.
b- A silicon APD has a quantum efficiency of 75% at a 900nm wavelength.
Suppose 0.8µW optical power produce a multiplied photocurrent of 10µA. Find
the multiplication factor.
8- A four port multiport fiber FBT coupler has 60µW optical power launched into
port 1. The measured output power at port 2,3 & 4 are 0.004 µW, 26.0 µW and
27.5 µW respectively. Determine the excess loss and insertion loss between the
input and output ports.
9- Write in short
a- SOENT
b- WDM network.
10- A PIN photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65% at a wavelength of 0.8 µm,
determine
a) the mean photocurrent when the detector is illuminated with 5 µW optical
power.
b)the quantum noise current in a post detection bandwidth of 20 MHz.
c) the SNR in dbs.
 SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
M.TECH 2ND SEM
SUBJECT: ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II(ECEM – 906)
MCQ’S
1. M/M/1: ∞/∞ represents
(a)Multiserver model with Poisson arrival and exponential service
(b)Single server with Poisson arrival and exponential service
(c) Multiserver memoryless model
(d)None of the above

2. Traffic intensity is given by

(a)λ/µ (b) µ/λ (c)µ.λ
(d)None

3. LS for M/M/1: ∞/∞ model is given by

(a)λ/µ-λ (b) µ-λ/λ (c) µ+λ/λ (d)
µ.λ/λ

4. Lq for M/M/1: ∞/∞ model is given by

(a) λ/µ . λ/µ+λ (b) λ/µ . λ/µ-λ (c)µ/λ . λ/µ+λ
(d)None

5. WS for M/M/1: ∞/∞ model is given by

(a)1/µ-λ (b) µ-λ (c) 1/µ+λ
(d)None

6. Wq for M/M/1: ∞/∞ model is given by

(a) λ/µ .1/(µ+λ) (b) λ/µ .1/(µ-λ) (c)µ/λ.(µ-λ)/1 (d)None

7. Variance of Queue length (M/M/1) is given by:

λ λ
λ 2 λ 2 λ (1− )2
µ⁄ µ
(a ) (1 − µ) (b) (1 − µ
) /µ (c) λ/µ

(d)None

8. Average length of a non empty queue of single server infinite population model is
(a)Lu =[ λ/µ]2 (b)[ µ/λ]2 (c) µ/µ-λ
(d)None

9. Probability of a non empty queue of single server model is given by:

(a) 1-(P0+P1) (b)1-( P0+λ P0/µ) (c)(λ/µ)2 (d)All of
the above
10. Probability density function of waiting time(including service) distribution is given
by: (a)λ/µ (µ-λ)e-(µ-λ)t t>0 ; λ/µ(µ-λ) t=0
-(µ-λt) -(µ-λt)
(b) λ/µ e t>o; e t=0
-µt
(c)µ/λ(µ+λ)e (d)None

11. Probability density function of (waiting+service) time distribution is given by:

(a) (µ-λ)e-(µ-λ)t (b) e-(µ-λ)t (c) e-(µ-λ)tµ (d)None

12. For mechanical system LS is given by:

λ c
λµ( )
µ 𝜆 𝜆 𝑐
(a) (𝑐−1)! (𝑐𝜇−𝜆)2
P0+ λ/µ (b) ( ) P0+ µ /λ
(𝑐−1)! 𝜇

𝜆 𝑐 (𝑐𝜇−𝜆)2
(c)(𝜇) (d)None
(𝑐−1)!

13. For multichannel system Lq is given by:

(a)LS - λ/µ (b) λ/µ - L S (c) µ/λ - L S
(d)None

14. Utilisation factor for multichannel system is:

𝑐𝜆 𝜆
(a) λ/µ (b) (c) 𝑐𝜇 (d) None
𝜇

15. Which of the following relation are correct:

(a) LS = λWS (b)Lq=λWq (c) LS=µ WS
(d)Both a and b

16. Reliability R(t) of a system should be:

(a)higher (b)lower (c)zero (d)
none

17. Expected life of the device is given by:

∞ ∞ 0
(a)∫0 𝑅(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (b) ∫−∞ 𝑅(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (c) ∫−∞ 𝑅(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
(d)None

18. Which of the following relations are correct:

(a)R(t)=𝑒 −𝑡/𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹 (b) R(t)=𝑒 𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹/−𝑡 (c) R(t)=𝑒 −𝑡.𝑀𝑇𝑇𝐹
(d)None

19. The overall reliability is

R1 R2
(a)R1R2 (b) R1+R2 (c) R1/R2 (d)None
 20. The overall reliability is
R1

R2

R3

(a)1-(1-R1)(1- R2)(1- R3) (b) 1-R1R2R3 (c)(1-R1)(1- R2)(1- R3)

(d)None

21. Graphical method can be applied to solve a LPP when there are only ________
variables. (a)one (b)two (c)three (d)more than one
22. Every LPP is associated with another LPP called
(a)Primal (b)Duo (c)Non linear programming (d)None of
the above
23. All parameters in the linear programming model are assumed to be
(a)variable (b)constraints (c)functions (d)None of the above
24. If the feasible region of LPP is empty the solution is
(a)Infeasible (b)unbounded (c)alternative (d)none of
the above
25. The word ‘linear’ means the relations are represented by
(a)Diagonal lines (b)curved lines (c)straight lines (d)slanting
lines.
26. Linear programming model is based on the assumption of
(a)Proportionality (b)Additivity (c)Certainty (d)All of
the above
27. Any solution of LPP which satisfies non negativity restrictions of the LPP is called
(a)Unbounded solution (b)optimal solution (c)feasible solution
(d)Both a & b.

