GRAMMAR QUIZZES

CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1 & 2

Questions for written grammar quizzes and oral exams

Marko Majerović

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X Non-Finite Forms
707. Provide examples for the following:
active simple gerund, passive simple gerund, active perfect gerund, passive perfect gerund
simple/present participle, past/passive participle, passive progressive participle, active perfect participle, passive perfect
participle
active to-infinitive, passive to-infinitive, active perfect to-infinitive, passive perfect to-infinitive, active progressive to-infinitive,
passive progressive to-infinitive, active perfect progressive to-infinitive, passive perfect progressive to-infinitive
708. Discuss the adequacy of the terms present and past participle. Provide examples.
709. What kind of meaning do most past participles have when used as adjectives?
710. Discuss the meaning and usage of the perfect aspect with infinitives. Provide examples.
711. Discuss the meaning and usage of the perfect aspect with gerunds. Provide examples.
712. Discuss the meaning and usage of the progressive aspect with infinitives. Provide examples.
713. Discuss the meaning and usage of the perfect aspect with non-finite forms. Provide examples.
714. Discuss the meaning and usage of the progressive aspect with non-finite forms. Provide examples.
715. What are the functions of to-infinitives? Provide examples.
716. What are the functions of bare infinitives? Provide examples.
717. What are the functions of gerunds? Provide examples.
718. What are the functions of participles? Provide examples.
719. Discuss the structure of to-infinitive clauses. Provide examples.
720. Discuss the structure of bare infinitive clauses. Provide examples.
721. Discuss the structure of –ing clauses. Provide examples.
722. Discuss the difference between gerund and participial clauses. Provide examples.
723. What can to-infinitive clauses function as syntactically? Provide examples.
724. What can bare infinitive clauses function as syntactically? Provide examples.
725. What can –ing clauses function as syntactically? Provide examples.
726. What can gerund clauses function as syntactically? Provide examples.
727. What can participial clauses function as syntactically? Provide examples.
728. What are participles used for? Provide examples.
729. How is negation formed in non-finite clauses? Provide examples.
730. Discuss the term ‘split infinitive’. Provide examples.
731. Discuss subjects in non-finite clauses. Provide examples.
732. Discuss the cases of subjects in non-finite clauses. Provide examples.
733. Discuss subjects in to-infinitive clauses. Provide examples.
734. Discuss subjects in –ing clauses. Provide examples.
735. When can the subject of a clause be in the accusative (objective) case? Provide examples.
736. When can the subject of a clause be in the genitive (possessive) case? Provide examples.
737. When is the nominative (subjective) case preferred in –ing clauses?
738. Provide some examples of possibilities, necessities and frequencies expressed with a to-infinitive clause
739. Discuss non-finite forms as a means of syntactic compression. Provide examples.
740. Discuss the attachment rule. Provide examples.
741. Discuss dangling/hanging/unattached/misrelated participles. Provide examples.
742. In which cases does the attachment rule not apply? Provide examples.
743. Provide some examples of verbs after which both to-infinitives and gerunds can be used without much difference in meaning.
744. Provide some examples of verbs after which both to-infinitives and gerunds can be used but with a difference in meaning, and
explain the difference.
745. What is the difference in meaning between the combination of the following verbs and non-finite forms? Provide examples:
remember, forget, get, regret, go on, dread, stop, try, mean, learn, teach.
746. What is the difference between the following combintions of adjective and non-finite forms? Provide examples. Sorry, certain,
sure, interested.
747. Explain the difference between the following:
He stopped to eat. He stopped eating.
I remembered to post the letter. I remembered posting the letter.
Nice to meet you. Nice meeting you.
Sorry to interrupt you. Sorry for interrupting you.
748. Provide an example of a sentence in which the following verbs will be followed by a non-finite form: advise, ask, beg,
challenge, command, encourage, instruct, invite, leave, order, persuade, remind, request, suggest, tell, trust, urge, warn.
749. Provide examples of to-infinitive clauses functioning as adjectival complementation.
750. Provide examples of to-infinitive clauses functioning as adjectival complementation where the adjective phrase will be split by
the noun head.
751. Provide examples of to-infinitive clauses functioning as postmodifiers in a noun phrase.

