Text One Twenty Minutes With Mrs. Oakentubb. Summary.: Question & Answers

English -XII
TEXT ONE
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb.
Summary.
Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb is a melodrama full of thrill and suspense. The
scene takes place at a railway waiting room. It was a stormy winter evening, 1955, when a
porter brought a lady passenger named Judy Oakentubb to the waiting room of a small country
railway junction. It was raining outside. She was carrying a suitcase, with a label of her name
on it. The porter also follows her. A man comes in briskly. Both the man and the woman are
strangers to each other. The man breaks the ice with a little grumble. The woman tells the man
that she lives at Stainthorpe. When the man comes to know about her residence, he becomes
curious because he is going to see a lady named Mrs. Oakentubb and wants to kill her. The
man tells the lady that he knows all about her character. He just wants to know about Mrs.
Judy Oakentubbs physical outlook.
She tells the man that she often thinks about chance and casual meetings with people.
These meetings are insignificant. But the man does not agree with her. He tells her about two
such casual half-minute meetings which have had the most profound effect on his life. One of
those meetings was with a Korean girl at front where he was seriously wounded. That brief,
casual meeting gave him courage to live. It gave him a purpose of life in which his wife and
daughter were killed in an accident by Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. She was drunk and driving
criminally fast so far she crushed both the innocent pedestrians.
He further says that having been killed two innocent persons. Mrs. Judy Oakentubb
was not convicted of murder even she was not charged with it so far she got away (she was
given) with only eighteen months in prison. The man tells Mrs. Oakentubb that she escaped
from punishment but now her punishment is about to come. During the conversion Oakentubb
suspects danger to her life. She is afraid lest the man should find out her identity. Her
identification was visible from the label of her suitcase. She hides the label to disguise her
identification. The mans suspicion is confirmed when he finds the label missing from the
ladys suitcase. The man wants to execute justice by killing her. He tells his plans to the lady.
She starts in play-acting. She overacts in the course of conversation. The man judges the
cunning so far he shoots her to death. in this way the man accomplishes his purpose by
revenging on Mrs. Judy Oakentubb.
Question & Answers
Q-1: Explain the importance of the label on Mrs. Judy Oakentubbs

suitcase. Why does she hide it?
Ans: The label of Mrs. Oakentubbs suitcase is far great importance because it bears the
name of Mrs. Oakentubb. If the man had not seen the label he would not have come to
know that the lady in waiting room was Mrs. Oakentubb who killed his wife and
daughter. There would have been no development of the plot and murder would not
have taken place if he remained ignorant. At the other hand lady hides it to disguise the
man about her identity would call her ruin.
Q-2: At what point in the play do we become certain that the man knows
that woman in the waiting room is Mrs. Judy Oakentubb? When, in
fact do you think he discovered her identity?
Ans: When Mrs. Judy Oakentubb tucks the label with flap we become certain that man has
identified that lady in the waiting room was, same who had killed his wife and
Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

English -XII
daughter. But, in fact in the play we see the man had known her in the very first sight
when he saw her suitcase.
Q-3: When is the audience likely to begin to suspect that she might be
Mrs. Oakentubb?
Ans: Throughout the play situation changes and it is when he says that he is going to kill her.
Here the audience is likely to suspect that she might be Mrs. Oakentubb.
Q-4: What motive has the man for murdering her?

Ans: The mans motive is to take revenge so far he murders her. She had crushed his wife
and daughter when she was driving the car very fast. But was not given adequate
punishment. So far man decided to take revenge upon the Mrs. Judy Oakentubb.
Q-5: In this little melodrama, the author keeps on building up the tension
then relaxing it, until the final moment of tension when the murder is
done. Briefly describe the chief moments of tension and what follows
after each one?
Ans: As we know that this is a suspense and sensational play. So it is full of tense events.
The first moment of tension comes when he describes the death of his wife and
daughter in that accident he shows his intention to kill her. Mrs. Oakentubb was
responsible for that terrible accident. The second moment of tension falls when he takes
out the revolver and warns her that he is going to kill her. The final tense situation
creates when he comes back opens the door and finds her putting her fingers at her
nose, takes out the revolver and shoots her dead.
Q-6: Why in your opinion, does the author made the porter a humorous
character?
Ans: As we know that the play is full of suspense and sensational incidents, so the author
makes the porter a humorous character in order to relieve the tension and sense of
tragic gloom which pervades the whole play.
Q-7: Suspense is an important element in a thriller. Briefly show how the
author keeps the audience in suspense for the answers to two
questions Will he find out who she is? Will he kill her?
Ans: The author (Frank Arthor) is notable for its skillful manipulation of suspense. Twenty
Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb is an effective little piece of thriller and melodrama.
Throughout the play the author keeps the audience in constant suspense about the
identity as well as murder of Mrs. Oakentubb by the man through detail psychological
talks. Indeed the suspicious of ladys identification persists long but at last he becomes
certain about her identity and he points revolver to shoot her but porters intervention
and ladys false remorse delay the murder, creating more suspense. Finally the suspense
is ended with the abrupt murder of the lady.
Q-8: Write a brief character sketch of Mrs. Oakentubb.
Ans: Mrs. Oakentubb is one of main characters of this play, named Twenty Minutes with
Mrs. Oakentubb. We are told about her appearance that she is an ordinary woman with
fair complexion, moderate height and weight with blond hair. From her dress and
speech she looks wife of a prosperous salesman. Through the mans talks it seems that
she is fond of attending cocktail parties. She is careless and cruel driver. This becomes
clear from his recklessly fast driving through a built-up-are a and crushed two innocent
mother and daughter for a bet of only five pounds. She is heartless and cunning and
shrewd because she feels no repent or remorse for committing a heinous crime. She
defends herself from the man and acting and false remorse over the murder of man s
wife and daughter. So far, her treachery and criminal acts is identified the man shoots
her to death. Thus she comes to her consequences.
Q-9: Write a brief character sketch of Porter.
Ans: Though the Porter is a minor character in the play but it keeps importance of its won.
The Porter is presented as a humorous character. He has loveable comic elements in his

English -XII
personality. He is romantic laid, jolly and jubilant fellow. Throughout the play the
Porter entertains the audience between the tense situation of the play created by he and
she, by his comic appearance and speech.
The Porter just brings the lady passenger into the waiting room and later on informs the
lady and the person about the time of trains arrival. Otherwise he remains off the
curtain of the play.
Q-10: Briefly discuss whether the play would have had a more satisfying
ending if the man had not come back through the door-seen Mrs.
Oakentubbs vulgar and impenitent gestures and shot her that is to
say if it had ended in Mrs. Oakentubbs collapsing with genuine
remorse and the mans decision that he would be adequately
revenged if she went on living.
Ans: Such plays are always end with blood-shed, killings and murders whereas evil doer or
villain meets with his consequences and innocent or hero is rightly rewarded. So far,
the play Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb has a due satisfying end because Mrs.
Oakentubb who is killer of two innocent persons is properly punished.
At the other hand we are of the view that if the play had ended a little earlier with the
genuine repent of the lady, it would have had comparatively satisfying end, but she had
no such feelings on her crime. So the play is satisfactorily ended with the murder.
TEXT TWO
English -XII
Reflection on the Re-awakening East.
Summary.
Bertrand Russell here narrates the history of transition of power from the East to the
West and vice-versa. According to Russell the East is getting right position and it will lead the
world in near future. In the early history the East predominated, but the Roman Empire took
away this domination in culture and civilization of the East. With a down fall of Roman
Empire power passed on the Muslim Caliphate later which replaced by the West through
British Empire founded in Asia.
Now again, after the Second World War in which West not only consumed its wealth
but also misused power and science and brought misery and destruction. The Asia is on the
way to progress in civilization and science. But Russian Communism is the most modern and
virulent form of Western Imperialism. Russell advocates and suggests the industrialization in
Asia. He says if Asian countries to revolutionize the industrial production and do not be part
and parcel of two blocks, America & Russia, they can lead the world. He points out that
mechanization in modern times is a source of power and progress and gateway to self
sufficiency, prosperity and economic stability. Scientific development is also indispensable
and it is life and blood of economy of any country. But science should not be misused or
misapplied for the purpose of war. Russell hopes that the Asian will not tend to wage war.
They will rather devote their energies to constructive objects to bring peace in the world. Asia
must hold its own traditional civilization. It must preserve its old culture and also adopt some
good features of the Western civilization. According to the writer, there are three live distinct
old civilizations in Asia Islamic, Chinese and Indian. At no cost they should be mixed up in
Asia.
Russell further says science and machinery are, no doubt, unavoidable but they should
not be allowed to oust traditional civilization, as was done in Europe. He says science should
improve our ways of life. But life must not be wholly mechanized. It must continue to contain
poetry, music, fine arts, love and the simple joys of life. Let not mechanization sweep away
simple joys and beauties of life. He says Asia will have no problem at all to maintain her
independence b/c the rest of the world is split into two hostile blocks but Asian nations should
remain neutral. No doubt the west progressed by leaps and bounds through scientific progress
and brought ease, comfort happiness and prosperity to human beings. But lust of power over
small nations, destroyed the western power. Finally Russell says that Asia will learn the lesson
from the mistakes of Europe and will continue its independence and progress.
Question & Answers
Q-1: Why it is insular for European Historians to term the centuries

after the fall of Roman Empire The Dark Ages.
Ans: It is insular for European Historians to term whole the world of centuries after the fall
of Roman Empire The Dark Ages, because the Europe was sunk in barbarism,
lawlessness and indulged into wars and indeed it was only Christian Europe whileas
Spain having been European country, besides the China and Eastern Muslim Countries
had brilliant culture and civilization. But due bias of Eastern countries progress in
philosophy, music, poetry and fine arts and in civilization, European historians term as
The Dark Ages,
Q-2: On what grounds does the author argue that communism is the
most modern and virulent form of Western Imperialism?

English -XII
Ans: (Bertrand Russell) The author refers communism as the most modern and virulent form
of western imperialism because Communist Russia is all the time trying to bring
smaller nations of the world into its own influence and domination by spreading
communist philosophy and all neighbouring European countries have adopted it.
Q-3: To what cause does the author attribute the power of England in the
early Nineteenth Century and the power of United states and Russia
today?
Ans: According to Bertrand Russell, the causes of Englands power in early Nineteenth
century and are the monopoly of machine production and scientific education, and the
power of Russian and United States in the present day is due to their supremacy in
science and Industrialization.
Q-4: Why does the author consider it useless to resist

industrialization?
Ans: The author considers industrialization as the backbone of a countrys economy and a
source of power. Without it no country can preserve her independence. Therefore,
according to author it is useless to resist industrialization.
Q-5: Does the author welcome cultural uniformity or not? How does
he justify his attitude?
Ans: No, the author does not welcome the cultural uniformity. According to him no great
culture has ever been cosmopolitan or international. He justifies this attitude by giving
the example of Asia which contains half of the population of the world. There are three
distinct civilizations that of Islamic, Indian and Chinese. They differ from each other
and from Christian Culture and civilization. There is no reason to expect them to act in
unison.
Q-6: How is traditional culture threatened in an age dominated by

science and machinery?
Ans: In the Russells view, modern civilization is based upon science and machinery. These
new elements in civilization are such powerful that have been super imposed upon
traditional ancient cultures. So they can not only uproot the bad elements of our
society, but also eradicate the roots of good feature of our old culture. Therefore, in this
sense traditional culture is threatened in an age dominated by science and machinery.
Q-7: What reasons does the author give for his opinion that the
nations of Asia will not find it hard to keep their independence?
Ans: The author points out that the world is divided into two hostile blocks i.e. Russia and
United States and both are interested to overpower each other. So they will remain
engaged in quarrels and could not interfere in the affairs of Asian Countries. Therefore,
it will not be difficult for Asian Countries to preserve their independence.
Q-8: What, in the authors view, has been the most serious flaw in
character of the West over the last few centuries?
Ans: In the authors view the most serious flaw in the character of west over last few
centuries, has been despotism, exploitation, misuse of energetic ingenuity and the lust
of power over other human beings.

English -XII
Q-9: What parallels may be drawn between the decline of the power
of Europe at the end of the Roman Empire and the decline in the
power of Europe since 1914?
Ans: The decline of the Roman Empire was followed by the rise of Muslim Empire.
Simultaneously the end of Europe began from 1914 and new nations came into being.
In Asia, some of which are passing through a period of political integration and
industrial development. They will very soon become leading powers in the world.
Q-10: What in the authors opinion should Asian countries accept from
the West and what should they reject?
Ans: The Asian countries should learn from the west, the spirit and idea of scientific
technology and research and revolutionized its industrial development. They should
reject lust of power over other human being and their exploitation and also it should
continue poetry, arts philosophy and love in the daily life.

English -XII
The Seven Ages of Man
References & Explanation
Stanza 1 The worlds a stage .. His acts being seven ages.
Reference:
This philosophical stanza is selected from the worlds greatest poet and dramatist
William Shakespeares popular poem The Seven Ages of Man a speech from As
You Like It.
Context:
All the world is a stage and humans are nothing, but actors. Their life is divided
into Seven Ages. Thus they play their role.
Explanation: In this striking stanza, William Shakespeare compares the world with a
stage or theater and human beings with actors, who perform their part in a play, and life
with a drama. The poet says mans play starts when he takes birth that is his entrance on
the stage of the world and ends when he pegs out which is his exit or departure. Thus he
plays his part in seven distinct ages. Throughout the life man is at the disposal and at
the Will of God, who shapes his character and manipulates him.
Stanza 2 At first the infant . Mewling and pucking in the nurses
arms.
Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
Through these lines the poet has pasteurized the birth of newly born baby.
William Shakespeare says when a baby takes birth in this world, he starts weeping and
crying. This is his Entrance on the stage of the world from where his role starts. It is
his first age and age of infancy in which cries and vomits in the hand of his mother or
its mistress. She looks after him. In this age the baby is completely helpless and
remains at the disposal of its mother or nurse.
Stanza 3 The whining schoolboy .. Unwillingly to school.

Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
In this stanza William Shakespeare presents the picture of the second stage of
mans life. This is his schooling age. He wakes up in the morning with a fresh and
bright face. His parents prepare him to send school but he wants to play. Any way he
carries a heavy school bag and goes to school against his will with broken heart very
slowly like that of snail.
Stanza 4 And then the lover .. Made to his mistress eyebrow.
Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
English -XII
rd
In these romantic lines the poet states the state of 3 stage of mans life as a
young emotional laid. It is natural instinct of man that he falls in love with some
beautiful and graceful girl. In this romantic period he remembers to his beloved hole the
day. If she is departed from him, he meditates with her and passes his days and nights
in her memory. But if she ignores him he becomes disappointed and feels heart-burn.
He composes verse in her praise and takes breath like furness. Thus becomes gloomy
and melancholy.
Stanza 5 Then a soldier Even in the cannons mouth.

Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
In the lines given above the poet, William Shakespeare says man s fifth period is
of an honest soldier. This is his practical age in which he is very active and alert. He
has been quite grown up and possesses great strength in his body. He is full of strange
kind of emotions which all the time make him reactive. In this part of life he is always
ready to fight for his honour. He defends his country and takes every risk in her defence
and does not stop to challenge his deadly enemy. He keeps the beard like that of a
leopard. He is quick in fighting with others. He tries much to earn fame which is short
lived and temporary like a bubble. He is eager to fall into cannon s mouth to become
famous.
Stanza 6 And then the justice And so he plays his part.
Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
In these lines the poet says mans fifth part in life is that of judge. He earns much
and eats delicious food like cooked cocks. He looks as a fatty man. He gets attainment
of his life, possesses wit and wisdom. His beard is properly cut either shaved or set. He
knows much about life and laws of society. He is taken as a wise man.
Stanza 7 The sixth age shifts And whistles in his sound.
Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
The sixth part of mans role (age) in this world is that of an old man. He has
consumed the wealth of his body. He has lost eyesight so places eyeglasses carelessly
on the nose and wears slippers in his feet. His legs are so weak and enfeebled that he
trembles and uses stockings and trousers which he used in his youth which are now
very loose to him. Thus he looks a joker. His voice also changes and it becomes sharp
and piercing like; of a child.

English -XII
Stanza 8 Last scene of all . Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans
everything.
Reference: ------------- same -------------
Context: ------------- same -------------
Explanation:
In these given lines William Shakespeare describes seventh stage and the last
part of mans life, full of strange incidents comes to an end. He becomes simple and
helpless like a child. He loses his memory, eyesight, taste, teeth. Thus his role of the
drama at the worlds stage completes and he says farewell to it.
Critical Appreciation
Seven Ages of Man

(William Shakespeare)
The Seven Ages of Man is a speech extracted from Act II Scene VII of
William Shakespeares world wide popular comedy As You Like It. It is sung
by Jacques, a noble man. The poem deals with mans life. It reveals the
philosophy of life and death in a poetical and beautiful manner. The poet
compares this world to a stage, life to a drama. And man to an actor.
William Shakespeare was the renowned playwright, poet, actor singer and
director of his time. So he has wide experience about he various periods of man s
life. He is the writer of several master pieces of English literature, among them
are the worlds greatest tragedies, comedies, histories and romances.
The speech depicts a very beautiful picture of seven ages of man. The
seven ages of man described in this speech are as below:
1- The age in fancy.
2- The schooling age.
3- Romantic and love making age.
4- The age of soldiery or of practical active life.
5- The age of Justice.
6- The age of wearing loose dress.
7- The age of melancholy.