28. _________ is another method to solve a given LPP involving some artificial
variables.
(a)Big M method (b)Method of penalties
(c)Two phase simplex method (d)None of these

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Write a note on variable assumptions made in M/M/1: ∞/∞ queuing method.

2. Discuss the terms: (a) Balking (b) Traffic intensity (c) Reneging (d)
Jockeying.
3. Explain the following with reference to queuing models:
(a) M/M/c: FcFs/∞/∞ (b) Service discipline (c) Kendal's Notation

4. The mean time to failure of a particular type of component is 800hours. What is the
probability that a similar component will fail in an operating time of
(a) 200hrs (b) 400hrs (c) 800hrs (d) 1000hrs

5. The early failure rate of a component is given by h(t)= ae-bt. Determine the
probability of survival of the component from age T foa a mission time t hours given
that the component has survived upto ageT0.

6. Define the following terms:

(a)Reliability (b) Maintainability (c) Mean time to failure (d)
Availability

7. Explain Bath tub curve of failure rate function.

8. Obtain the study state equation for the model M/M/1: FIFO and derive the formula
for
(a) average no. of units in the queue. (b)Average waiting time of a arrival in the
queue.

9. Solve the following LPP using graphical method. Find the minimum value of
z=3x1+9x2. Subject to the constraints x1+4x2 ≤ 8
x1+2x2 ≤ 4
x1≥0, x2 ≥0.

10. Reformulate the problem into standard form:

Minimize z=2x1+3x2 subject to 2x1-3x2 –x3=-4
3x1+4x2 –x4=-6
2x1+5x2 +x5=10
4x1-3x2 +x6=18.
Where x3, x4, x5, x6 al l ≥0.

11. A self service store employs one cashier at its counter. Nine customers arrive on
an average every 5 minutes while the cashier can serve 10 customers in 5 minutes.
Assuming Poisson distribution for arrival rate and exponential distribution for service
time. Find:
(a) Average number of customers in the system.
(b) Average number of customers in the queue or Average queue length.
(c)Average time a customer spends in the system.
(d)Average time a customer waits before being served.
12. A checkout counter at a super market completes the process according to an
exponential distribution with service rate of 6 per hour. A customer arrives at
checkout counter. Find the probability of the following events:
(a)The service rate is completed in fewer than 5 seconds.
(b) The customer leaves the checkout counter more than 10 minutes after arriving.
(c)The service is completed in a time b/w 5 & 8 minutes.

13. Probems arrive at a computer centre in a Poisson fashion at an average rate of

5/day.The rules of the computer centre are that any man waiting to get his problem
solved must aid the man whose problem is currently being solved. If the time to solve
a problem with one man has an exponential distribution with mean time of 1/3 day
and if the average solving time is inversely proportional to the number of people
working on that problem. Find the expected system time for a person entering the
line.

14.If for a period of two hours in a day(8am to 10am) trains arrive at the yard every
20 minutes but the service time is 36 minutes, calculate for their period
(a)The probability that the yard is empty,
(b) The average number of trains at the yard.
The capacity of the yard is limited to 4 trains only.

15. Solve the given problem using Simplex method.

Min z=3x1+x2 subject to x1+x2 ≥1
2x1+3x2 ≥2
2x1+5x2 +x5=10
& x1, x2 ≥0
16.Solve the given LPP using Gomory’s cutting plane method
Max z=7x1+9x2 subject to -x1+3x2 ≤6
7x1+x2 ≤35
x1,x2 ≥0
x1 ,x2 are integers.
 LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. Prove that the probability of n customers in the system at any time in case of
poisson arrivals and exponential service times is given by Pn=(λ/µ)n(1- λ/µ)
2. Customers arrive at a bank counter manned by a signal cashier according to
Poisson distribution with mean arrive rate 6 customers/hour. The cashier attends
the customers on first come, first served basis at an average of 10 customers/hr
with service time exponential distribution. Find: (a) The probability of the number
of arrivals (0 through 5) during (i) 15-minute interval (ii) 30-minute
interval.
(b) The probability that the queuing system is idle.
(c) The probability associated with the number of customers (0 through 5) in the
queuing system.
(d)The time a customer should except to spend in the queue.
(e)The time a customer spends before leaving the bank counter.
3.On the average 96 patients per 24 hour day require the service of an emergency
clinic.Also on the average, a patient requires 10 minutes of active attention.Assume
that the facility can handle only one emergency at a time.Suppose that it costs the
clinic Rs.100 per patient treated to obtain an average servicing time of 10 minutes,
and that each minute of decrease in this average time would cost the clinic Rs.10 per
patient treated. How much would have to be budgeted by the clinic to decrease the
average size of the queue from 1 1/3 patients to ½ patients ?
4. Explain Simplex method of solving linear programming problems with an example.
5. Solve the given linear programming problem using Simplex method.
Max z=80x1+55x2 subject to 4x1+2x2≤40
2x1+4x2 ≤30
& x1, x2 ≥0
6. Solve the given linear programming problem using Simplex method.
Min z=x1-3x2 +2x3 subject to 3 x1-x2+ x3≤7
-2x1+4x2 ≤12
-4x1+3x2 +8x3≤10
& x1, x2 , x3≥0
7. Give a relationship for expected number of customers in the queue for infinite
population, single channel, Poisson arrivals and exponential service system. Also
derive expressions for Lq, WS and Wq for this system.