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752. What is the difference between the following expressions: There’s nothing to do. There’s nothing to be done. Provide contexts
for both.
753. Provide examples of sentences in which you will use non-finite wh-interrogative clauses (subordinted clauses) functioning as Od
(wh-element + NF form).
754. Provide examples of sentences in which you will use non-finite yes/no interrogative clauses (subordinted clauses) functioning as
Od (wh-element + NF form). Which subordinator(s) can be used?
755. Discuss the frequency of various non-finite clauses functioning as subject and subject postponed. Provide examples.
756. What are some of the adverbial meanings that participial clauses can express? Provide examples.
757. What is the difference in meaning between the following participles depending on whether they are used attributively or
predicatively? Concerned, adopted, involved. Provide examples.
758. Explain the difference between the participle and gerund in the following examples:
dancing bear – dancing teacher
walking shadow – walking stick
running water – running shoes
sleeping child – sleeping bag
759. State the functions of the gerund in the following sentences.
Seeing is believing.
Your hair needs cutting.
Working in these conditions is a pleasure.
Let’s go to the reading room.

XI Sentence Types and Discourse Functions

760. Name the four sentence types.
761. What are performative verbs? Provide examples.
762. Discuss the usage of performative verbs. Provide examples.
763. Give some examples of the usage of modals with performative verbs.
764. Use simple sentences to: make statements, ask questions, give commands, make requests, make exclamations.
765. What is meant by assertive and non-assertive terrirory or contexts? Provide examples.
766. List assertive and the corresponding non-assertive adverbs and determiners/pronouns.
767. In what kind of sentences and clauses can assertive words be used? Provide examples.
768. In what kind of sentences and clauses can non-assertive words be used? Provide examples.
769. What do assertive items such as some imply when used in non-assertive contexts? Provide examples.
a) Declarative Sentences, Negation
770. What is the main function of declarative sentences/statements?
771. What are other uses of declarative sentences? Provide examples.
772. What is the main use of negative statements? Provide examples.
773. Discuss the usage of the negator not. Provide examples.
774. What are some other negative words apart form the negator not?
775. Give some examples of verbs and expressions with a negative meaning.
776. List negative prefixes that are used to express an opposite.
777. Discuss the term ‘double negative’. Provide examples.
778. Discuss the usage of the double negative in standard English. Provide examples.
779. Discuss the usage of the double negative in non-standard and informal English. Provide examples.
780. Discuss the notion of correctness and the double negative. Provide examples.
781. Discuss the usage of the extra negative in expressions of doubt with I shouldn’t/wouldn’t be surprised if…, It wouldn’t surprise
me if…, I wonder whether… Provide examples.
782. Give some examples for emphatic negatives.
783. What are some examples of negative phrases that can be used to emphasize a negative?
784. Give some examples of sentences with inversion after a negative phrase.
785. Take ten positive statements from a text and make them negative and interrogative. Describe the different ways in which
sentences can be made negative and interrogative.
786. Give an example of a cleft sentence.
787. Give an example of a pseudo-cleft sentence.
b) Questions/interrogatives
788. What is the basic use of questions?
789. What are some other uses of questions? Provide examples.
790. What are rhetorical questions? Provide examples.
791. What are the three major classes of questions?
792. Questions are divided into three major classes according to which criterion?
793. Discuss the usage of inversion in questions. Provide examples.