English -XII
As we know, As You Like It is a comic play, so Shakespeare s approach

in this speech is not serious. His attitude towards man is humorous and
disrespectful. The speaker ridicules man at different stages of his life. He terms
man as a puppet dancing at the will of God, and at every stage of his life man is a
source of either pain or laughter.
The speech or poem consists of twenty-eight lines. The poet is melancholy
but a witty man much given to moralizing. It is full of will and meaning. In the
first five stages of mans life he is overflowing with spirit, but the sixth stage
takes on a melancholy. This speech is one of the best known poems of
Shakespeare. In form, the poem is in blank verse and regular rhythm can be
found in the last lines. Shakespeare often varies the regular pattern, the first few
lines are pretty regular but with the sixth line we have the commonest type of
variation. The poem is a piece of lively human speech full of maxims, poetic art,
meaning, spirit and tone. It has didactic as well as aesthetic touch.
Though the poem is in dramatic form of verse, but it contains stern facts of
life. The poet presents realistic view of life in a funny way. The sense of humour
prevails throughout the poem. Most of the words are taken from everyday
conversation. The speech is full of maxims and proverbs which manifests it
interesting and lovely. The words exit & entrance present deep philosophical
touch. They mean death and birth of man respectively.

English -XII
Text Three
The Day The Dam Broke
Summary
The Day The Dam Broke is a humorous story of James Groves Thurber s
Childhood. He is a leading humorist writer of twentieth Century America. He
lived at Columbus cit in U.S.A. The city was situated near the Ohio River.
It was afternoon of 12 March 1913 when a rumor was set in the Columbus
city that the dam of Ohio River had broken. Rumor was clarion call and it caught
all the inhabitants of Columbus city like fire of forest. All the people were
engaged in their activities and businesses. Some were working in the fields, some
were absorbed in their office works. Workers were doing their works in factories,
house hold were busy in their daily doings. While others were enjoying at
cinema. Means people from all the walk of life were active in their works. But all
of sudden when they heard that dam had broken and Go East, they started to
flee from particular places in order to escape from flood waters. The panic began
when some one started running towards East on Broad Street. Perhaps he
remembered an engagement to meet his wife at restaurant. There was a news
boy, who also started running actively.
Thurbers grand father when came across the panic thought it was Bedford
forest forces about to attack the city who kept the family at home. But finally
they left the house and ran to the East. Thurbers mother took a dozen of eggs and
two loaves and planned to stay at Memorial Hall and refuge on the top of it.
Some people were watching a film in Cinema. They were disturbed by the
tramp of rushing feet. Suddenly one woman by the tramp of rushing feet thought
that the cinema hall was at fire. When they had come out they heard shouts of
Go East the Dam Broken. The Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry who was
present at porch ran quickly hearing cry of child Go East. On the way one
person asked him cause of running. He asked the child same question and then
told the man and ran at greater speed than before. Within an hour he was leading
the fleeing people.
The author relates the story of a respectable person, Dr. Mallory. Who was
running. There was a boy behind him on the ruler skates. Dr. Mallory thought the
swishing of skates for the sound of roaring water. He shouted Its got us and he
ran faster than before and fell down. When the boy passed by him, Dr. Mallory
realized for what he had been running form.

English -XII
This panic and running, lasted for two consecutive hours and some people
got as far as Reynoldsburg, twelve miles away. But no body took little trouble to
make confirmation that what was happened? And every one believed blindly on
the false rumor, unless the armed men controlled the situation by announcing that
the Dam had not broken and nothing unusual was happened. Then the people
returned shamefully their homes and offices and became again active in daily
life.
The Man Of Life Upright.

(Thomas Campion 1567-1620).
The poem entitled The Man Of Life Upright is a simple piece of poetry,
in English literature. The poet describes the features of an honest and noble man
in a very simple way. The character of Campions upright man is very simple,
praiseworthy and dignified. This man possesses noble thoughts and pure heart.
He is devoid of deceit trickery and hypocrisy. He passes his day in perfect peace.
Neither sorrow can worry him nor can false hopes deceive or tempt him. He does
not need any weapon to defend himself. His good thoughts are actually his
weapons which defend him. He has no enemy at all. So he leads a carefree,
peaceful and contend life. He is always resigned to his lot. He believes in one
God and follows only heavenly book as his perfect code of life. He takes this
world as an inn and does not give much importance to this worldly life which he
passes soberly and silently.

English -XII
The poem The Man of Life Upright is written in simple language and
form. Each stanza consists of four short but beautiful lines. The rhyming scheme
is second line rhyming with the fourth. It is a fine work. The form and style like a
good poetry match the subject. To describe the directness and simplicity of the
honest man we have a poem which breathes these qualities in every line. This
poem resembles the poem entitled The Character of a Happy Life in the subject
matter, spirit, poetic diction and style. The poet says a great deal in a few words.
All beautifully chosen and appropriately used. Some of the words are very useful,
such as inn, a well-spent age, thunder, violence, terrors of the skies,
heavenly things and vaults. The phrases The horrors of the deep and the
terrors of the skies are apt and striking. The poem is very interesting and our
imagination comes into play when we read it imaginatively putting ourselves in
the period and place to which the poem belongs.
The poem deserves to be read deliberately aloud, giving full value to the
regularity of rhythm. Nearly all pauses fall at the end of lines. The poem is
religious in tone and spirit. It has didactic touch. It is one of the best-known
poems in English verse.
The Man of Life Upright

Reference to the context
Stanza 1
Reference: This simple poetical stanza is taken from the poem entitled The Man of
Life Upright composed by English poet Thomas Campion.
Context: The life of an honest man is simple but peaceful. Free from bad ideas and
wrong deeds. He is indifferent to hope and fear. Both cannot make him happy or sad.
But his honesty alone can make him happy and dignified.
Explanation:In this given simple and religious stanza the poet describes the life of an
honest man. The poet says, a person who leads a perfectly honest life, is satisfied at
heart. He never thinks of bad things.
Stanza 2
Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

English -XII
Explanation:According to the poet an honest and noble person entertains his time
silently and harmlessly. His simple pleasures are his great wealth. But enjoying them,
he does not give trouble to others. He is satisfied and happy with his conditions and
does not demand any thing worldly. Neither he is optimist nor disappointed and fearful.
Stanza 3

Explanation:These above given lines reveal the innocent character of an honest man.
He possesses great spiritual power. So he is indifferent to anything and is fearless.
According to Thomas Campion such type of noble man is not afraid of any person or
natural change. He believes in the supreme sovereignty of God and knows that God is
his defender.
Stanza 4

Explanation:According to Thomas Campion, one who believes in one God and
follows His commandments by leading simple and honest life, never gets fear from any
worldly disasters. This honest person is not afraid of any horror in the sea or in the
skies. Even natural changes cannot spell any effect on his life.
Stanza 5

Explanation:These given lines of Thomas Campion tell that an honest and noble man
never cares about good or bad fortune for himself. Being a dignified man, he remains
satisfied in his life. Because he does not want to become rich or famous. He keeps
himself in the company of Nature and natural things like the sky, garden and mountains
created by God. He gets wisdom from spiritual things.
Stanza 6

Explanation:Good thoughts are the gifts of the loftiest souls. So Thomas Campion says
an honest and noble person possesses pure heart and lofty soul so his thoughts are good.
His great ideas and good experiences are his real wealth. He knows very well that this
world is mortal and temporary and man stays here for short period like a guest. So he
should live honestly and spiritually
The Charms of Country Life.

English -XII
The country life is full of cheerfulness and charms really essential for a
healthy man. The country life is much different than the man-made things.
Whileas in country life one feels that he is in the very bosom of Nature, where
one can live in the presence of God.
The country, with its field and meadows, its lakes and streams, its hills and
woods, presents a scene for more beautiful than anything that a one can offer,
even more than the Heaven.
On the contrary the city does not offer such serene beauty. Such
magnificence and grandeur of varying hues blooming in the meadows by the
mountains raising their lofty height far into the skies or bye field of green corn
waving their heads in the breeze and looking like a vast sea of emerald!
The countryside is the region of peace and tranquility. The noise of
pollution of traffic and industries and the bustle that racks the nerves of town
dwellers form early dawn to dusk, this is conspicuous by its presence. The
stifling and oppressive atmosphere of the town, the feeling of boredom and
gloominess that overtakes one residing in the town in spite of its life and activity
are things practically unknown in the country.
The country is all bright and cheerful. Here there are piles of bricks and
stones stacked side by side in an unending line to choke the atmosphere, no mills
and factories to taint the pure breeze. A person can enjoy the pure open air to his
hearts content. He can sit for hours on end by the side of some babbling brook
and listen to its soft murmur as it flowers past its waves lapping the banks.
In the country one can watch the sun setting in all his glory behind some
high hills or in the bosom of a lake. He can hear the chattering of birds as they
return to their home. There is no one here to disturb his placid enjoyment of such
sights and scenes. Then as he contemplates all these beauties he feels himself
transported to some fairyland. Do towns and cities afford such charming
prospects?
The country provides infinite scope of innocent pleasures and enjoyments.
Apart from the passive gratification of the senses of sight and sound over one can
engage himself in active pursuits which are healthy and delightful. Rising from
bed early in the morning a long trains through breathing the pure air and
smelling the fresh blown flowers is indeed delightful. Then perhaps a dip in the
river and return home full of fresh and renewed vigour, what can be more
pleasant! Fishing fruits and flower gathering, picnics and similar other activities
are attractive charms of country life.
The social life in the country, though it has some drawbacks, nevertheless
is much better than that of town. In a town one does not know ones neighbours
weal or woe. It is unusual to find that while the pall of death hangs over one s
house, festivities and rejoicing are going on in an adjacent house.
It does not happen in the country. Here the people dwelling in particular
locality know one another fully well. Each family is familiar with the history of
all other families. They lead a sort of corporate life, helping one another in times

English -XII
of troubles and difficulties, sympathizing with a neighbors misfortune, or
rejoicing in his prosperity.
In the conclusion the country life is simple, natural, full of beauty and
charms. It is a shadow of Nature and Heaven; one who enjoys it, is indeed, the
happiest man.
The life in a Big City

The charms of city life are various which attract the people from all walks
of life. Life in big cities has its own comforts for those people who live in a
country.
The first and fundamental charm of city life is its communication facility.
The layman of country confronts the problem to go to anywhere. Whileas in the
city life this is not big problem. You can move from the heart of the city to its
end within minutes with the help of fast running coaches and buses. Here in the
city everything is at your own disposal. All kinds of things are available. There
are big shops, stores, like; utility stores, merchant stores, clothe stores, book
stores, markets like; vegetable market, sweets marked, computer market etc.
where we can get the things. Things brought from the end of the earth are
available in one particular place.
In a big city one can find the basic human facilities. Education is common
here; all kinds of educational facilities from the primary stage to post graduation
may be in the city. There are big hospitals and medical centers, which are
equipped with modern medical technologies and latest techniques and facilities.
Patient can get easy access to those medical centers where specialist doctors are
present to cure them of. Industry, which is the secret of progress and prosperity
set up in the city where it works with leaps and bounds.
Life of a big city is full of colours and cheers. Whole the day from the
dawn to dusk city is full of hustle and bustle. There remains the train of people
running here and there which aids into the charms of city. Theaters, cinemas,
lecture halls and other such crowds offer all kinds of entertainment on social side.
Even the poorest man can take part in these entertainments. Parks and gardens
offer a great deal of enjoyment to the children and families, who come and play
there. Playgrounds are also the gift of big city where young people play. These
playgrounds provide to youngsters the opportunity to take part in our national
teams.
The availability of services in the city attracts the service-seeking
educated people. Men of letters and literary touch are very easily attracted by the

English -XII
city, for here they arrange literary meetings and programs as well as they can find
the opportunities for writing and publishing their material and having recognition
they deserve. The courts, offices and administration deal with the great number
of peoples, which keep city engaged.
On the other hand besides the facilities, beauties and charms of big city
there are some major problems in city life. Here sound and industrial pollution
make the life most ugly. Houses are built so closely that they create congested
atmosphere where no one can breathe easily. The street terrorism is the big
problem in a big city. Traffic is the routine of life. Due to insanitary problems
city dwellers are compelled to use dirty and dusty water of tanks and reservoirs,
which is full of virus and germs. Fresh food and vegetables are not available
there. Therefore, life in a big city is always on risk. On the whole, life is not safe
and secure there. One can be killed or died any time and at anywhere either in
office, home and even in mosques.
Thus life in a big city is full of enjoyments and beautiful things. Basic
human facilities are available. Life remains active but it is insecure and on the
risk due to insanitary, and terrorist problems.
READING TEXT FIVE

Act III of The Silver Box.
New Words By: John
Galsworthy.
Word Meaning
Distinguish (v) differentiate, discriminate.
Distinguished (adj) remarkable, superior, different
Professional class (n) businessmen, middle class.
Sympathy (n)
Describe (v) to say sb or sth is.
Contemporary (n) a person who lives at same time as another present.
Humanitarian (adj) concerned with human welfare.
Humanitarian Moralist (v) improving the lives of people.
Fiction (n) imagination, not real, false, ideal, literature.
Middle-class (n) the social class b/w lower or working class and upper class
includes professionals and businessmen
Strife (n) conflict
Solicitor (n) legal advisor, lawyer, law agent, specially for land and
building.
Drunken (adj) affected by wine.
Mischief (v) evil, misdeed, badness.
Dissolute (adj) vicious, showing enjoyment of harmful pleasures.

English -XII
Liberty (n) freedom.
Charwoman (n) cleaner, servant on daily wages.
Fit (n) a sudden short attack of disease.
Parliament (n) group of people that make law.
Crime (n) offence, fault.
Identical (adj) similar in every detail.
Poverty stricken (adj) extremely poor.
Hush up (idm) suppress, be quiet, prevent sth to be generally knowledge.
Utterly (adj) completely.
Canopy (n) cover or shelter above bed or chair.
Surmount (v) to place or be placed on top of sth.
Unicorn (n) animal like white horse having one long horn.
Stare (v) gaze, look, watch, wonder.
Worn-looking (adj) tired
Magistrate (n) an official who acts as a judge in lower courts.
Warm (v) to wed
Relieving officer (n) who gives relief or relive other officers.
Bala (adj) without hair, plain, without explanation dull or plain.
Railed enclosure (n) having a palisade round it.
Seedy-looking (adj) poor.
Paternal and ferocious voice (n) harsh and fearful voice.
Dispose of (v) do away, carry through solve.
Usher (n) (v) a person of court whose duty is to present people before
judge.
Disillusioned (adj) disappointed.
Monotone (n) in dull voice.
Pause (v) stay, to stop.
Inscribe (v) to write words.
Break up with to end the relationship.
Lodging house (v) to provide residence on low price.
Beneath (pre) under.
Grizzled hair (adv) white and black hair mixed.
Muffler (n) cloth worn round the neck for warmth.
Collar (n) a band round the neck of shirt.
Living from hand to mouth (idm) hardly make the both end meet.
Pawn (v) to leave or keep an object in exchange for money.
Ill-treat (v) to treat in cruel way.
Emphasis (v) to stress.
Ascertain (v) to investigate, to find out sth.
Provision (n) arrangement measures, giving housing, education food.
Provide for (v) to supply, to give.
Looser character (adj) bad character.
Oblige (v) to force or requires, compel, impose a duty
Owing to (prep) because of, on account of.
Remand (v) command, detention, imprison.
In audibly (adj) slowly,
Distressing (adj) painful.
Take up cudgels (idm) fight to start to defend.
Cease (v) stop
Stir (v) (n) to move, to execute sb, to provoke strong feeling noise.
File into dock (v) bring at box.
Nod (v) to move ones head permit, to give concent.
Wisy dress (n) not thick or full.
Lean (v) bend
Haggard (adj) looking weak.
Unshaven (adj) not shaved.
Assault (v) attack
Admit (v) accept, to recognize, confess.
Execution (n) completion, action death, killing, performing of duty.
English -XII
Sullenly (adj) in bad temper.
Offence (n) vice, guilt, mistake, crime
Custody (n) protection, detention, charge.
Release (v) freed, liberate, exempt.
Recognizances (n) bond, surety, guarantee
Sworn (p.p.) swear.
Handed up raised hands.
Butler (n) chief male servant at house.
Dining room (n) a room where meals ore eaten.
Tray (n) plate, pot.
Employ (v) to give work to sb, service.
Communicate (v) inform
Employer (n) master
Metropolitan (n) capital city.
Instructions (n) directions.
Lodging (n) residence.
Thereupon (adv) immediately after that.
Possession (n) control.
Deny (v) refuse.
Interpose (v) to hinder
Hinder (v) to prevent or delay the progress.
Strike a blow (v) hit a blow.
Vident (adj) very bad, angry, lawless.
Bad language (n) abuse.
Frown (n) (v) a serious angry look causing lines on forehead.
Partake (v) to eat or drink, to take part in actively.
Demeanour (n) behaviour, conduct.
Protruded to extend.
Scatter (v) spread.
Hardship (n) difficulty.
Excuse (v) to give reason, pretest.
Parley (v) consult, advise.
Shake (v) move
Access to (n) approach.
Sooner quickly.
Goat and bells public house.
Keyhole hole in the lock for key.
Sofa (n) seat
Exactly (adv) definitely.
Beckon n (v) signal light, warning.
Clutch (v) to hold sth, seize sb.
Speak up (idm) to speak loudly.
Latch key (n) the key of main gate.
Supper (n) the last meal of the day, lighter than dinner.
Puzzle (v) to make sb confused, to be confused.
Desperately (adv) hopelessly, with great despair.
Blooming (adv) fully established, completely.
Conservative (adj) having old traditional attitudes and values.
Socialist (n) supporter of socialism.
Resolution (n) firm determination, firm decision.
Submit (v) to accept, to give sth.
Toff (n) rich person or belonging to high official family.
Pressed for money having hardly enough money.
Hastily (adv) quickly, hurriedly.
I decline to say (v) to refuse, to say sth.
Out of spite (n) malice, hatred.
Irony (n) ridicule.
Ironically (adv) ridiculously.