8. Obtain the study state equation for the model M/M/1:FcFs/N/∞ and derive the
formula for: (a)LS (b) Lq (c) WS (d) Wq
9. Explain Big M method (Charne’s penalty method) and solve the given problem
using this method:
Max z=2x1-x2 subject to constraints 3 x1+x2=3
4x1+3x2 ≥6
x1+2x2 ≤4
& x1, x2 ,≥0

10. Explain duality in linear programming. Find Dual form given primal form
z=3x1+4x2 subject to 2x1+6x2 ≤16
-5x1-2x2 ≤-20

& x1, x2 , ≥0
 SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

M TECH 2ND SEM

ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Course Code: ECEM -909

Very Short answer type.

1. Digital PAM is also called as_________________.

2. The Euclidean distance between two signal points in digital PAM is given as ____________.

3. The minimum Euclidean distance in a QAM system is ______________.

4. For a CPM signal if g(t) = 0, then it is called as ____________________.

5. For a CPM signal if g(t) ≠ 0, then it is called as ____________________.

6. The minimum frequency separation required for orthogonality is ______________.

7. Optimum filter has to maximize the ratio x01(T) – x02(T)/σ , in such a manner that
_______________ is minimum.

8. Probability of error of a matched filter is given as _______________.

9. ASK, PSK, QAM belong to family of signaling schemes called as ______________.

10. Error probability of BFSK is ______________ than that of the BPSK system.

11. If K regenerative repeaters are used in a digital communication system, then the probability
of error will be ___________.

12. The received power of antenna is given as _____________.

13. The rate of a convolution encoder is defined as ___________.

14. State of the encoder in a convolution encoder refers to __________________.

15. The convolution codes that are realized using feedback shift registers are called as
__________________.

16. The inverse of a convolution encoder is realized by using _______________ mechanism.

17. The periodic deleting of encoded bits from the output of an encoder is called as _________.

18.___________type of concatenation is used in turbo codes.

19. Puncturing process is done in order to ____________ the rate of a code.

20. For catastrophic propagation of errors the generators have a______________factor.

21. In maximum likelihood decoding the estimate is chosen such that the log likelihood function
is ___________.

22. The intersymbol interference arises due to _______________.

23. The function which produces zero intersymbol interference is ___________________.

24. ______________ is the practical way to study ISI.

25. Linear equalizers process the incoming signal using _____________ filters.

26. A linear filter with adjustable parameters to compensate for channel distortion is called as
_____________.

27. The maximum signal to noise ratio of a PSK signal is given as ____________.

28. If the constituent encoders of a Turbo code are same, the such type of turbo encoder is called
as _____________.

29. In Turbo codes, the function of the interleaver is to _________________.

30. Two encoders are said to be equivalent if ____________________________.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:

1. Explain different types of communication channels.

2. What are the different memoryless modulation schemes? Explain phase modulated signals.

3. Define mathematical modelling of channels. Explain additive noise channel model.

4. Explain designing of optimum receiver for AWGN channel.

5. Explain Matched filter with necessary mathematical expressions.

6. What is a regenerative repeater? Explain.

7. Explain catastrophic codes.

8. Explain inverse convolution codes.

9. What are punctured convolution codes? Explain.

10. Explain Eye Pattern.

11. Explain Inter-symbol Interference.

LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. Explain CPFSK system in detail.

2. Explain Continuous Phase modulation in detail.

3. Explain Digital PAM signals in detail. Give the necessary mathematical expressions.

4. Define PSK. Derive the mathematical expression for error probability of a PSK signal.

5. Define FSK. Derive the mathematical expression for error probability of a FSK signal.

6. Explain Performance analysis of wireline and radio communication system.

7. What are convolution codes? Explain transform domain of convolution codes.

8. Consider U = 1 0 0 1 1 1 be the input to the encoder given below. Generate all the
corresponding code sequences.

+
+
2

Input output

+
+

09. For an encoder with code tree shown in fig 1. Explain Sequential decoding in detail if
message sequence is m = 1 1 0 1 1, the corresponding encoded sequence is U = 11 01 01 00 01
and the received code word is Z = 11 00 01 10 01.
Fig 1
10. Explain Turbo codes in detail.

11. Explain Characterization of bandlimited channels in detail.

12. Explain Adaptive Linear Equalizer in detail.