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794. Provide examples of informal questions in the form of statements.
795. What is the difference between yes/no questions and wh-questions (information questions)?
796. Discuss the form of yes/no questions. Provide examples.
797. Discuss the usage of assertive items in questions. What does this use of assertive items in questions implicate?
798. Provide examples of negative yes/no questions.
799. Comment on the usage of negative yes/no questions.
800. Discuss the meanings of the two answers to negative yes/no questions.
801. What are question tags? Provide examples.
802. What is the function of a question tag? Provide examples.
803. What criteria does the choice of the form of the question tag depend? Provide examples.
804. Discuss the usage of the type of tag question in which both the statement and the tag are positive. Provide examples.
805. Discuss the usage of the type of tag question in which both the statement and the tag are negative. Provide examples.
806. Add question tags to the following sentences:
You’re studying English, ____________________?
I’m his wife, ____________________?
You don’t mind waiting, ____________________?
You read modern writers, ____________________?
They gave her a watch, ____________________?
You won’t forget to do this, ____________________?
We’d better leave now, ____________________?
You’d rather stay, ____________________?
807. What are echo tags and what is their use? Provide examples.
808. Discuss the form and use of declarative questions. Provide examples.
809. Discuss the usage of modals with yes/no questions. Provide examples.
810. What are some uses of questions with modal verbs? Provide examples.
811. Which modals can be used with yes/no questions and which meanings/discourse functions do they express? Provide examples.
812. Discuss the intonation with yes/no questions and wh-questions. Provide examples.
813. List all questions words, determine their word class and possible syntactic functions. Provide examples for each syntactic
function.
814. Provide sentences of your own to illustrate the difference in usage between the following question words: who and which; who
and whom; which and what; which and whose.
815. Discuss the difference in the use between the following question words: who and whom. Provide examples.
816. Ask questions about the underlined words in the sentences below. What is the difference in question pattern? Why?
He sent a letter. He sent a letter.
817. What is the difference between these two questions: Who were you talking to? To whom were you talking?
818. Discuss the position of prepositions in questions when the question word is the object of the preposition. Provide examples.
819. Discuss the usage of the following question pattern: Whom… to? Would you use such a question? Why?
820. Which of these is/are grammatically correct in standard English? Comment on all questions.
To whom did you send this letter?
Whom did you send this letter to?
Who did you send this letter to?
To who did you send this letter?
821. Which of these would you most likely use? Discuss each question.
To whom did you send this letter?
Whom did you send this letter to?
Who did you send this letter to?
To who did you send this letter?
822. Explain the usage of who, which and what for human and non-human referents. Provide examples.
823. Discuss the usage of what and which. Provide examples.
824. What are the uses of how as a question word? Provide examples.
825. Compare the usage of how and what… like. Provide examples.
826. What are some ways you can emphasize a question? Provide examples.
827. What is What… for? used? Provide examples.
828. What is How come used for? Provide examples.
829. What are negative questions with who, what or which usually used? Provide examples.
830. What can negative questions with why be used for? Provide examples.
831. What are the two types of alternative questions? Provide examples.
832. Discuss the usage of alternative questions. Provide examples.
833. What are some minor typs of questions? Provide examples.
834. What are exclamatory questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
835. What are rhetorical questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
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836. Discuss the usage of positive and negative rhetorical yes/no questions. Provide examples.
837. Discuss the usage of rhetorical wh-questions. Provide examples.
838. Discuss the usage of rhetorical questions in reference to a negative situation. Provide examples.
839. What are echo questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
840. Discuss the usage of inversion in echo questions. Provide examples.
841. What are replicatory echo questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
842. What are explicatory echo questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
843. Discuss the generalized recapitulatory question What? What are some of the more formal and polite alternatives?
844. What are attention signals and what are they used for? Provide examples.
845. What do negative questions in reply to affirmative statements express? Provide examples.
846. What is Why/How should…? used for? Provide examples.
847. What are indirect questions? What are they used for? Provide examples.
848. What is the form of indirect questions? Provide examples.
849. Discuss the form of the main clause with an indirect question in the subclause. Provide examples.
850. What are reported questions and what are they used for? Provide examples.
851. Which verbs of reporting are used to report questions?
852. How are yes/no questions reported?
853. What is the form of reported questions? Provide examples.
c) The Imperative/Imperatives
854. Discuss the two meanings of the term imperative. Provide examples.
855. What is the form of imperatives?
856. How is the negative imperative formed? Provide examples.
857. Give an example for an emphatic imperative.
858. Discuss the usage of the subject with imperatives. Provide examples.
859. What are some reasons why you would use the subject you with the imperative? Provide examples.
860. Which phrases can be the subject for the imperative?
861. Discuss the ambiguity between the vocative and the subject with an imperative. Provide examples.
862. What is the basic use of the imperative? Provide examples.
863. What are other ways of expressing orders apart from the imperative? Provide examples.
864. Why are imperatives often avoided and replaced by some other forms?
865. What are some of the formulae used to replace imperatives in order to sound more polite?
866. What are some other uses of the imperative apart from giving orders? Provide examples.
867. What are passive imperatives used for? Provide examples.
868. How are question tags used with the imperative? Provide examples.
869. Discuss the usage of the verb let as a form of imperative. Provide examples.
870. Discuss the usage of the verb let with the first person singular. Provide examples.
d) Exclamations/Exclamatives
871. Define the terms exclamation and interjection. Provide examples for both.
872. What are the syntactic patterns for exclamations? Provide examples.
873. Discuss the possible syntactic functions of how in exclamations. Provide examples.
874. What is the syntactic function of what in exclamations? Provide examples.
875. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with what. Provide examples.
876. Discuss the position of prepositions in exclamations with what. Provide examples.
877. Discuss the form of exclamations with so and such. Provide examples.
878. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with so and such. Provide examples.
879. Discuss the usage of exclamations in the form of a negative question. Provide examples.
880. Discuss the usage of exclamations in the form of a positive question. Provide examples.
881. Provide examples for the following exclamations: beginning with how, beginning with what, in the form of a negative question.
e) Irregular Sentences & Block Language
882. What are irregular sentences? Provide examples.
883. Discuss the formulaic (or ‘optative’) subjunctive as a form of an irregular sentence. Provide examples.
884. Give some examples of irregular wh-questions.
885. Give examples of subordinated clauses used on their own as irregular sentences.
886. Give examples of adverbials used on their own as irregular sentences. What are they usually used as?
887. Discuss the form of proverbs as irregular sentences. Provide examples.
888. Give examples of the many types of phrases that can occur as irregular sentences. Comment on their use.
889. Look at these sentences. Which sentence type do they belong to? Happy Easter! Good luck! Good afternoon. Shalom. Farewell.
Damn! Bloody Hell!
890. List some contexts for block language and provide examples.
891. Give examples of block language as could be used for some prohibitions.