English -XII
TEXT THREE
The Day the Dam Broke.
Question & Answers.
Q-1: How accurate is the title of Thurbers essay?
Ans: As a matter of fact, there are some alarms in the world more terrifying than
The Dam Has Broken. In Columbus on Ohio, the broken dam rumor set the
citys whole population to flight. The panic in people was so great that
nobody cared to verify the fact. Given, the title of James Thurber s essay
seems to be reasonably appropriate.
Q-2: What can we gather about grandfathers age, physique and
mental condition?
Ans: The grandfather was a good old man. However, we cannot form an exact idea
about his age. Physically, he was taller than six feet and weighed about a
hundred and seventy pounds. The old man, however, did not look to be
normal and mentally fit, as he was mostly haunted by imaginary fears.
Q-3: How does the panic appear to have started?
Ans: Actually, the panic started, when, somebody in the main center of trade in
Columbus city, all of sudden began to run. Possibly, the runner had
remembered an appointment to see his spouse for which he was too late.
Besides, somebody else, take for granted, a newsboy also started to run in
excitement. In the meanwhile, an other man of worldly affairs also began to
run. Thus, without trying to know the reason, everybody started running and
crying The dam has broken! Go east! Go east! Go east!
Q-4: How did Thurbers mother cope with the situation?
Ans: Thurbers mother on this occasion, did not show any excitement. She put out
all the fire and took with her a dozen of eggs and two loaves of bread. She
planned to take refuge on the roof of the Memorial Hall, which was only two
blocks away.
Q-5: What caused the lieutenant Colonel of infantry to lead a fleeing
company of three hundred persons?
Ans: As a matter of fact, soldiers are used to quick decision as they are trained to
immediate obedience. The lieutenant colonel, as stated in the essay, was
drowsing in the porch of his house. All of sudden, the cry of Go east fell on
his ears. He saw a little child running in panic. He also started running to the
east, crying the dam has broke. Soon he was leading a fleeing company of
about three hundred guys.
Q-6: How long did the panic last and how was order restored?
Ans: The panic lasted about two hours in all. When the city fathers came to know
that it was a false alarm, the sent militiamen to announce that The dam has
broken. The militiamen riding in lorries, dispelled the panic and restored the
order.
Q-7: How did the panic started in the cinema on High Street?
Ans: At the time, some people were watching a cinema show. They got disturbed
by the tramp of running feet and the persistent shouts of the people running
outside in panic. A woman at the time cried Fire ! and everybody in the
cinema hall dashed for the exit. Outside the cinema hall, they heard the cry
Go east! The dam has broken and thus, they also started running to the
east, pushing and knowing down the children and women.

English -XII
Q-8: Why did Dr. Mallory think that the flood waters were about to
engulf him?
Ans: Actually, Dr. Mallory was among the crowd which was running to the East.
Behind him was a boy on roller-skates. Dr. Mallory mistook the swishing
sound of the skates for the sound of rushing waters. He, therefore, felt certain
that the flood waters were about to engulf him.
Q-9: How did the Thurber obtain the description of the event in the
cinema and the experiences of Dr. Mallory?
Ans: Mr. Thurber obtained the description of events in the cinema besides the
experiences of Dr. Mallory from his aunt Edith Taylor. At the time of panic in
cinema, she was in Movie Theatre on High Street. She also ran for life and
joined Dr. Mallory in the run.
Q-10: Why did the citizen of Columbus not care to talk about the
events of the 12 March, 1913?
Ans: The fact is that they felt ashamed of their stupid behaviour. They felt panicky
and demoralized at the cry of The dam has broken and did not try to verify
the factual position. Thus, they kept silent when somebody made mention of
the events of 12 March, 1913, afterwards.
The Charms Of Country Life.
The Country life is full of cheerfulness and charms really essential for a healthy
man. The Country life much, deferent than the city life. In a town one is surrounded by man-
made things While as in country life one feels that he is i9n the very bosom of Nature where
one can live in the presence of God.
The Country, with its fields and meadows, its lakes and Streams, its
hills and wood, presents a scene far more beautiful than anything that a town can
offer, even more than the heaven.
On the contrary the do not offer such serene beauty. Such
magnificence and grandeur as is presented by the innumerable flowers of varying
hues blooming in the meadows, by the mountains raising their lofty height far
into the skies or by the fields of green corn wearing their heads in the breeze and
looking like a vast sea of emerald!
The country side is the region of peace and tranquility. The noise of
pollution of traffic and industries and the bustle that racks the reveres of town
dowelle, from early dawn to late into to night, is conspicuous by its absence. The
stiffing and oppressive atmosphere of the town, the feeling of boredom and
gloominess that overtakes one residing in the town in spite of its life and activity
are things practically unknown in the country.
The country is all bright and cheerful. Here, there are piles of bricks
and stones stacked side by side in an unending line to choke the atmosphere, no
melts and factories to taint the pure breeze. A person can enjoy the pure open air
to his hearts content. He can sit for hours on end by the side of some babbling
brook and listen to its soft murmur as it flower past its waves lapping the banks.
In the Country one can watch the sun setting in all his glory behind
some high hills or in he bosom of a lake. He can hear the chattering of birds as
they return to their nests. There is no one here to disturb his placid enjoyment of
such sights and scenes. Then as he contemplates all these beauties he feels
himself transported to some fairyland. Do towns and cities afford such charming
prospects?
The Country provides infinite scope of innocent pleasures and
enjoyments. Apart from the passive gratification of the senses of sight and sound
every one can engage himself in active pursuits which are healthy and delightful.
Rising from bed early in the morning a long train through fields and meadows,

English -XII
along rivers and brooks breathing the pure air and smelling the fresh blown
flowers is indeed delightful. Then perhaps a dip in the river and return home full
of fresh and renewed vigour, what can be more pleasant! Fishing fruits and
flower gathering, picnics and similar other activities are attractive charms of
country life.
The social life in the country though its has some draw backs,
nevertheless much better than that of tow. In a town one down not know one s
neighbours Weal or woe. It is unusual to find that while the pall of death hangs
over one house, festivities and rejoining are going one on in an adjacent house.
It does not happen in the country. Here the people dwelling in
particular locality known one another fully well. Each family is familiar with the
history of all other families. They lead a sort of corporate life, helping one
another in times of troubles and difficulties, sympathizing with a neighbour s
misfortune rejoining in his prosperity.
In the conclusion, the country life is simple, natural, full of beauty
and charms. It is shadow of Nature and heaven one who enjoys it is indeed the
happiest man.
The Life In Big City
The charms of city life are various which attract the people from all
walks of life. Life in big cities has its own comforts which people living in
country.
The first and fundamental charm of city life is its communication
facility. The layman of country confronts the problem to go to anywhere. While
as in the city life this is not big problem. You can move from the heart of the city
to its end within minutes with the help of fast running coaches and buses. A here
in the city every thing is at your own disposal. All kinds of things are available.
There are big shops, stores, like, utility stores, merchant stores, clothes store,
bookstore, markets like, vegetable market, sweets market, Computer market etc.
where we can get the things. Thing brought from the end of the earth are
available in one particular place.
In a big city one can find the basic human facilities. Education is
common here. All kinds of educational facilities from the primary stage of post
Graduation may be in the city. There big hospitals and medical centers which are
equipped with modern medical technologies and test techniques and facilities.
Patient can get easy access to these medical centers where specialist doctors are
present to cure them of. Industry which is the secret of progress and prosperity in
the modern time can be set up in the city where its works with leaps and bounds.
Life of a big city is full of colours and cheers. Whole the day from
the dawn to dust city is full of hustle and bustle. There remain the trains of
people running here and there which aids into the charms of city. Theaters,
cinemas, lectures and other such crowds offer all kinds of entertainment on social
side. Even the poorest man can take part in these entertainment parks and gardens
offer a great deal of enjoyment to the children and families, who came and play
there, play grounds are also the gift of big city where young people play. These
play grounds provide to youngsters the opportunity to take part in our national
teams.
The availability of services in the city attracts the service-seeking
educated people to it. Men of letters and literary touch are very easily attracted
by the city, for here they arrange literary meetings and programs as well as they
can find the opportunities for writing and publishing their material and having
recognition they deserve. Courts, offices and administration deal with the great
number of peoples, which keep city engaged and full of people.

English -XII
On the other hand besides the facilities, beauties and charms off big
city there are some major problems in city life. Here sound and industrial
pollution make the life most ugly. Houses are built so closely that they create
conjecture atmosphere where no one can breath easily. Street terrorism is the big
problems in a big city. Traffic are the routine of life. Due to in sanitary problems
city dewellers are compelled to use dirty and dusty water of tanks and reservoirs,
which is full of virus and germs. Food and vegetables are not available there.
Therefore life in a big city is always on risk on the whole life is not safe and
secure there one can be killed or died any time and at any where either in office,
home and even in mosques.
Thus life in a big city is full of enjoyments and beautiful things. Basic
human facilities are available life remains active but it is insecure and on the risk
due to in sanitary, and terrorist problems.
Text Four
Pakistan And The Modern World.
Liaqat Ali Khan
Pakistan and the Modern world is a speech of the first prime
Minister of Pakistan. Shaheed-e-Mital Liaqat Ali Khan, which he made in
U.S.A. in 1950. In this speech he presented cause of creation of Pakistan and its
position is the modern World.
According to Liaqat Ali Khan Pakistan is a new State, a new
democracy. The early history of U.S.A and Pakistan is the same in nature as an
agricultural countries. The Muslim of sub-continent got independent and separate
state on various grounds. The Muslims lived side by side with three hundred
million Hindus. In this situation freedom from British rule meant to the Muslims
not freedom but merely a change of masters. Because after the British rule they
will have to live a perpetual minority of three to one.
The Hindus and the Muslim could not live collectively because there
were several religious and social, and economic differences prevailed between
both the nations. The Muslims were monotheist the Hindus were polytheist the
Muslim believed in the Finality of prophet hood at Muhammad (P.B.U.H). They
also believed other prophets while the Hindus did not. The Muslims had laws of
inheritance which discouraged unfair means of accumulation of wealth. The
partition of India saved the Asia from becoming a danger zone. When Pakistan
came into being we had no flag, no army, no administration, building, infra
structure, no capital and no funds to run the country. But from that critical
juncture of the very first year of their history as free nation, they developed and
made progress with leaps and bounds and maintained their freedom.
As a free nation, first of all, has to maintain its freedom at all. Our
demands us certain duties to be accomplished. It requires constant vigilance. In
order to attain the real freedom and right position in the world we should root out
poverty, disease, hunger and ignorance. Real freedom is that in which the
common man enjoys fruits of liberty. Pakistan has four principal principles,
belief in supreme sovereignty of God, belief in equality all men, belief in
democracy, and belief in justice.
There is great difference in the standards of living between Asian
and Western World. The Asian countries are falling various serious problems,
such as poverty, illiteracy, idea logical differences and failing democracies.
Liaqat Ali Khan advocates the Western World to help the Asians in uplifting the

English -XII
standards of their peoples life by sharing knowledge, skill and experience.
Secondly they must uphold the democracy in the world which is international,
and for the Worlds peace emergence of democracy in Pakistan, its progress and
future development or of great importance.

English -XII
Pakistan and the Modern World

Questions And Answers
Q.No:1 Briefly state the main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for
Muslims desire not to continue living in a united India?
Ans: The main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for the Muslims desire not to
continue living in a united India is that the Muslims will have to live,
after the independence of British rule, as a perpetual political minority.
They realised that under the dominating Hindu majority of three to one,
freedom from British rule, would mean to them not freedom, but only a
change of masters.
Q.No:2 What main differences does he point out between Muslims and
Hindus beliefs and attitudes?
Ans: Liaqat Ali Khan points out the following main differences between
Muslim and Hindu beliefs. (1) The Muslims are monotheists while as the
Hindus are polytheists. (2) The Muslims believe in Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H), in the Christ and the prophets of Bible whereas Hindus do not.
(3) The Hindus believe in caste system whereas the Muslim believe in the
equality of all man. (4) The Muslim believe in private ownership for
everyone and have such laws of inheritance which prevent vast
accumulation of Wealth. While the Hindus have no such laws.
Q.No:3 What advantage does he show the Hindus to have gained from
the creation of Pakistan?
Ans: The great advantage which the Hindus gained from the creation of
Pakistan is that they have got comparatively smaller and peaceful free
state where they can enjoy their religious and cultural beliefs, instead of
an uneasy and unwieldy state suffering from discontentment and disorder
on their own lines. It was necessary for the sake of world s peace that
British India should be divided into two homogeneous states.
Q.No:4 (Our administrative machinery had to be built up from scratch);
What does this sentence mean?
Ans: To Start from scratch means to start from beginning. The sentence means
when Pakistan came into being she had no resources. There were neither
administrative officers nor military personnel. So Pakistan had to start
everything from the beginning.
Q.No:5 On what grounds does Liaquat Ali Khan assert that the first
duty of the Pakistanis as a free people is to themselves?
Ans: The first duty of Pakistanis is to maintain their freedom. Without this they
would disgrace the fair name of free men and women all over the world.
Secondly they must be vigilant and hard worker.
Q.No:6 What does he state the real meaning of freedom, for the
common man to be?
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan states that real freedom for the common man is freedom
from poverty (want) freedom from disease and freedom from ignorance.
Q.No:7 What is meant by syntheses?
Ans: The synthesis is a process, which combines the different parts into a
single whole.
Q.No:8 What is the synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes is
necessary for Pakistan to achieve?
Ans: The synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes it necessary for Pakistan to
achieve is to do as much as she can do for the unification and uplift of
large number of free states, which are emerging nowadays.

English -XII
Q.No:9 Liaquat Ali Khan contrasts two emotions that the Asian peoples
tend to feel when they view the Western world. What are these
two emotions?
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan points out at two different feelings or emotions of
Asian people, that on the one hand they are filled with admiration at the
progress of civilization in the West. On the other hand they feel
discontent and uneasy at their own backwardness.
Q.No:10 What does he put forward as the two main duties today of the
Western World?
Ans: He (Liaquat Ali Khan) says in the modern World the West has two duties
on its shoulders. The first is sharing its great fund of knowledge,
experience and skill with those countries which are not given the chances
of getting it. The second duty is to demonstrate the world that true
democracy is international in its very conception and is essential for the
maintenance of world peace.
Text Four
Pakistan And the Modern World
(Liaquat Ali Khan)
Pakistan and the Modern world is a speech of the first Prime

Minister of Pakistan, Shaheed-e-Milat Liaquat Ali Khan, which he made
in U.S.A in 1950. In this speech he presented cause of creation of Pakistan
and its position is the modern world.
According to Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan is a new state, a new
democracy. The early history of U.S.A and Pakistan is the same in nature as
agricultural countries. The Muslims of sub-continent got an independent
and separate state on various grounds. The Muslims lived side by side with
three hundred million Hindus. In this situation freedom from British rule
meant to the Muslims not freedom, but merely a change of masters.
Because after the British rule they will have to live a perpetual minority of
three to one.
The Hindus and the Muslims could not live collectively because there
were several religious and social and economic differences prevailed
between both the nations. The Muslims were monotheists and the Hindus
were polytheists the Muslims believed in the Finality of Prophet-hood at
Muhammad (P.B.U.H). They also believed other prophets while the Hindus
did not. The Muslims had laws of inheritance, which discouraged unfair
means of accumulation of wealth. The partition of India saved the Asia
from becoming a danger zone. When Pakistan cam into being we had no
flag, no army, no administration, building, infrastructure, no capital and no
funds to run the country. But from that critical juncture of the very first year
of their history as a free nation, they developed and made progress with
leaps and bounds and maintained their freedom.