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XII Inversion
892. What is meant by the term ‘inversion’? List all the situations in which inversion is used. Illustrate each situation with an
example of your own.
893. What are the two kinds of inversion?
894. Define partial inversion. Provide examples.
895. Define full inversion. Provide examples.
896. List at least three contexts for inversion in English.
897. What are some contexts for partial inversion in English? Provide examples.
898. Discuss inversion in various types of questions. Provide examples.
899. Is inversion used in all questions? Provide examples.
900. Discuss the usage of inversion in wh-questions. Provide examples.
901. Discuss the usage of inversion in yes/no questions. Provide examples.
902. Discuss the usage of inversion in exclamations. Provide examples.
903. Discuss the usage of inversion with may. Provide examples.
904. Discuss the usage of invertion after so, such, neither and nor. Provide examples.
905. Inversion is used in short answers after certain expressions. Provide examples.
906. Discuss the usage of inversion after negative and restrictive expressions. Provide examples.
907. List some negative or restrictive expression that can appear at the beginning of a clause and which require inversion.
908. Complete these sentences:
No sooner… On no account… In no way… Never before…
Hardly… Not until… No way… Never again…
Barely… Not since… Seldom… No longer…
Scarcely… Only once… Rarely… Little…
Under no circumstances… Only when… Never in my life… Least of all…
At no time… Never in history… Only then… Not even once…
Comment on the grammatical pattern.
909. Discuss the usage of inversion after as, than and so. Provide examples.
910. Provide examples of conditional clauses which contain subject-verb inversion. Discuss their use in terms of grammar and style.
911. What are some contexts for full inversion in English. Provide examples.
912. Discuss the usage of inversion after an adverbial expression of place at the beginning of a clause. In which contexts would this
pattern be used?
913. Discuss the usage of inversion in story-telling. Provide examples.
914. Discuss inversion in sentences in which complements are fronted.