English -XII
As a free nation, first of all, have to maintain our freedom at all. It
demands us certain duties to be accomplished. It requires constant
vigilance. In order to attain the real freedom and right position in the world
we should root out poverty, disease, hunger and ignorance. Real freedom is
that in which the common man enjoys fruits of liberty. Pakistan has four
principal principles, belief in supreme sovereignty of God, belief in equality
all men, belief in democracy, and belief in justice.
There is great difference in the standards of living between Asian and
Western World. The Asian countries are facing various serious problems,
such as poverty, illiteracy, ideological differences and failing democracies.
Liaquat Ali Khan advocates the Western World to help the Asians in
uplifting the standards of their peoples life by sharing knowledge, skill and
experience. Secondly they must uphold the democracy in the world, which
is international, and for the Worlds peace emergence of democracy in
Pakistan, its progress and future development are of great importance.
Questions And Answers

Q-1 Briefly state the main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for
Muslims desire not to continue living in a united India?
Ans: The main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for the Muslims desire not to
continue living in a united India is that the Muslims will have to live, after the
independence of British rule, a perpetual political minority. They realized that
under the dominating Hindu majority of three to one, freedom from British rule,
would mean to them not freedom, but only a change of masters.
Q-2 What main differences does he point out between Muslims and
Hindus beliefs and attitudes?
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan points out the following main differences between Muslim and
Hindu beliefs. (1) The Muslims are monotheists while as the Hindus are
polytheists. (2) The Muslims believe in Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H), in the
Christ and the prophets of Bible whereas Hindus do not. (3) The Hindus believe
in caste system whereas the Muslim believe in the equality of all man. (4) The
Muslim believe in private ownership for everyone and have such laws of

English -XII
inheritance which prevent vast accumulation of Wealth. While the Hindus have
no such laws.
Q-3 What advantage does he show the Hindus to have gained from
the creation of Pakistan?
Ans: The great advantage which the Hindus gained from the creation of Pakistan is
that they have got comparatively smaller and peaceful free state where they can
enjoy their religious and cultural beliefs, instead of an uneasy and unwieldy state
suffering from discontentment and disorder on their own lines. It was necessary
for the sake of worlds peace that British India should be divided into two
homogeneous states.
Q-4 Our administrative machinery had to be built up from scratch;
What does this sentence mean?
Ans: To Start from scratch means to start from beginning. The sentence means when
Pakistan came into being she had no resources. There were neither
administrative officers nor military personnel. So Pakistan had to start
everything from the beginning.
Q-5 On what grounds does Liaquat Ali Khan assert that the first
duty of the Pakistan is a free people is to themselves?
Ans: The first duty of Pakistani is to maintain their freedom. Without this they would
disgrace the fair name of free men and women all over the world. Secondly they
must be vigilant and hard worker.
Q-6 What does he state the real meaning of freedom, for the
common man to be?
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan states that real freedom for the common man is freedom from
poverty (want) freedom from disease and freedom from ignorance.
Q-7 What is meant by syntheses?
Ans: The synthesis is a process, which combines the different parts into a single
whole.
Q-8 What is the synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes is
necessary for Pakistan to achieve?
Ans: The synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes it necessary for Pakistan to achieve
is to do as much as she can do for the unification and uplift of large number of
free states, which are emerging nowadays.
Q-9 Liaquat Ali Khan contrasts two emotions that the Asian peoples
tend to feel when they view the Western world. What are these
two emotions?
Ans: Liaquat Ali Khan points out at two different feelings or emotions of Asian
people, that on the one hand they are filled with admiration at the progress of
civilization in the West. On the other hand they feel discontent and uneasy at
their own backwardness.
Q-10 What does he put forward as the two main duties today of the
Western World?
Ans: He (Liaquat Ali Khan) says in the modern World the West has two duties on its
shoulders. The first is sharing its great fund of knowledge, experience and skill
with those countries who are not given the chances of getting it. The second duty
English -XII
is to demonstrate the world that true democracy is international in its very
conception and is essential for the maintenance of world peace.
The End
Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth
Arthur Hugh
Clough
This is the best-known beautiful and ideal poem of Arthur Hugh

Clough. It consists of four stanzas and each stanza has four lines. It
discloses very good moral that we should not say that struggle is of no use.
The said poem is abound in beautiful and creative pictures and images
which recognize it memorable and impressive. It starts with a striking
opening line and the last stanza touches to a very fine culmination. In the
first tow stanzas, we have a very beautiful image of battlefield, which
symbolizes life. Gun-smoke, which represents the problems of life and the
comrades, which symbolize the people or armies, engaged in a battlefield,
face to face encounter against enemy. This is a true picture of battlefield
and practical life. The labour and wounds are a fine image of ordeals,
difficulties and hardships of the human beings facing in real life. The word
dupes and fears are appropriately used. The images of chasing enemies,
fliers from the battlefield and smoke are used for what happens in real life
in which the human beings confront real dangers.
The third stanza shows a fine image of ocean and a man standing on a
beach watching the approaching tide. In this stanza the ocean is a symbol of
the world in which man is an observer or spectator of what goes on there.
Waves are an image of man trying again and again to get through. In the
fourth stanza there is a clear picture of a man watching the rising of the sun,
which is a symbol of light, betterment, knowledge, good omen and a sure
success provided that man, makes best of his life and resources available to
him. The daylight is an image or symbol of hope, goodness and bright
future. Light is an image of action positive and constructive measures and
optimism. A new day brings with it a ray of constructive hope provided
man, makes best of the new day.
According to the poet a man engaged in a great cause may fail to
appreciate that his cause is gaining ground just as a watcher of ground
breaking tide may fail to realize that it is really coming in and making its
room at the sea-shore. Like wise an observer of the sunshine may think how
quickly the light is overcoming darkness. Here the tide is a reflection and
English -XII
image much used in English verse. This tide symbolizes the human efforts
facing real hardships of life. The sunrise is a symbol of human hope that
over comes at all.
The diction of the poem is a very simple. Its rhyming scheme is first
line is rhymed with third line and second line is rhymed with fourth one. It
makes the poem lyrical. This poem is the most popular and intelligible
poems in English verse. This poem breathes the sense of optimism, hope
and vision of goodness in the life. The images used are apt and striking. The
poet has explained struggles in beautiful poetical, romantic and attractive
manner. He makes it clear that our effort never go vain. Efforts and
struggles are sure to be crowned with success. Man is born to be tested,
tried. Life is not meant for pastime but it is a mission, cause leading to
ultimate victory. Therefore, the importance of hope, courage and ceaseless
struggles in life should be kept at the first place.
LINES FORM SAMSON AGONISTES

John Milton
Basically John Milton possessed religious bent of mind and

believed in Christ. He has written on various religious and political
subjects. He had unusual descriptive quality. Mostly his poetry is
subjective and personal in thought. This poem is an ample example of
his descriptive work.
Milton describes the tragic story and pathetic scene in which
Samson Agonists, a powerful person of unusual strength belonging to
Israelites, sacrifices his own life and saves his nation from the cruelties
of Philistines. Philistines and Israelites were always at war with each
other. Once the Samson was made captive and blind by the Philistines
through the treachery of his wife. They demanded Samson of
exhibiting feats of his skill and power. For this purpose, he was
brought to a religious place where a number of priests, landlords,
captains and noble persons had assembled. There Samson performed
everything asked by Philistines lords. He shook, tore drew and pulled
huge weights for their pleasure.
There Samson thought of a trick to play something wonderful on
his own accord. He came beside a big pillar and requested to have

English -XII
some rest there. Suddenly he shook that main pillar which brought the
roof of that place upon the heads of those assembled there. Thus
Samson saved his nation from the deadly enemies of his race by
sacrificing his own life.
In this poem John Milton violently and wildly criticizes
Philistines the deadly enemy of Israelites who made Samson blind and
captured him. Milton terms Samson a hero and praises his power,
prestige and bravery. But this criticism is completely one sided and
personal one. At no stage Milton reveals the cause of conflict and bone
of contention between two nations. The poems is written in a dramatic
blank verse, but quite different than the blank verse of William
Shakespeare. In comparison to Shakespeare, Miltons verse is slow and
heavier because the order of words often deviates from that of normal
speech; for example: He his guide requested, What your commands
imposed I have performed. The sentences are long and complex.
Though the composition is quite poetic and dramatic and setting is
beautiful and appropriate but it is difficult. The diction and style of
poem is personal and powerfully grand which bears a stamp of unique
of its own.

English -XII
MUSIC WHEN SOFT VOICES DIE

(‫)موسصغص جّةهن مؤر آواز موكالقِّص وجُّ ن قًا‬
Percy Bysshe
Shelley
(c‫)قِنغصدص جّاقِّزو‬
Shelley is a romantic and idealist poet. He has his own world of
ideals, which we find rarely in the real world, but he is determined to
create them through his own fancy and imagination. His poetry is not

English -XII
bound with time and space but rather his poetry is forever and keeps
lasting effect.
Music When Soft Voices Die is the romantic poetry. This poem
is the shortest of all poems prescribed for the Selection From English
Verse Part-II, an intermediate English book. It consists of only two
rhymed stanzas.
The language of the poem is beautiful, simple, poetic,
attractive and charming. It keeps beauty of its own. The poet marshals
words in the lines very beautifully and romantically as a flower-boy
weaves a garland of flowers. The words vibrates, memory, odours,
violets, sense, sicken and quicken touch our senses of imagination
and accelerate it.
By reading and singing them one feels as if he is enjoying really
music or sweet smelling of beautiful and fragrant newly blossomed
violets. In imagination the poet incorporates our thoughts, the beauty
of rose, its petals and leaves, which go with beloveds bed. Beloved s
thoughts are a great source of solace and satisfaction and peace of
mind for a departed lover. In seclusion or solitude beloveds ecstasy
peeps into mind and it creates immemorial memory.
Percy Bysshe Shelly joyfully recalls the music to his memory,
which is no more heard, but it resounds in the memory of lover (poet).
In the same way when beautiful flowers are withered, their sweet smell
remains preserved in our senses, which enlivens and upholds for a long
time. Likewise, when the rose is faded away its leaves are placed and
piled on the beloveds bed to adorn him. (This is the romantic
imagination for a beloved). In the same way when his beloved is
departed from him, the moments passed in his company and his/her
love give relief and remain fresh and fresh and ever fresh.
The beauty of this poem is beyond measure. The poem is full of
rhythm and word music which colour marvellous beauty upon the
ideas expressed in it. It has a magical touch. The lines are so lovely and
easy that they can be uttered without mechanical exaggeration in his
voice. The poem exhibits beauty and goodness attached to the past and
memorable lasting conditions of beautiful things. Imagination is a
device that makes the past real and memorable. It is the imagination
that makes this short poem worth reading and enjoyable. It is through
imagination that the poet feels at home even after his beloved is away
from him. The words, their setting, their poetic beauty their lasting
English -XII
effects, their magical and literary touch are worth appreciating and
reading again and again.
Music, when soft voices die,

Vibrates in the memory;
Odours, when sweet violets sicken,
Live within the sense they quicken.
Reference: These given lines are selected from Percy Bysshey Shelleys
lovely and romantic poem Music When Soft Voice Die.
Context: In this short poem, the poet praises the lasting quality of love.
A lovely piece of music, sweet fragrance of flowers and beautiful
things remain fresh and fresh and ever fresh in the book of our
memory. Similarly, the poet hopes to love and enjoy the memory of
his beloved, even after she is departed from him.
Explanation: These lines are witness of poets belief, which tell us that
beauty is immortal which never fades away and does not lose its
charm. According to P.B Shelley beauty leaves indelible mark on
our memory. He means to say when any sweet music is no more
heard, it echoes and resounds in our memory through the faculty of
imagination. In the same way the sweet smell of violets lives in our
senses even when they are withered. Every beautiful thing leaves a
permanent effect on our sense. It is our aesthetic sense and
imaginative quality, which keep beautiful things and thought alive in
our mind.
(2)
Rose leaves, when the rose is dead,
Are heaped for the beloveds bed;
And so thy thoughts, when thou art gone,
Love itself shall slumber on.
Reference: Same.
Context: Same.
Explanation: According to the poet, rose leaves contribute a great deal of
work as well as produce aesthetic beauty. These leaves never lose
their charm and importance. They are as beautiful when withered
as a fresh one. Their fragrance, charm, attraction and beauty never
die. When rose is dead, its leaves are used to decorate the bed of
sweet- heart. They look sweet and lovely, even they are faded. In a
similar way, the poet expects to enjoy love and sweet memories of

English -XII
his beloved, even long after she will no more with him. To the
poet, love is immortal and remains ever green. It is the sweetest of
all delicate things on the earth.
This stanza conveys a very fine and sweet idea about love,
lover, beloved, smell, beauty and imagination. According to the
poet love is a sacred and imperishable thing. It makes life
smoother and loftier, one who enjoys love, beauty and fragrance of
the flower, is the luckiest person of the world.
LINES FROM ULYSSES

(‫)نظم صولصسس حان ورقِل اغقِقّاس‬
Lord Alfred
Tennyson
(‫)قِنغصدص جّاقِّزو‬
This is one of the noblest passages in blank verse. It is about human
struggle, his will power, courage and determination. Ulysses was a legendry
hero in Greek mythology, who fought with Trojans (the name of nation).
He was so daring and brave that became a symbol of courage, bravery and
struggle in Greek history. For this purpose the poet has adopted and used
his name as a symbol of struggle and dedicated the poem to him, through
which he conveys us the lesson of struggle and determination in practical
life. He says man should never ever give up before hard times, even at the
last breathes of life.
Ulysses, the old hero seeking one great adventure of exploration and
discovery before his death, addresses his sailors. He calls those sailors who
will operate his ship on the last great voyage in his old age. He encourages
them to compete and face violent and stormy waves in the deep sea, and sail
the ship for beyond at the side of sunset and bathing of western stars. The
poem breathes a great message of courage, struggle, efforts, determination,
tireless attempts and untrammeled spirit.
From this poem we learn that there is no any fixed course or time for
particular adventure. We can make the best of our effort and ourselves at
any time. In life we can achieve a lot. But for certain achievement we
should be brave, daring, heroic and determined. There is no end to our
struggles. Only death brings and to all possibilities. This poem presents idea
for men of affairs or those who are leaders and teaching them that they
should not surrender before any hardship or any cruel person, rather than
they should carry on their task.

English -XII
The poem is abound in symbols. Ulysses is the symbol of human
courage and determination. Voyage symbolizes an adventure. Old age and
life is the symbol of honour and pride. The sounding waves of the ocean are
message and inspiration for making never-ceasing efforts for a great
mission. The waves are an image of hope and courage. Besides, they are
also an image of problems and difficulties posed to man to his practical life.
The sunset is a striking reference of the atmosphere that great efforts can be
made in unearthly hours. The horizon symbolizes to nearness of destination
where one can achieve some goal of life. The twinkling of stars presents an
idea of goodness, guidance and good oamen.
In form the poem is in blank verse, which is the example of the
noblest word of blank verse composed during the 19 th century. There is no
regular rhythm in the poem. Only the last three lines are wonderfully
rhymed. The poem has noble diction and is full of images. The poet
conveys a beautiful message to the reader and advises him to work hard, do
his best and never to yield in hardships. Ulysses, the great Greek hero, is a
beautiful and living example of hard work and struggle for modern
energetic and busy man. The poem presents a good inspiration of heroism,
courage, patients, struggle, determination and perseverance.
LINES FROM SAMSON AGONISTES

John Milton
Explanation of the given lines of poetry with reference to their context
(1) He patient, but undaunted, where thy led him,

Came to the place; and what was set before him,
Which without help of eye might be assayed,
To heave, pull, draw, or break, he still performed
All with incredible stupendous force,
None daring to appear antagonist.
Reference: These dramatic lines have been taken from poem, Lines From
Samson Agonistes written by John Milton.
Context: John Milton describes in this poem that how Samson entertained
his enemies with the feats of his immense strength and how he took them unaware and
killed them by pulling down the roof of the hall on their heads. This was a great
sacrifice from the hero of Israelites, Samson for his nation at the cost of his own life.
Explanation: The poet describes in these given lines, how Samson, a powerful
person of immense strength, was led to the place where he was supposed to show the
feats of his strange strength to those lords, priest and nobles who had assembled to

English -XII
celebrate a grand feast. Samson was made captive and blind. He was asked to show the
wonderful deeds of his strength, which he always performed though he was in the
custody of Philistines who were his deadly enemies, Samson was quite fearless and
patient. He did as he was directed. Whatever could be expected by a blind man, Samson
did it wonderfully well. He heaved, pulled, pushed, drew, broke and bent things with
great power. There was no one to challenge him in physical power.
(2)
At length of intermission sake they led him
Between the pillars; he his guide requested,
(For so from such as nearer stood we heard),
as over-tired, to let him lean a while
With both his arms on those tow massy pillars
That to the arched roof gave main support.
Reference: ------ Same ------

Context: ------ Same ------
Explanation: The poet describes that after the show of feats was over Samson
was led to big pillars in order to allow him for some rest. Some people were standing
beside him. They heard Samson was saying something to his guide. Samson requested
his guide to allow him to recline against the strong pillars, which he could feel with
both his arms. He told his guide that he wanted to lean against the massy pillars to have
some rest.
(3) He unsuspicious led him; which when Samson

Felt in his arms, with head a while inclined,
And eyes fast fixed, he stood, as one who prayed,
Or some great matter in his mind revolved:

Explanation: The poet describes in the stanza that the guide did not feel that was
there any secret or wrong in Samsons request of allowing him to recline by the pillars
for sometime. So the guide let Samson rest as desired by him. Samson felt the pillars in
his arms. He stood silent with his head bowed and his eyes fixed on the ground. Those
who watched him carefully realized as if he were praying or meditating seriously on
some important matters. Actually Samson was planning to do something amazingly
great and wonderful.
(4) At last, with head erect thus cried aloud:

Hitherto, lords, what your commands imposed
I have performed, as reason was, obeying,
Not without wonder or delight beheld;
Now, of my own accord, such other trial
I mean to show you of my strength, yet greater;
As with amaze shall strike all who behold.