XIII Subordinate Clauses

915. What are the two types of clauses according to their syntactic functinon?
916. What syntactic functions can nominal clauses have? Provide examples.
917. What are some of the adverbial meanings that subordinate clauses can express? Provide examples.
918. Use these subordinating conjunctions in your own sentences: after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, till, until, when,
whenever, while, whilst, where, wherever, if, unless, given (that), on condition (that), provided (that), supposing (that),
although, though, while, whereas, even if, whether… or (whether), but that, except, except that, only, excepting (that), save, save
that, because, since, as, for, seeing (that), in order to, so as to, so, in order that, as if, as though, rather than, sooner than.
919. Use the following temporal subordinating conjunctions to introduce adverbial clauses of place: when, until, as, after, once.
920. Use the following conjuntions to introduce adverbial clauses which will express contrast: whereas, while, whilst.
921. Use the subordinating conjunction as to introduce adverbial clauses of a) time, b) reason, c) manner.
922. Use the subordinating conjunctions while and whilst to introduce adverbial clauses of a) time and b) contrast.
923. Use the subordinating conjunction so to introduce adverbial clauses of a) purpose and b) result.

XIV Unreal Situations

924. Discuss the general principle of tense usage in expressing unreal situations. Why do you think the system works the way it does?
925. List as many markers of unreal situations as possible and discuss the tense usage in these contexts. Provide examples.
926. Discuss the ‘ordinary’ tense usage with some of the markers for unreal situations. What effect does this kind of tense usage
produce?
927. What time do past tenses express in unreal or hypothetical contexts? Provide examples.
928. Discuss the usage of past perfect for unreal or hypothetical situations. Provide examples.
929. Discuss the usage of tenses after ‘as if’ and ‘as though’. Provide examples.
930. What is the difference between these two sentences? Discuss the tense usage after ‘as if’ and ‘as though’.
He acts as if he is rich. He acts as if he were rich.
931. What is the difference between these two sentences?
He acts as if he was rich. He acts as if he were rich.

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932. Discuss the tense usage after ‘if only’. Provide examples.
933. Discuss the tense usage after ‘imagine’. Provide examples.
934. Discuss the tense usage after ‘suppose’, ‘supposing’, ‘what if’. Provide examples.
935. Discuss the tense usage after ‘would rather’. Provide examples.
936. Discuss the tense usage after ‘wish’. Provide examples.

XV Subjunctive
937. What are the two forms of the subjunctive? Discuss the two terms.
938. How is negation formed with the subjunctive? Provide examples.
939. What are the two main used of the present subjunctive? Provide examples.
940. Discuss the usage of the mandative subjunctive. Provide examples.
941. Discuss the usage of the subjunctive in terms of register and variety of English. Provide examples.
942. What do the British prefer to use instead of the subjunctive? Provide examples.
943. Give some examples of the formulaic (or optative) subjunctive.
944. Discuss the usage of the past subjunctive, and provide examples.
945. Discuss the phrase ‘If I were you/in your shoes…’ What is this verbal form called? Is the phrase ‘If I was you/in your shoes…’
grammatical? Discuss.
946. What is the difference between these sentences?
I would rather I were taller. I would rather I was taller.
She’s talking as if she were rich. She’s talking as if she was rich.
If I were you, I would call her. If I was you, I would call her.
947. Identify the subjunctive mood in the following sentences and state its functions:
Heaven help the sailors on a night like this.
It’s time we left for the airport.
If I were you, I’d accept the offer.
I suggest that Mr. Jones be nominated as Chairman.
I was ordered that no smoking be allowed in the library.
I wish I were as handsome as he is.
She looked as if she had seen a ghost.
948. Tick () the grammatically correct sentence(s). Discuss.
It is vital that she should find happiness where she can.
It is vital that she find happiness where she can.
It is vital that she finds happiness where she can.
949. Identify the grammatical form in the following expression: God save the Queen.