English -XII
Explanation: The poet describes through this stanza that at the time of interval
Samson was led to a place between to big pillars. There he addressed to those lords,
priest and noble persons assembled there and told them that he had done what he was
asked to do. He showed them wonderful feats of his strength which were enjoyed by
everyone. But now he is going to show them at his own accord some greater feats than
those ones shown earlier. Actually Samson wanted to take them unaware and pull down
the roof of the hall on their heads.
(5) This uttered, straining all his nerves, he bowed.

As with the force of winds and waters pent
When mountains tremble, those two massy pillars
With horrible convulsion to and fro
He tugged, he shook, till down they came, and drew
The whole roof after them with burst of thunder

Explanation: The poet describes that Samson wanted to save his nation by
killing the Philistines under the roof of the temple. Therefore, he gathered his strength,
took tow big and massy pillars in his hold, shook them to and fro and pulled them out
completely. As a result of that incredible physical force the roof fell down the heads of
those who had assembled there.
(6) Upon the heads of all who sat beneath,

Lords, ladies, captains, counsellors or priests,
Their choice nobility and flower, not only
Of this, but beach Philistian city round,
Met from all parts to solemnize this feast.
Samson, with these inmixed, inevitably
Pulled down the same destruction on himself.

Explanation: The poet describes when Samson pulled down the roof of the
temple upon the heads of all who gathered there, there took place a big catastrophe,
which brought about sudden and tragic death of the lords, ladies, captains, priests,
nobility, elites, cousellers and choicest people. As Samson too was among them, he
could not escape death and met the same fate.

English -XII
Text Five
ACT THREE OF THE SILVER BOX
John Galsworthy
Questions and Answers

English -XII
Q.No1: What purpose in your opinion, is served by beginning this act of
the play with the case of the livens girls, which has nothing to
do with the main story?
Ans: Actually the case of the Livens girls has no direct connection with the
plot of main story. But due to the dramatic requirement of the play, the
writer relates this case, which is highly significant to give information to
the reader that what is going to follow. The way through which the
Livens was passing his life due to poverty whose girls were wandering in
the streets without food and home. The English legal system was faulty
and the poor had to put up with a lot of injustice. As the Livens girls
suffered the Jones Children will have to suffer if their father go to prison
and mother became jobless.
Q.No.2: Why are Mr. Barthwick and his son so anxious that as little as
possible should be said in court about the purse and the money
that Jones had in his possession?
Ans: Basically Mr. Barthwick and his son Jack are afraid that the discussion on
the purse will disclose the crime of Jack who had stolen it from a woman.
The Magistrate would come to know that Jack was guilty of an identical
offence for which Jones was being tried. If it happens, the good name of
Mr. Barthwick would also be degraded.
Q.No.3: What function is Mr. Roper discharging in the Magistrate s
Court?
Ans: Mr. Roper is a lawyer hired by Mr. Barthwick and he defences his
interest. His function is to hush up the case and crime of jack.
Q.No.4: What facts does Marlowes evidence stablish?
Ans: Marlowes evidences prove that the silver case had been stolen and was
not taken.
Q.No.5: From the constables evidence we learn that Mrs. Jones was
the first to be charged with the theft. Why was this so?
Ans: Mrs. Jones was charwoman serving at the house of Mr. Barthwick. She
comes there everyday and in the case of theft of cigarette case it was
natural that suspicion should fall upon her.
Q.No.6: What led the constable to arrest and charge Jones as well?
Ans: The constable was going to arrest Jones but Mr. Jones resisted and
assaulted the constable.
Q.No.7: Briefly give the probable reasons for the Magistrates decision
to discharge Mrs. Jones.
Ans: Actually Mr. Jones confessed that he himself had taken the cigarette case
from Mr. Barthwicks house. While as Mrs. Jones was not fully proved to
be thieft of it. Therefore, the Magistrate took a lenient view of the case
and discharged her.
Q.No.8: Briefly discuss whether the Magistrate gives Jones a fair trial.
Ans: From dramatists point of view Mr. Jones is not treated fairly and injustice
was made with him. But obviously the Magistrate becomes strict against
Jones for two reasons (1) Because he assaulted the constable (2) Because
he had become rude and rough and lost his temper before the Magistrate
when he found the Jack exempted of the punishment.
Q.No.9: Assuming that Jones has received a fair trial, whey does this
act of the play leave us with a feeling that injustice has been
done?

English -XII
Ans: Basically the trial was not fair. Jack and Jones deserved same
punishment. But due to the influence and power of senior Barthwick Jack
was freed. Secondly our love and sympathies are attached with the
children of Jones. The offence for which he was tried was just a partly
one.
Q.No.10: What do you imagine to be the unspoken plea that Mrs. Jones
makes to Mr. Barthwick at the very end?
Ans: She makes humble appeal to Mr. Barthwick to engage her against as a
charwoman.

English -XII
Reading Text Five

Act III of The Sliver Box
(John Galsworthy)
Summary
The Silver Box is a bitter criticism (play) of John Galsworthy

on the contemporary legal system of Englands Court. It shows two
defects of the system. At the one hand poverty and joblessness make
man commit crime. On the other hand criminals are dealt and tried
indiscriminatively. The poor-fellow faces bitter punishment while as
influential and rich people hush up their crime through their social
status and power.
In this play we are told a story of two girls who were presented
before a Magistrate in London Court. One police office had found
them wondering and crying in the streets. They told the Magistrate that
they had no home. Their father had no work or job. Therefore, their
mother left the home and isolated all of them including their father.
Now they are helpless without food, clothes and home.
Then the case of Jones was presented. Jones was charged of theft
of a Silver Cigarette Case, from the house of John Barthwick, a
senior parliamentarian. Jones admitted that he had taken a Silver
Cigarette Box on the temptation and invitation of Jack Barthwick. Mrs.
Jones, a Charwomen working in Barthwicks house was present in the
court. She said that her husband was unemployed but he stole the box
at the condition of drunkenness.

English -XII
Jack Barthwick, son of John Barthwick, according to Jones, had
stolen a purse from a woman. One night he invited him at his house to
take wine where they drank too much. In the state of drunkenness he
took (stole) a silver cigarette box from there.
Jones had two innocent girls and was jobless without any work.
Besides, he took the cigarette box in drunken condition. But the
Magistrate gave him a bitter punishment by sentencing him
imprisonment. Whileas Jack Barthwick was exempted from the
punishment in the same crime. Because he was the son of powerful
political person having lot of wealth.
The writer compares both the condition and cases. In the first
condition in which two girls whose father was unemployed had to
wander in the streets without food. Whilst in the case of imprisonment
of Jones when Mrs. Jones will be jobless, how the poor girls would
survive? It is the question put forward by John Galsworthy by
condemning and criticizing inequality of people and injustice of the
courts of England. He suggests complete equality in the mankind and
people may be dealt and treated without any discrimination of Class
difference of power and pelf.
The World As I See It.

(Albert Einstein)
Summary
Albert Einstein is called the Father of Modern Science. He did tremendous work
in the field of Physics and Mathematics. In 1914 he was awarded with the Noble Prize.
He is well known for his Theory of Relativity. The credit of the invention of Atom
Bomb is also on his head. Not only he was concerned with science but he was very
much learned scholar, accomplished writer and political thinker. He was man of
versatile personality. He had earned a great deal of knowledge of life, universe, science
and politics, so it is of great value and importance to read his beliefs and ideas
regarding life, mankind, the universe and God.
Aim in Life:
According to Einstein, our stay in this world is temporary. We dont know the
aim of our life in this world. Our happiness depends on the smiles and labours of
others, some of whom we know and some are unknown, so man should be useful and
helpful for others, and lead a mutual life, on give and take basis. If other person gives
us some happiness and good things then we too should repay him in the same.
Social Life:
Einstein wants all the people in society to help and love one another. He likes
equality of people. He hates Class difference. He thinks these differences of lower

English -XII
class, middle class, upper class, privileged and deprived or disadvantaged
classes are made on force.
Limitation of freedom:
As excess of every thing is harmful. So Einstein also does not like extreme
freedom of person. He likes freedom of Action and Expression but in certain
limitations. Thus he disagrees with philosophers who want extreme freedom. In this
context he agrees with the saying of Schopenhauer, who says, A man can do as he
will, but not will as he will. Thus the is of the opinion that man does not only act under
external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity. Man should not
nurture and give birth to over ambitions in his mind.
Dignity of Labour:
Einstein thinks that work purifies man, so he should work hard to pass his life. If
he faces and confronts hardships and difficulties, he must challenge them and play his
role cheerfully, in all the trouble. Because happiness comfort and luxury of life are
mean and useless. For this he says, I have never looked upon ease and comforts as
ends in themselves. Such and ethical basis I call more proper for a herd swine . So
Einstein says man should not be Easy Go fellow rather than strong and hard worker.
Love For Mankind:
The author strictly believes in the love of mankind. He says that without the
friendship of man life would have been extremely meaningless for him. Property,
outward success, and luxury are useless in his eyes. Whileas love of mankind is first
place for him.
A Reserved Person:
The writer is very much reserved person. He does not like to mix freely with
others. He likes to be left alone. He knows this desire of isolation loses gay and jovial
spirit. But he is also conscious of the fact that by living alone, he can have independent
opinions, habits and judgments.
Political Belief:
Einstein is from the first to last a democratic and suggests democracy. He
believes that proper respect should be given to every individual.. He strictly hates
Hero worship. He says no one should be idolized or worshiped wrongly. He does not
like to entrust supreme power to one person in a state. He likes democratic rule of
government for which he admires American system of government.
Leadership:
He says that leadership and followers are essential for a society. But he thinks
that leadership should not imposed on the workers, rather than followers should be
given a fair chance to choose their leaders.
War is Contemptible:
Einstein loves peace and perfectly contempts war. He says, War brings
destruction and backwardness. He thinks that media and schools have corrupted the
interests of different nations.
Belief in God:
Einstein strongly believes in the mysterious existence of God. To him, God
controls the whole universe perfectly. According to him man has always tried to know
that mystery of God and this passion results in a religions attitude.
The World As I See It

(Albert Einstein)
Question & Answers

English -XII
Q.No.1: What leads Einstein to feel a strong sense of duty towards

his fellow men?
Ans: Einstein is very much realistic man. So he believes that his inner and
outer life depends on the work of other persons. Therefore, he wants
to repay and contribute in the same manner and measure to his
fellow men as he received from them.
Q.No.2: What is his attitude to property, outward success and
luxury?
Ans: Einstein believes in hard work, dignity of labour, and love of
mankind. So he hates property, outward success and luxury, he
terms them suitable for a herd of swine.
Q.No.3: What are the insecure foundations referred to at the end
of the last sentence of the fourth paragraph?
Ans: At the end of the last sentence of fourth paragraph of his essay,
Einstein refers sympathy, geniality, light heartedness and mutual
understanding influence as the insecure foundations.
Q.No.4: What, in brief, is Einsteins attitude to leadership?
Ans: Einstein loves democracy. He is a democratic. He believes that
leadership is necessary but he leadership should not be imposed
upon the people. People must be given complete freedom in
selection of their leadership.
Q.No.5: On what grounds does Einstein put the individual before
the state?
Ans: To Einstein, an individual is of great value because of creates noble
and exalted works. He says state is for people, people are not for
state. So he puts an individual before state for an individual alone
can create noble and sublime (things) a genius.
Q.No.6: What example does he give of service by the state to the
individual?
Ans: For the service of individual by state, he gives an example of United
States of America. Because there is such system of provision for the
security of ailing and needy persons.
Q.No.7: What is his attitude to war?
Ans: Einstein strictly hates war. To him war is mean and contemptible.
Q.No.8: What forces does he blame for the persistence of war?
Ans: According to Einstein the sound sense of the nations has been
systematically corrupted by commercial and political interests
through the school and press.
Q.No.9: What does he appear to regard as the most precious
element in human experience?
Ans: The most precious element in human experience is mystery.

English -XII
Q.No.10: What is his belief concerning the immortality of the soul?
Ans: Einstein does not believe in the immortality of soul.
Music When Soft Voices Die

Percy Bysshe
Shelley
(1)
Say Not The Struggle Naught Availeth

Say not the struggle naught availeth,
The labour and the wounds are vain,
The enemy faints not, not faileth,
And as things have been they remain.
Reference: These lines have been taken from the poem, Say Not The Struggle Naught
Availeth, written by Arthur Hug Clogh.
Context: In this poem, we find the moral lesson that we should not be hopeless of our
efforts, because they will not go in vain. Efforts always meet with success. The people engaged
in war should not lose their heart and never think that their struggles to win over the enemy,
are of useless to think that our efforts do not bring change in a society. Hard-work, struggle
and efforts never go useless. They always bring fruits and conditions do not remain same.
After the sadness we enjoy happiness.
Explanation: Through these lines Arthur Hug Clogh, suggests us never to give up or hands-
up. But we should keep on struggles about our mission and destination. In the long way of
struggle we should not look the gloomy side of it. We should never conclude that our struggles
are fruitless and conditions are the same as they were earlier. It is wrong to say that enemy
does not yield in spite of our continuous attacks because efforts and struggles are sure to
success. In this stanza, the poet tells us that we should not be disappointed and hopeless but
rather than keep on our ceaseless struggles unless we are crowned with success.
If hopes were dupes, fears may be liars;
It may be, in yon smoke conceald

English -XII
Your comrades chase een now the fliers,
And, but for you, possess the field.
Reference: ..Same..
Context: ..Same..
Explanation: Fears and hopes are integral in human life. But they must be considered
realistically in the sense they work in our life. Hopelessness and optimism is cheerful and
colourful aspect of human life. Man should develop positive attitude and optimistic approach
toward things. It is that feeling and belief which stimulate mans patient to work in practical
life. It is the source of creating new things and exploring the new worlds. It is the hope, which
arises man for an adventure. Whileas fear is the foe and opposite of our creation. It opposes
mans creative faculty, by which he cannot be able of doing any work.
In these lines the poet says that victory and defeat are the parts of man s life, but man
should not stop his struggle. Man should not leave his struggle due to the danger of defeat.
Things may be threatened but man should not surrender and give up at any circumstance
because of the fear of any thing. This is the fear which constitute pessimistic bent of mind,
which ultimately makes man failure and incapable to challenge any task. Therefore, the poet
advises us that if we have failed little bit, and if our dreams have not come true, there is no
reason to feel disappointment. It is possible that our fears may also prove false and we may not
face problems, we predicted. The soldiers engaged in war should not lose heart to see gun-
smoke and explosion of bombs. Because if we dare to help our comrades, they will defeat the
enemies and make conducive and peaceful atmosphere for us.
For while the tired waves, vainly breaking,
Seem here no painful inch to gain,
For back, through creeks and inlets making,
Comes silent, flooding in, the main.
Reference: ..Same..
Context: ..Same..
Explanation: In these lines, the poet proves his belief that struggles never go in vain by
giving a fine image of sea-shore and breaking waves. The poet says the tides and waves strike
again and again against coast to make their way in it and make it a part of the ocean. They
arise and break, it looks that they do not make any effect on the shore. But they never stop
their flow toward the shore. It takes us a long time for the completion and fulfillment of our
plans. The striking waves are an image of tireless efforts, and the ocean and its shore is an
image of hardships and impediments which we face in our practical life. Striking of the
tirelessly rising waves results gaining ground where the waves will flow and make the
possessed land a part of ocean through creeks and inlets. In the similar way our efforts bring
fruitful result through we may not know their immediate tangible and positive effect.
And not by eastern windows only,
When daylight comes, comes in the light;
In front the sun climbs slow, how slowly,
But westward, look, the land is bright!
Reference: ..Same..
Context: ..Same..
Explanation: The poet presents here a fine example of light, knowledge, hopefulness, success
and progress by picturizing the rising of sun, sunrays, daylight and the bright land. The poet
says when the sunrises its light appears slowly. It first throws its rays through the window
facing east. Then it throws light on all the directions. The sunrays spread allover the land
makes it bright and warm everywhere no matter what part of land may be. This shows that
success may come both from expected and unexpected sides. The sun, its rays, daylight and
eastward are a realistically fine image of human hope, success, progress, victories, betterment
and renaissance.
Lines From Ulyses
(1)

English -XII
Reference: The above given lines are selected from Lines From Ulysses written by
Alferd Lord Tennyson.
Context: In this beautiful poem, the poet encourages an struggling person who is
suspicious on of his effort for the mission, through the legendary hero. Ulysses was a
great Greek hero, a symbol of bravery, courage and ceaseless struggle who wishes to
undertake the last great voyage of his life, addresses his sailors to set off on voyage to
find a new world. Though he and his sailors are very old but full of spirit and courage.
Ulysses decides to continue his efforts till his death. According to him if man resolve to
attempt anything task and start struggles then nothing can deter him from achieved.
Explanation: In these lines the great legendary hero Ulysses, addresses him
companions who will sail his ship on the last exemplary voyage in his old-age. He
praises his mariners spirit, courage and bravery, who have helped him in every
difficulty, danger and shared good times. He asks them to test their mettle in their old
age as they did in the youth. He tells them that they are now old and weak but still they
can a lot with efforts, struggles and forceful attempts.
(2)
Reference: Same
Context: Same.
Explanation: Through these lines the Ulysses says that old age cannot make man feeble
and cant disable man from any task. Even in old age something great can be done with
hard work and iron-will. Old age does cause any effect in the way of our adventure.
Only death can put an end to the efforts of old persons. So Ulysses asks his sailors to do
something noble and great before they die. If they wish, they can fight bravely against
the gods.
(3)
Reference: Same.
Context: Same.
Explanation: Ulysses enthusiastically address his men and asks them to go with him on
a great exploration. He says one can undertake great mission at any time. As long as
man is alive, he can find new thing, seek explore and attain higher status of splendid
honour. These lines breathe spirit and courage to undertake exploration and make hectic
endeavours for fulfillment of his mission. It is never too late to mend. Thus man can do
a lot with his efforts and potential.

English -XII
Text Seven
The Devoted Friend

Question & Answer
Q.1: Briefly explain why the story of Hans and The Miller was
applicable to the water-rat?
Ans: The story of Hans and the Miller was applicable to the water-rat because
obviously it looks that water-rat was selfish and opportunists like the Miller.
Q.2: When do we first suspect that the Miller was not really a very
good friend to Hans?
Ans: In fact the whole story tells an insincere and selfish character of the Miller. So
we begin to suspect the Miller not really a very good friend when he decides not
the pay a visit to Hans as long as the snow season lasts. In this season Hans had
nothing to eat. He was in trouble. But the Miller used to tell his wife, when
people are in trouble they should be left alone and not be bothered by visit.
Q.3: How did the Miller justify his not asking Hans to share some of
his good things during the winter?
Ans: The Miller was a clever and greedy person. He was of the opinion that the nature
of poor person can be corrupted with the availability of things. So he justifies
him not asking Hans to share some of his good things during the winter. Because
with this Hans will be envious. He is his hood friend so he don t want to spoil
Hans.
Q.4: How did the Millers wife reveal that she too was ready to
exploit the generously of Hans?
Ans: The Millers wife was also directly or indirectly partner in the exploitation of the
generosity of Hans. As soon as the winter was over the Miller expressed his
desire to go to his friend Hans. The Millers wife appreciated the idea and asked
her husband to take a big basket. This thing shows that the Miller s wife too was
ready to exploit the generosity of Hans
Q.5: How did the Miller persuade Hans to carry the large sack of
flour to market?
Ans: The Miller was as clever as crow. He had made false promise to give his
wheel borrow to Hans. One day, the Miller brought a large sack of flour and
asked Hans to go to market and take it there. Hans was very busy at his work
and wanted to be excused. But the Miller persuaded him not to refuse, because
he is going to give him his wheel-barrow.
Q.6: How did the Miller justify his rebuke to Hans for staying in bed a
little later then usual after his returning from expedition to the
market?

English -XII
Ans: The Miller justified his rebuke by saying that he expected Hans to work harder.
To him the rest of Hans is laziness. He said that laziness is a great sin and he did
not want any of his friends to be idle.
Q.7: Why was Hans unable to look after his garden? What promise
was the Miller constantly holding-out before him?
Ans: Hans was simple and innocent poor fellow. He took every thing for granted. The
Miller always kept him busy with running errands for him. Therefore, he was
unable to look after his garden. The Miller constantly held out the promise that
he was to give his wheelbarrow to Hans.
Q.8: What was the supreme manifestation of the Millers selfishness,
which caused Hans to lose his life?
Ans: Throughout the story we find the Miller a selfish and insincere to the Hans. But
lame excuses of the Miller from not allowing him the lantern. The Miller s son
fell ill. He approached to Hans and asked him sent for a doctor from the city. It
was stormy night, Hans asked the Miller his lantern. But the Miller refused him.
This was the supreme manifestation of Millers selfishness, which caused the
death of Hans.
Q.9: Comment briefly on the Millers claim to have been Han s best
friend.
Ans: The Miller was a clever man. He pretended to be the best friend of Hans. But he
was selfish and insincere through and through. He did not give anything to Hans
but went on making him do his work in return for the wheel-barrow for which he
had promised to give.
Q.10: What is the effect on the Millers disclosure that the wheel-
borrow was totally worthless?
Ans: This disclosure proves the Miller false, insincere, hypocrite, selfish and mean.
Text Seven
The Devoted Friend

Summary
This is a story of two friends. One is rich and selfish person; the other
is a simple, poor and sincere friend. The selfish and rich friend takes ill-
advantages and uses his friends and gives him nothing. The poor friend
plays his part sincerely and devotedly. He believes in the devotion of
friendship, for this he sacrifices his life.
Little Hans was a poor but honest person. He was gardener and had a
small garden near his house. He had a rich friend, the Miller, owner of
flour-mill. The Miller always visited the Hans at his garden. The Hans
welcomed him and gave him flowers and fruits. Hans had no other source
of earning, his living. The only source was his small garden by which he
sold fruits and flowers. But the Miller frequently came and took away all
the flowers and fruits. Whileas the Hans had nothing to sell.

English -XII
Hans had no flowers or fruits during winter season while the Miller
had a lot of flour and other things to eat. In this season the Miller never
visited Hans nor did he offer him anything to eat. He believed that
friendship means getting help form friends, not giving them any thing. Yet
he showed to Hans that he was his sincere friend. Once in winter the Miller
promised to Hans that he would give him a plank of wood. Hans gave it to
the Miller but the Miller did not give him wheelbarrow. However, he went
on telling Hans that he would give him the wheelbarrow.
One evening Miller sent Hans to bring the doctor for his ill son. It was
stormy evening and there was pitch darkness. The Hans asked the Miller his
lantern for light on way. But the Miller did not allow Hans to carry it to the
city. However, the little Hans reached the city and doctor s house in the
darkness and storm. He took the doctor with himself. The doctor rode his
horse and Hans walked after him. As the doctor was on horse s back, so he
reached at the Millers house safely, whileas, the Hans lost his way in the
darkness. He fell in pool of water and drowned into it.
Thus, the little Hans lost his life and gave a great sacrifice for the
holiness of friendship.
The moral of the story is that two friends should help each other in
the same way. Neither of them should be selfish like the Miller. Friendship
is a mutual relationship and understanding. It is spiritual relationship in
which each friend should take care of other friends cares and honour. No
one use friends as a source of personal interests. The great philosopher
Khalil Jibran says, Friendship always takes sacrifice, but gives nothing .
This is right but it should be adopted by either sides. In this story littler
Hans who is a simple, honest and poor-fellow follows this maxim but the
Miller as rich and selfish person does not follow it.
COLLEGE LIFE
OR
English -XII
PLEASURES OF COLLEGE LIFE
Outlines: Introduction College life is interesting full of activities
pleasure of library conclusion.
The college is an institution of higher education, the education from
secondary stage up to degree stage. It is a place where students are offered
subjects according to their choice. This is that nursery which breeds and nurtures
professionals who manage the world affairs.
The college life offers a free life to the students. It is interesting and joyful.
The college life is colourful and cheerful. It has been rightly called the golden
period of students life. The students are concerned with eating, playing, studying
and enjoying. College is a proper place to get proper education and training. It
shapens our life, makes it professional and perfect one. It also gives opportunities
to show off our abilities and make a show of our personality. It teaches us
discipline, manners and etiquettes. College life is quite different from the school
life. Here the students are more free. The teachers and taught are friendly to each
other. We learn here to express our ideas, liking and disliking. We learn in the
college the values of social and voluntarily life, spirit of self-help and passion of
giving the first-aid to helpless and needy people. The college life in spite of cares
and burdens incomparable and memorable throughout the life.
The main function of the college is to prepare its students the true citizens
of the country. It gives academic and extra-academic activities. It aims at
imparting the students modern education and chances of developing their minds
and body. For the developments of the minds of the students there are
arrangement for publishing a magazine at least once or twice a year. There are
also provisions for debates, literary competitions, annual dramatic performances,
social gatherings, get-together parties, variety shows, educational excursions etc.
All these help in bringing out the talent of the students. They can thus realize in
what sphere of life they are likely to shine in future.
Sports play vital role in academic education. Sports strengthen the body of
students. Because games activate nerves of mind and accelerate its functions. So
there is a good arrangements of sports in the colleges. In a well reputed and
almost in every college there are Cricket ground, Hockey ground, Wali ball
ground, where students play various games of their own choice. Library is a one
of the gifts of college. This is the Heaven or paradise for a student. It is that place
of college, which attracts the students all the day. Here in the library there is a
good collection of books, magazines and periodicals, news papers which, aware
the student about happening around the globe and entertain them. Nowadays
computer lab and Internet café is the modern gift and facility of the college which
gives us modern knowledge, information, education entertainment.
The teaching method is quite different in the college from the school.
Teachers and professors of the college are accomplished and distinguished
scholars of their respective subjects. They are not only our teachers, but they are
our good friends also. They easily mix up with the students, play with them and
participate in their extra-curricular activities. Students feel at home with them.
They teach with friendly manner. They are really teachers, quite different than
the schoolteachers who are like a policeman, whole the time beating, punishing
and insulting the students. But the college teachers are polite, sincere, honest and

English -XII
friendly, who educate the students respectively and affectionately. Thus college
education is like a heavenly education.
The college is a place for cultivating friendship and exchanging views. The
students come to college from school with different views. But here these are
smoothed in association with the students of different tastes and thinking. Above
all a college gives the student a passport to the world at large. He earns a cultural
distinction, a professional competence, social and educational prestige. Our
college life will pass like a pleasant dream. But I shall remember those happy
moments, pleasure and activities of college life.
Democracy and Dictatorship

OR
Democracy V/s Dictatorship
Outlines = Introduction merits and demerits of democracy merits and
demerits of dictatorship conclusion.
Literally democracy means, a rule of the people. It has been defined as
Government of the people, by the people for the people. Modern democracy
rests on the principle of representation. The people elect their representatives by
their vote. These representatives attend the legislature and act on behalf of the
citizens. These representatives work for the betterment and welfare of the people.
They make such governments, which give the citizens easy and stable life, peace,
prosperity, basic human rights, food, health, education and respect etc. If the
citizens think that their elected members do not represent them in the system or
legislation, they can change the government and do not re-elect them.
In theory, the democracy is the best form of government. It is a
government of the people as distinguished, the government of individual or of a
class of people. It makes all the citizens interested and satisfied in their country
by giving them a voice in legislation. It gives them a feeling of importance and a
sense of responsibility. Another merit of democracy is that it is less liable to
revolution than other form of government. Since people themselves elect the
members of government the need for a revolution does not arise. In addition to
this, the finest gift of the democracy is this that is usually guarantees the
freedom of action. Expression and Thought. This three-fold freedom is a very
great advantage as it enables the individual to grow freely. Democracy thus
offers the most favourable atmosphere for the development of human personality.
Apart from the merits of democracy, it has certain dangers too, the greatest
of which is that it may be the rule of ignorants. The great English political thinker
and writer Carlyle say, Nine people out of every ten are fool , and citizens who
are not sufficiently intelligent or educated can commit errors of judgment in
casting of votes. Thus the best men may fail to get elected. Generally elections
are a matter of propaganda. So the corrupt and fool persons can be elected
through the propaganda. Another criticism of democracy is that it is wanting in
efficiency. For prompt and effective action, unity of action is essential Napoleon
says, One bad General is better than the Parliament of fools. In the majority
much unprofitable discussion takes place. Whereas unity of control is needed for
a vigorous national life. Another defect of democracy is said that in times of war
secrecy in military affairs becomes difficult and then the opposition lowers the
morale of people by its loud condemnation of the action of cabinet.
As contrary to democracy, there is dictatorship. This is the system of
government ruled by single person. It is certainly not without its merits as well as
English -XII
demerits. As Carlyle points out, Society is an organism not a machine. So no
mechanical system like the ballot-box can, therefore, prove satisfactory. The
safer course is to give all powers to a single person. The dictatorship must, of
course, be one who has an exceptional ability to organize direct and administer.
Parliamentary rule usually means government by those politicians whose
purview is strictly limited by their private interests. On the other hand a dictator
said to be concentrated on uplifting and improving his country. This is borne put
by phenomenal success achieved by Hitler and Mussolini in their respective
countries.
Unfortunately, the methods of dictatorship are ruthless. Dictatorship
employees force and violence to maintain itself. It resorts to physical
compulsion, prisons, concentration camps, censorship on press, radio, television
and all the media and execution. A dictator cannot afford opposition and
criticism. He is neither responsible nor accountable to any legislation, parliament,
assembly or any court of law. Thus there can be no freedom of thought or speech
under such a system. Intensive propaganda is employed, as was done in Germany
during the regime of Hitler, to retain the support of people. Therefore,
dictatorship by its very nature hampers the free development of the human
personality. It does not allow for diversity of political opinion and belief but
tends to political status-co and regimentation. The greatest danger of dictatorship
is its liking for war as an instrument of national aggrandizement, practically
every dictator preaches war.
Students and Politics
Outlines = Introduction student should not take part in politics. The

primary duty of the students is to study. Immature should not
handle the affairs. Politician exploits the students. Complete
indifference not adopted conclusion.
Politics is the refugee of scoundrels Dr. Johnson.
Politics is bed practice or not, but nowadays its picture which we find
is not conducive and healthy practice for society. Today politics is business
of those persons who are useless and cowards. It is said that those who
cannot do any work they take part in politics. In fact a politician, if he
wants to be successful should either be a rogue or become a rogue after
entering politics. It is not possible for an honest man to remain in politics
for long time because politician has to tell lies, make false promises and
loves his own interests. Despite these negative aspects of politics it has
glamour to attract. A number of people with the remote hopes of coming to
the top ruin their careers. Moreover politics is so much time-consuming that
it is not possible for a person to devote attention to anything else.
By keeping the above-mentioned aspects of politics, we can say that
students should not take part in politics. The primary duty of the students is
towards their education; they should not indulge in politics because it will
divert their attention and make them to follow the wrong path. If they
neglect their studies their whole life will be unhappy. Politics creates

English -XII
tension in their mind. On the other hand studies require a very balanced and
patient approach.
Students are immature and innocent. They dont know both sides of
the coin. So politics should not be introduced in the colleges and
universities. Because at the one hand students are not able to manage or
handle affairs of state. At the other hand political activities violate the
atmosphere of school, college and university. So it is said that the students
being immature should never indulge in politics because it is not in the
national interests.
Mostly the politicians exploit the students. They try to utilize the
youth force for their personal benefits. This tendency is also not conducive
to the welfare of a nation. This type of exploitation generally results in
violence. In fact the student are not so much interested in politics as the
politicians want them to be.
Some people say that complete indifference to politics will make the
students politically ignorant. In a democratic state citizen/students must be
politically aware. They say that although students take part in politics or not
but they should understand politics and the affairs of a state. As a student is
learner, his first and foremost duty is to read and know. But this does not
mean that he should be unaware with and indifferent to the current affairs
and issues of the world, specially of his own country. It is not suggested
that student should be completely away from politics. The only advice that
should be given to them is that for all noble causes they should play their
role selflessly and no undesirable activity may be carried out in the colleges
and universities, which disturb the academic system and cause violence
there. While as positive activity may be nurtured.
War And Peace
War is unnatural to man but man cant avoid it.

Man is a social being and he does not like fight or war at all. Because
it brings destruction and miseries for a society or community. Man wants to
live in peaceful atmosphere but by some or the other way war breaks out.
The war halts and blocks human progress and peace. The world is witness
of two great wars including various one to one wars.
The modern war is highly destructive, yet countries fight. World
organizations like UNO have tried their best to stop countries from waging
war, but it did not meet admirable success. The question arises how a
English -XII
country can remain at peace if other countries cause a threat of attack at any
time. Because in the world scenario every country happens to be at struggle
leading in the race of power.
We can live in peace only if we are strong. Naturally other countries,
having not friendly terms, will take advantage of our weakness. If we are
not strengthened and are weak, they will attack us to settle their disputes
with us or to take away parts of our country. This has happened so many
times in the past. Germany attacked the weaker European countries during
the first and second World wars. Israel took away Palestine from the Arabs,
America attacked and took over Afghanistan and Iraq.
The big powers i.e. the United States of America, Russia, Britain,
France and other powerful countries are all the time trying to become
stronger than other. In this race they have invented Atomic Bombs, nuclear
energy and weapons of mass destruction. They are producing still more
dangerous weapons to threat other countries to make sure that no other
country could start a war against them. This practice is also followed by
less powerful countries of Asia and Africa. They spent greater portion of
their budget on defence and arming themselves with deadly weapons. So
every country makes due preparations of war for defence or peace because
according to them without these preparations they will not remain in peace.
A country like ours, India or Burma and Turkey cannot easily afford
the heavy expenditures of war practice and preparations. The money, which
we spend on Army and defence measures, can be spent on the betterment of
the common people for the alleviation of poverty, disease and literacy. If
we exert a little portion of our budget, which issued to Army, we can
improve the conditions of our people, who are the real power and pride of
the country. But these countries are afraid of being attacked from outside so
they continue arming themselves.
Conclusion:
No doubt the preparation of arming itself is essential but the countries
should settle their conflicts with neighbouring countries and cultivate
friendly relations with each other. So that we cannot have a fear to be
attacked by the others. Thus we can improve the conditions of our common
people by giving them basic facilities like health, food and house facilities.
Thus we can minimize the chances of wars.
The Lost Star

English -XII
(‫)الهامص روشنص جّو قِارو جّصكو بم قًص وصو‬
(Ghulam Ali Allana)
Ghullam Ali Allana is a Sindhi poet and like most of the classical
Sindhi poets he is imbibed with mysticism. Although he was a learned man
of worldly affairs much interested in politics, but in all his business, affairs
and interests, he had mystic tendency. Undoubtedly, some of English poets
are mystic, but mysticism of Sindh and Sindhi people is unique, which is
observed in the poetry of soofi saints. They find God within themselves;
they try to seek God among the people. This poem is also the reflection of
that tendency.
This is one of G.A Allanas best-known poems. It consists of 26
simple and beautiful lines. In this poem the poet speaks about existence of
man and his relationship with God. He tells us the origin or reality of man,
status and power of man, when blessed with Divine Light and Fall of
man. In the first stanza the poet speaks about his own creation when his
being was mean. Later on the Creator blessed him with never ceasing
immensity, with this he (poet) felt great many things and the worlds present
within his being. This is the wonderful Rise of man.
But since he (man) became ambitious of the world and spoiled his
self then he lost his unique spiritual quality and Divine power, which once
he possessed. Now he is completely changed and lowered to dull and
insignificant station of life. The Light, which he had and enlightened his
soul and heart is no more present within him. He is no more that noble and
gifted person. This is the Fall of man. He is now among those rebels, who
challenge Truth, defy Creator and blot Reality. He is even so blasphemous
that he speaks low of the Almighty and undermine sacredness and sanctity
of the One, the fountain of the Truth, Power, Light, Right and imperishable
Image of the universe. The poet now feels himself completely lost and
ruined. He is now like a dead man who wanders in imaginary worlds
without guidance.
The poem is religious, spiritual, philosophical and mystic. It is about
something unique, great and precious, which once lost can rarely be revived
or found again. It is about creation of man, his infinitude after bestowal of
blessing from God and his knowledge, greatness, power and control over
the other creatures. The poem beautifully describes the relationship of the
Creator with creatures, the relationship of the creatures with the universe
and the Rise of man and his Fall from that climax in which he enjoyed
zenith, greatness, boundlessness and real blessings of his Creator. The poem
is didactic and full of great message. It conveys the idea of man to the other
objects of the universe. The poem also expresses a sense of repentance and
confession on the part of man, who goes astray. The words and phrases like
infinitude, immensity, mirror of eternity, constellation, insignificant
atom, a chaotic cosmos, drugged soul, Truth, irrefutable, the

English -XII
mirror of Reality, the Primeval Spark and the lost Star are beautifully
chosen and appropriately used. The poem has some very beautiful images,
which explain its beauty and the lost Star is an image of Divine light, which
is lost. The poet is an image of Man, who symbolizes the whole mankind.
Visionary worlds are images of guidelessness. The Primeval Spark is the
image and symbol of Divine light and earlier rise of man. The poem is one
of the best-known religious-cum-mystic poems in English verse.
FEMALE EDUCATION
Outlines: Introduction Need for female education A controversy in
thought Duties of a woman Advantages of an educated wife Influence of an
educated mother conclusion.
The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
The history of progress of human race is the history of education. Without
education man is blind. Education is the third eye of man, which illuminates his
life with the light of knowledge. It is the famous Hadith (saying) of prophet
Hazrat Muhammad Sale Allah that O man and woman seek knowledge from
cradle to grave. The prophet has not only called man for education rather than
He has ordered every person either man or woman to receive education. Hence, it
is necessary for every person, man or woman, to be educated.
There is an apt saying that If you educate a man you educate an
individual, but if you educate a woman you educate a family. So woman should
be educated like men, otherwise there can be no peace or progress.
There is a great controversy going on in Pakistan whether woman should
receive education or not. Orthodox people do not support the female education.
They are of the opinion that women should be confined at home and they need
not to get education. Because their duty is to manage and run the homes. If in
case they allow the girls to get education, it is basic, not higher education. But
this view does not sound well. This is the modern age and the age of science and
knowledge. If women are uneducated they could not survive and could not meet
the challenges of everyday life. If women are mentally fit to receive education,
there is not rational reason thats why they should not be allowed to develop their
mental faculties by getting higher education. There is another group of liberal
people, which is in favour of the female education. It is just thought to allow
female to get higher education.

English -XII
Napoleon was once asked what the greatest need of France was. He
answered, Motherlands National Progress is impossible without trained
mothers. If the women in any country are not educated, about half the people in
that country will be ignorant. The result is that such a country will not be able to
go along with other nations in development and progress. A woman has to play
three distinct roles in the course of her life in each of which certain duties are
expected of her. If she is able to do these well, she is worthy of being called a
perfect woman. It is only by the help of education that she can hope to be able to
them satisfactorily. If we allow them to receive education, they will be good
citizens and ideal characters of daily life. The first duty of a woman is to be a
good daughter, the second is to be a good wife and the third is to be a good
mother. Education teaches a woman what she should be.
Many men spend their evening time at clubs and societies. But a
gentleman with an educated wife will not feel the need of clubs and societies. He
can share his thoughts and feelings with his wife and seek her advice in trouble.
Because an educated wife becomes good advisor. An educated lady becomes a
good friend, a clever nurse and a useful adviser to her husbands affection and
regard. An uneducated wife is always unable to share in his interests.
There is a saying in English that, The hand that rocks the cradle rules the
world. The meaning is that the mother exercises a great influence over the lives
of the children and is able to mould their thoughts in good characteristic persons.
If a mother is educated she teaches and trains her children the ways of life, and
teaches them how to pass the life. Means she becomes the first school for her
children. If she is educated she makes such an impression on the mind of her
child that it will enable him to grow into a good and great man.
Thus, education will enable women to make their parents, husbands and
children truly happy. Hence, it is very important that women should be educated.
ARE SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS MAKING US

HAPPIER?
Outlines: Introduction Advantages of science Facilities of things of
daily use Easy traveling Medical facilities Disadvantages Mechanical life
and loss of spiritualism Deadly weapons Conclusion.
A scientist makes inventions, a politician misuses them.
Science today has given us such comforts, which were unimaginable a few
years ago. Today we switch on the computer; the whole world is disclosed before
us. We have electricity, telephone, mobile, television, washing machines,
refrigerators, air-conditioning plants and etc. All of these wonderful things and
the inventions of science have made the life of a man very comfortable. The flush
lavatories, shower baths, electric fans, cinemas, cars, trains and planes are other
inventions of science, which have made life a luxurious.
Medical science has developed so far that no deadly disease is incurable.
By the fresh discoveries of medical technology man has got rid of chronic
diseases as cancer, T.B, AIDS, heart problem, brain-tumor, kidney stone and
several skin diseases. Plastic surgery can transform the fractures and removes all

English -XII
the marks caused by wounds or accidents. X-ray can detect the defects in the
bodies of men.
Science has made traveling easy and faster. The world has become smaller
for us. But by traveling fast running coaches and trains life is always at risk. We
can reach at far distant areas within hours and minutes but our life is not safe and
sound. Road accidents and train accidents are routine and hundreds of lives are
lost. Besides, exciting adventures and romances which traveling gave in the past
have all vanished and the modern traveling is a dull and passive one. The men
living in big cities are benefited in some respects but harmed in many other ways.
The city dwellers have not leisure and natural pleasure. Their life is so busy and
mechanical that they do not have any time to and stare. The life of city people
has been artificial, devoid of charm and delight.
As modern age is an age of science and technology, so, man has become a
machine. Every activity of man has become mechanized. One of the worst
features of this mechanical mode of life is that man is slowly and gradually
replaced by machines. Man looks at things as objects to be experimented upon
and he does not enjoy music, poetry, fine arts and the sense of appreciation,
which he used to have in earlier times. The appreciation of beauty is not so
spontaneous as it used to be. Moreover, machines have made man, time
conscious and he does not take risk to waste even a single minute. He is all the
time worried about the proper utilization of time. He wants that time should be
the deciding factor in his life. As far as the science is advancing, it is thwarting
out civilization. In the realm of science, the words like love, affection and
sentiments are quite foreign. So, what is the use of science to man if he gains the
whole world but loses his soul? Spiritualism is on the wane while materialism is
on the increase. Philosophy, culture, religion are fading from the earthly life
because of the rapid advancement of science.
Again on the destructive side, science had invented weapons, which are
most deadly and disastrous. The inventions of laser bombs, cobalt bombs,
hydrogen and atomic bombs, missiles, rocket launchers and chemical gases have
increased the threat of human destruction. Thus, if these weapons were used, they
would spell disaster for the entire mankind. In this respect Nagasaki and
Hiroshima are the examples of such mass destruction.
No doubt science has done miraculous wonders to make life easy and
comfortable. But it has de-humanized man. It is an irony of fate that nowadays,
we have better drugs and surgical instruments, but men are becoming weak
constitutionally. Today, we have a sensitive heart, sensitive lungs and a sensitive
life due to fast speed, smoky and polluted atmosphere and dusty roads. Thus,
science makes mankind happy by its latest achievements, also makes it unhappy.
But broadly speaking science can be used for getting happiness but the mind of
man and specially of the politicians misuse the inventions of science.

English -XII
Novel
THE PRISONER OF ZENDA
CHARACTERISATION
Important Characters Of The Novel.
(1) RUDOIF RASSENDYLL
Family Background:
Rudolf Rassendyll, the hero of the novel, The prisoner of Zenda, is a
young man of twenty-nine summers and belongs to a rich, noble and aristocratic
family of England. His ancestors were the lords of Burlesdon. He is the younger
brother of Lord (Rubert) Burlesdon who has sufficient political influence in the
England. Their family is called Burlesdon Family.
Personality:
Rudolf Rassendyll is a young man of twenty-nine summers with good
health and sound personality. He is tall, handsome and smart. He is highly
educated and polyglot, knows many European contemporary languages besides
English, specially he has command on French and German languages. He is good
marksman, skilful swordsman and knows riding very well. He has red hair, red
beard and a long sharp pointed nose, a trait typical of the members of royal
Elphberg family of Ruritania. Rassendyll is a young man with literary bent of
mind, well versed in fine arts, living in an ideal world of imagination and fantasy.
About his red hair and red thick beard there is attached a legendary story in
the Burlesdon family. It was said that many years ago a king of Ruritania visited
England and had come into contact with the Burlesdon family. The Duchess of
Earl of Burlesdon intimated with the king since that time in every generation of
the Burlesdon family some one happens to be with red hair and long sharp nose.
A Happy-Go-Lucky Fellow:
From the very beginning of the story we come to know that Rudolf
Rassendyll, having been highly educated, does not take life seriously. He does
not want to adopt any profession or practical work. He is fond of outing and
excursions. He is keenly interested in adventures; therefore, he wants to visit
distant countries of the world. He is a man of roving disposition. But we find him
man of flexible personality who accommodates himself in any situation and
condition. This is clear from the situation when he begins playing part of the king
of Ruritania, there he becomes very responsible and serious person and governs
the affairs of state with great care and confidence.
English -XII
A man of honour:
It was famous in the Burlesdon family that Rudolf Rassendyll is an
irresponsible person and does not deserve due honour. But in the story we find
him a man of honour. He makes ceaseless efforts to liberate the king of Ruritania
from the prison of Zenda. He has a very strong sense of self-respect. He behaves
in the royal manners and does nothing unworthy of his position. It is clear from
his part when he does not take any ill advantage from the kinghood and from the
love affairs of Princess Flavia who loves him passionately. Though he himself
loves her spiritually and really, but he never tempts her for his interests. He
commands real respect from nobles and the members of the royal family. As
soon as he becomes the king of Ruritania he completely changes himself into a
respectable, noble and responsible person.
A Brave Soldier:
Rudolf Rassendyll is an in born soldier and gives proofs of his bravery
through the fighting against the six hireling powerful guards of the Duke
Michael. He is daring and courageous. On the night he goes to the castle of
Zenda all alone and passes the whole nigh in the moat. He is a great planner and
makes a successful effort to liberate the king from the captivity of king s half
brother, the Duke Michael. He is fearless and goes to see Madame Antoinette de
Mouban in the Summer House at her invitation to collect secret information
from her about the king, his celler the Duke and his man. In the end of the story
we find him fighting in the thick of fight. Even the Marshal who is an army chief
praises him for his bravery. Princess Flavia is also enamoured of his courage.
Unselfish And Sincere Person:
Rudolf Rassendyll is generally a sincere man to the core of his heart. He is
as clear as crystal in every dealing. He is completely selfless. He is not tempted
at all when he becomes the king. At no moment he wants to remain the king
forever. On the other hand, he is anxious to release the real king and hand over
the reins of his country. In order to achieve his aim, he faces every danger boldly.
In this course his utmost efforts are praise-worthy and his integrity is beyond any
doubt. He is sincere to all his friends. Sapt and Fritz are devoted to him and
follow him earnestly only because of his unselfishness, sincerity and honesty of
purpose.
As A Lover:
He is a true and selfless lover. It is because of his sincerity and nobility
that Princess Flavia does not suspect of his impersonation. His love for Flavia is
pure and noble. It is free from lust. He is an ideal man and loves the noblest of
women. He is officially betrothed to the Princess Flavia. Therefore, loves her
from this angle. At the same time he knows his position as a guest in Ruritania.
He is, so far, ready to sacrifice his love for the real king. His sense of duty is also
very high. He gives importance to his duties and friendship more than his love
for the Princess. He is true hero of the novel and no other character in the novel is
so sound, noble and worthy of admiration as Rassendyll is.
As A King:
As a king, Rassendyll behaves in a manner most befitting for a young king.
He proves himself worthy of the royal position of the king of Ruritania. Royal
robes, etiquettes and the role of the king become his utmost qualities. He proves
English -XII
himself more successful and good king then the real king, Rudolf Elphberg. It is
clear from the observations of Marshal Strackenz when he admits that after the
coronation he had become clever, more courteous, confident and diplomatic. He
had begun to realize his duties as king as was able to feel rightly the desires and
aspirations of the subjects. Marshal Strackenz is an old soldier and these words
said by him are authentic proof of Rudolf Rassendylls success as a king. He has
no idea that the real king was a prisoner and was all the time under the
impression that the person crowned as king was none but Rudolf Elphberg.
From all the dealings as a king he acted in a tactful and clever way so that
no body recognized that he is not real King Rudolf Elphberg. Even Princess
Flavia does not know about his impersonation as a king. Rassendyll plays his
role so successfully and earnestly that it is only in the end that Princess Flavia is
told by Captain Fritz the whole story when Rassendyll gets wounded and fall
unconscious. He is sincere, brave, courageous, good king, learned manager and
loyal to himself and to the crown. He knows what he is doing. He is responsible
and takes little interest in women and wine.
As A Hero:
As a good hero, he plays his part and selfless services are his motto in life.
The role, which he plays as a king at Ruritania is praiseworthy and arrests our
sympathies. As a king in Ruritania he turns out to be the bravest of brave. He
does what others would have shirked attempting. All the fights he gives bravely
and courageously. He fights with the villain Duke Michael, his men with heroic
courage and at no moment readers find him weak. The way he liberates the
prisoner king from the Zenda, is quite heroic and praise-worthy. His dealings as a
king are also ideal. Above all the way he treats his love for princess Flavia and
the way he handovers the crown to the real king Rudolf Elphberg, is no doubt
heroic one. The greatest sacrifice that one can make for ones friend is to step
down from a position of command and authority. Rassendyll does a step further
and sacrifices even his love for the sake of the king. He is deeply fallen in love
with Flavia and is sure that his love was returned, but the interests of the king are
carefully safeguarded by him. These are the heroic qualities, which make Rudolf
Rassendyll an ideal person and good hero of the novel.
(2) PRINCESS FLAVIA

Flavia As A Princess:
Princess Flavia is the most attractive and sensible female character of the
novel, The Prisoner of Zenda. She is one of the distinguished and modest
characters of the novel. Princess Flavia is a cousin to Rudolf Elphberg, the real
king of Ruritania. By virtue of her relationship to the king, she is the next heir to
the throne of Ruritania. She is a teenager but looks a graceful and dignified
queen. Her sensible role and sensitive thinking make her noble character. A royal
etiquettes and manners have made her old enough. She is virtuous, honest and
noblewoman. She knows what she has to do. She is godly-girl and possesses
enviable virtues and above all excellent qualities of head and heart. Even in
modern times, in the age of science and advanced liberal thinking, she is a
traditional princess found in the ancient times specially in dark ages.

English -XII
Her Nature And Attitude:

She is kind hearted and possesses sweet nature. She enjoys great
popularity among the people of Ruritania and is next heir to the throne. But
deliberately remains away from politics, because she knows that it is dirty
business. Princess Flavia loves peaceful life and is a lady of upright character.
Though she is passive in active politics but she keeps vigilant eyes upon the
affairs of the state. She is very modest, humane, courteous and polite lady. She is
simple, sober and completely ignorant of meanness and trickery. She hates false
and fictitious kingly pride and is completely devoid of vanity and superiority
complex. She has every noble virtue worth of woman enjoying high status.
Although, she is a charming, robust and attractive personality. She never takes ill
advantages of these personal qualities. She is helping-hand and true inspiration to
Rudolf Rassendyll. She is so intelligent and shrewd that she knows the evil
designs of Black Michael. She always guards herself against the Dukes intrigues
and keeps him at an arms length. She also warns Rassendyll about evils and
conspiracies of Black Michael, who lies in wait to usurp the throne. Her daily
activities are few and she confines herself to palace. She likes calm, peace and
seclusion. These traits make her innocent, harmless, loveable and noble character
of the novel. She loves Rudolf Rassendyll deeply but never loses her senses and
remains careful every inch in love. This thing proves that she is noble, kind
hearted and a lady of good nature.
Her Spirit Of Sacrifice:
The love element of the novel is based on the character and affair of Prince
Flavia with Rudolf Rassendyll. She is capable of feeling real love for all those
who are able to inspire it in her. For the king, Rudolf Rassendyll whom she takes
Rudolf Elphberg, she has great respect and real regard but it cannot be claimed
that she has real love for him. Love in its true form enters into her life when she
meets Rudolf Rassendyll who has been crowned in Ruritania as king. This is the
love at first sight. The reader feels great sympathy for her when her love fails.
She gives the sacrifice of her love for the sake of kingdom and marries king
Rudolf Elphberg. This is a great sacrifice and heroic deed. There is no alternative
left for her. She is quite helpless and it is a great sacrifice on her part to place the
interest of her country above those of her own. Had she not been interested in the
welfare of her motherland, she would have married Rassendyll.

English -XII
(3) RUDOLF ELPHBERG:

Rudolf Elphberg belongs to famous royal family named
Elphberg This family possesses a large state in France called
Ruritania. Rudolf Elphbergs father had died just recently. The late
king of Ruritania had two sons, the elder is Rudolf Elphberg and the
other is Black Michael. After the death of late king Rudolf is to be
crowned. For this purpose a coronation ceremony is about to hold in

English -XII
the Ruritania. But Black Michael hatches conspiracy to prevent the
prince to be crowned. He presents poisonous wine to the prince which
the Elphberg takes too much and become unconscious. For the time
being this plan succeeds and the Elphberg is made prisoner by the
Black Michael. But the intelligence of Colonel Sapt and Fritz bring this
plant to nothingness by imprisoning the Rudolf Rassendyll as a Rudolf
Elphberg.
Physical Similarity With Rassendyll:
Rudolf Elphberg and Rudolf Rassendyll are similar to each other
not only in name but also in physique. They have some physical
features of resembleness, but both are poles a part. There is difference
of earth and sky between them. Rassendyll has red hair and long
pointed nose a typical feature of Elphberg family. But their
personalities are opposite to each other. Rassendyll is shrewd and
straight forward. He is brave and full of spirit and adventure, inspires
love in the hearts of his friend. He can give the greatest of sacrifices.
Whileas Rudulf Elphberg is careless and juvalent straight forward but
insdiscreate. He is neither brave nor adventurous rather than week and
coward people of Ruritania like him but due to throne not for his
personal qualities.
Though, but are poles apart in nature and person but Rassendylls
outward similarity saves throne, kingdom for Rudolf and liberates him
from the Prison of Zenda. Thus their similar play great part in the
political affairs of Ruritania, which even saves the life of the King
Rudolf Elphberg.
Happy Go Lucky Type Person:
Rudolf Elphberg, the King of Ruritania is a happy go lucky
pleasure loving and passes carefree life. He is addicted wine, which
is his very wakness. He is an irresponsible to his status and position.
He does not take much interest in the state affairs rather goes for
hunting and enjoying the wien parties. It is the wine which becomes
cause of his imprisonment. His behaviour in prison again thows a
shadow upon his person. There he becomes completely demoralized
and loses his courage. The reader cannot help feeling this extreme want
of caution in his behaviour. As the future king he should have been
more clever and should have taken proper measures for his own safety
and should not have fallen into the trap laid by his rival. The novel
does not give us any information as to how he behaves when he gets
back his throne. But what the reader notices in him is want of common
sense and sense of responsibility. We wonder what ultimately would
have happened if Rudolf Rassendyll had not arrived and played his part
as a king.
As A Man:

English -XII
As a king, Rudolf Elphberg may be weak but as a man he cannot
be called a bad man. As a man he possesses some very good qualities.
He was a pleasant tempered man, a sincere and good friend. He had
great trust in his friends. The Marshal, Sapt and Fritz are his devoted
adherents and under no circumstances would they betray the trust
reposed in him.
PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN
PAKISTAN
Outlines: Introduction Causes of unemployment Remedies

Conclusion.
Like most of the third world countries unemployment is a major
economic and social problem of the day in our country. It is very serious
and alarming which has given birth to many evils. It is found not only
among uneducated labours, peasants, workers, but also millions of our
educated young peoples are unemployed to day. It demands immediate
serious attention and remedy because it constantly threatens the peace,
progress, prosperity and stability of free Pakistan.
There are many uses of this serious problem. Among which the use of
machinery on large scale in production is very important. It has reduced
scope of human labour to a great extent. Another cause is an enormous
increase in population. It has been estimated that the population growth rate
is 3.5% per year which is one of the highest in the world. Population and
production increase in geometrical progression respectively. So the means
of employment cannot keep pace with the growing population. In the result
a large number of young crowds remain free of work.
The defective system of our education is also responsible for this evil.
We give great importance to literary education. We neglect the technical
education. This amounts for the growing unemployment. After completing
the education our young man thinks it his insult to do physical labour. The
office jobs are insufficient to adopt and absorb the growing number of
educated young men. Hence unemployment prevails in the country.
It is the responsibility of a state to provide its citizens with basic
human facilities. The government should take such effective initiatives and
measures so that it can give honourable work and jobs to the people. In this
course our government has to step in. although the state supports families
which are out of work with the dole. The unemployed get allowance out
of state funds. So long as they are out of work. This has saved thousands
from starvation, but it has disadvantages. Living on dole in idleness is not
good for the character of any man. The honest work man feels degraded at
having to live on charity, when all he wants is to earn an honest living by
honest labour. There is an apt saying of English that, work purifies man
while as idleness corrupts him. So living on charity and doing nothing
make the man evil and harmful for community.

English -XII
Now problem is that how to remedy this harmful and dangerous evil
of the society. We have to develop our economy on modern lines. Our
country is agro-based country but our agriculture is very backward. We
have to use modern scientific methods to grow agricultural production
which can give fruitful employment. We have to develop our cottage
industries. They suit Pakistani conditions better. Our peasants who remain
idle for six months during the year can add to their income by taking to
some of these industries. Since there is scarcity of capital we have to use
such devices as involve labour and less capital.
The system of education is to be overhauled. It is no use of producing
thousands of unskilled graduates. We should lay more stress on professional
and technical education. We should make the young men understand the all
kinds of work are good. It is not the kind of work but the manner in which it
is done which is important. As soon as they give up their hatred towards
manual labour, they will get reasonable jobs.
At one time emigration was the chief remedy. People who could not
get work at home were helped to emigrate to across the seas to Australia,
New Zealand, Canada, America and England. But now emigration on large
scale to these countries is no longer possible. If our country restores
friendly relations to these countries we can send our jobless young ones to
get work there.
Private sector is also one of the major source to provide employment.
Our government should take revolutionary incentives to accommodate
private industries and companies to increase their productive work which
will create new vacancies and jobs for the workless youth.
SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION
Outlines: Introduction Birth of a new Civilization Science is a mixed
blessing Its disadvantages Conclusion.
Science has made tremendous advancement in different spheres of life. It

has completely changed the face of the earth. If the dead could rise from their
graves and they see the strange marvels of our time they would be bewildered
and wondered. The goddess of science has blessed us with one hand but its
demerits are no less harmful.
Today new scientific inventions have revolutionized human life. The
whole society has undergone manifold changes. Time and space have been
conquered and long distances have been narrowed down. Explorations in space
have opened new vistas for the study of man. Many new medicines have to come
to rescue. It is now possible to prevent many infectious and epidemic disease.
The longevity of life has increased. Science also provided entertainment to
millions of people. In agriculture, the use of fertilizer manure and latest methods
of forming are used to increase our food-stuff and crops ten times more. The
industry has also made gigantic strides with the help of latest machines. Which
have multiplied the products. Not only this but also man has got command over
the forces of nature. The discovery of steam-power and electricity has worked
wonders in all walks of life. The world is marching towards happiness and

English -XII
comforts. With these bounties of science, a new civilization has emerged. In our
houses, offices and market places, we see wonderful revolution of science.
But there is nothing like unmixed good in the world. Human life as
Shakespeare says, is but a mingled yarn good and ill together. The ugly yarn
which science has woven in the nodel garments of human personality are not
negligible. Machines have snatched away from us the calm of mind and peace of
our environment. We are surrounded by a perpetual din and dazzle, noise and
unrest. We are badly caught in the entangling apparatus of money and machinery.
The modern man has become materialistic. We only see physical beauty of the
things. Religious fervour, ethical senses, moral and social values senses of
sacrifice and spiritual insight have gone away.
No doubt, science has provided us with an enormous stock of things and
valuable materials but it has failed to guide us as how to put them into practice.
This guidance is only inculcated by spiritual power and religious fervour. So the
moral development of man has been totally neglected. As a result we have more
knowledge and good stock of necessary things but less character and self-control.
If the people are balanced and self-controlled, then the use of scientific
knowledge will certainly produce good result. But a wrong use will certainly
make our lives very miserable.
As the great scholar of sub-continent Abdul Kalam Azad has said,
Philosophy unlocks the doors of doubt which never locks it. Science gives us
belief but not proof. But for human life philosophy and science are not
sufficient. If we develop philosophical mentality, we even have doubt in the very
existence of God, which creates confusions and uneasiness of mind and we
become restless. If we only believe in obvious proofs and evidence we lose hope
in future which causes un-satisfaction and anarchy of our mind. While as human
life needs some sort of super natural element to be believed which give us
consolation at the time of trouble and this is possible by religious knowledge and
spiritual insight.
To wind up the question we say that in the use of scientific knowledge a
balance should be kept. Religious education and spiritual attitude should be
retained. The side of character and self-control should never be neglected
otherwise the whole civilization will be destroyed.

English -XII
EXPLANATIONS OF GIVEN LINES OF POETRY WITH

REFERENCE TO THEIR CONTEXT :-
The Solitary Reaper
Alone she cuts.....

Is overflowing with the sound. J^S
Reference: These lines have been taken from William Wordsworth's "The Solitary
Reaper".
Context: In this poem the poet tells the reader how happy and over-joyed he felt to see
a lonely highland girl reaping the harvest all alone and singing to herself. Although
the poet could not understand what she sang, still he enjoyed it long afterward in his
lonliness through the faculty of his imagination. It was lasting effect of the
melodious song sing by
the maiden that the poet retained in his memory for a long time
and enjoyed it through his (iiGinory and inward eyei
Explanation: In these lines -Ine poel; êlls Uial he -feU much
happy to see a mountain girl reaping and singing all alone in a
beautiful valley. He asks the passers-by to stop and see the
young girl working in the field and singing to herself. The poet
feels a state'of ecstasy while listening to her melodious song.
The poet asks his companions to en.joy the maiden's song without
disturbing the lonely reaper. The poet guesses that perhaps she
is singing r>i:'(iie sad song, while the whole valley is echoing with

English -XII
her melodious voice which creates a state of ecstasy in the heart
of the poet;
Ho nightingale did ever chaunt....
in so»e shady haunt ffsong Arabian sands: c\^_ (.,
Reference and Context: The same as above. -
Explanation: In these lines Wordsworth compares the beauty and
iiiylotjy uf the 'aong of the mountain girl to that of a nightingale
who sings merrily to please the tired travellers who hault to
tcAka short rest under some shady place in the Arabian, deserts.
The travellers en.joy the song of t-he sweet bird. In the same way
the poet seem to en.joy melody and beauty of the song sung by the
solitary reaper. It was a lovely song the poet had ever enjoyed.
fi voice so thrilling.....
fi»ong the farthest Hebrides (Lines 13-16)
Reference and Context; The same as above.
Explanation: The poet says that he is very much amused to hear
the song sung by the maiden. Even the sweet bird which is famous
for its melodious voice 'Cuckoo1' does not sing in a more
thrilling voice than did the highland girl. The poet seems to be
very much impressed by the tone and melody of the song sung by
the solitary reaper. The poet makes a beautiful comparison simply
to praise the beauty of the lovely song which has an aesthetic
touch of its own. •
Whatever the these... . .
aotio.nless and still. CLines 25-28)
Reference &: Context: The same as above.
Explanation: The poet seems to be vpry much impressed by the song
sunq by the solitary reaper. Though he could not understand the
/ listened, motionless and still}

Lon^ after it uas heard no »ore.
(Lines 29-32)
Reference & Contexts The same as above
Explanation: The poet listened to the solitary reaper's song very
carefully, though he could not make out any meaning of it. He
only guessed what the song was about. In spite of his inability
to understand the meaning o.f the maiden's song, he' seems to be
enchanted by the melody of her song and transported to the
beautiful urirld of iinaoinatiiTi and pl.ir@ in uhii-h h@ can
listen to and enjoy the maiden's song long after it was not

English -XII
virtually heard. The poet could preserve music of her song in his
heart and could revive and enjoy it at hispleasure even long
after it was not audible at all. These lines are a clear cut of
the fact that the poet could enjoy beautiful and delectable
things tihrougn the fatuity of î-s imag^nationy whi';h is a great
S'Ûrse 'if rel..reflUI:n end enjoyment for a man who can remember
beautiful and memorable moments at his sweet will. These lines
resemble the last two lines of "The Daffodils" by the poet in
sense, spirit, poetic ideas, imaginative faculty, thought and
poetic treatment.

English -XII

Text One Twenty Minutes With Mrs. Oakentubb. Summary.: Question & Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Text One Twenty Minutes With Mrs. Oakentubb. Summary.: Question & Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

English -XII

Question & Answers

Q-1: Explain the importance of the label on Mrs. Judy Oakentubbs

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Q-4: What motive has the man for murdering her?

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Question & Answers

Q-1: Why it is insular for European Historians to term the centuries

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Q-4: Why does the author consider it useless to resist

Q-6: How is traditional culture threatened in an age dominated by

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Stanza  3 The whining schoolboy .. Unwillingly to school.

Stanza  5 Then a soldier Even in the cannons mouth.

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Seven Ages of Man

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

As we know, As You Like It is a comic play, so Shakespeare s approach

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

The Man Of Life Upright.

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

The Man of Life Upright

Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

Reference & Context: --------- Same ---------

The Charms of Country Life.

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

The life in a Big City

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

READING TEXT FIVE

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Pakistan and the Modern World

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Pakistan and the Modern world is a speech of the first Prime

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Questions And Answers

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

This is the best-known beautiful and ideal poem of Arthur Hugh

LINES FORM SAMSON AGONISTES

Basically John Milton possessed religious bent of mind and

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

MUSIC WHEN SOFT VOICES DIE

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

Music, when soft voices die,

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

LINES FROM ULYSSES

Subject Specialist: Shafquat Hussain Korai

LINES FROM SAMSON AGONISTES

Explanation of the given lines of poetry with reference to their context

(1) He patient, but undaunted, where thy led him,

Q-1: Explain the importance of the label on Mrs. Judy Oakentubbs

Stanza 3 The whining schoolboy .. Unwillingly to school.

Stanza 5 Then a soldier Even in the cannons mouth.

As we know, As You Like It is a comic play, so Shakespeare s approach

Pakistan and the Modern world is a speech of the first Prime

The Silver Box is a bitter criticism (play) of John Galsworthy

Outlines = Introduction student should not take part in politics. The

War is unnatural to man but man cant avoid it.

Outlines: Introduction Causes of unemployment Remedies