XVI Conditionals
950. Explain what conditional sentences are (in general terms). Provide examples.
951. What are the two most common subordinators in conditional clauses? Provide examples.
952. What conjunctions, apart from if, are used in conditional sentences? Provide at least five full sentences as examples.
953. What is the main use of conditional sentences?
954. What are some other uses of conditional sentences apart from giving information? Provide examples.
955. What are the two main types of conditions in semantic terms?
956. Discuss open conditions. Provide examples.
957. Discuss unreal/hypothetical conditions. Provide examples.
958. What kind of condition is expressed in the following sentence? If she’s under 30, then I’m the Queen of Sheba!
959. What kind of condition is expressed in the following sentence? She’s six foot three if she’s an inch!
960. Discuss rhetorical conditional clauses. what are the two types? Provide examples.
961. What is the difference between the following:
Don’t bring him if he’s sober. Don’t bring him unless he’s sober.
962. Discuss the usage of the comma with conditional clauses. Provide examples.
963. Give an overview of four traditional types of conditions. Provide examples.
964. Which division of conditionals do you find more useful: according to four syntactical types or according to two semantical
types. Give arguments in favour of both divisions and discuss.
965. Discuss the so-called ‘ordinary tense use’ in conditional clauses. Provide examples.
966. Discuss the tense usage in open conditional clauses. Provide examples.
967. Discuss the co-called ‘special tense use’ in conditional clauses. Provide examples.
968. Discuss the tense usage in unreal/hypothetical conditional clauses. Provide examples.
969. Discuss the usage of will or would in if-clauses. Provide examples.
970. In some conditional clauses past tenses are used to express present and even future situations. How is this possible? What kind
of idea is expressed in this way? Provide examples.
971. Discuss the usage of the past subjunctive were in conditional clauses. Provide examples.
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972. Compare the ordinary and special tense use by providing pairs of sentences which will refer to the same time frame, but which
will have different tenses.
973. Compare the ordinary and special tense use by providing pair of sentences which will refer to different time frames, but which
will have the same tenses.
974. What is the difference between the following sentences? Discuss the kind of condition, the time frame and the tense usage:
If you had enough money, why didn’t you buy the car?
If you had enough money, I bet you would buy yourself a nice car.
If you work hard, you will be promoted.
If you worked hard, you would be promoted.
If you worked hard, why didn’t she promote you?
975. Discuss unreal situations in the past, present and future semantically. What is the situation in each of them and which tenses are
used and why? Provide examples.
976. Discuss the open condition in the past. Provide examples.
977. Conditionals referring to the past can be hypothetical or open. Wherein lies the conditionality of the open condition in the past
since the situation is finished and the condition either was or wasn’t met? Provide examples.
978. What is the difference between the following:
If she pays him back, he will buy himself a new computer.
If she paid him back, he would buy himself a new computer.
If she paid him back, he will buy himself a new computer.
979. Discuss the so-called ‘zero’ conditional. Provide examples.
980. Discuss the tense use and the type of conditional in the following example: In those days, if you had a job, you were lucky.
981. What other subordinator can be used apart from if for ‘zero’ conditional? Provide examples.
982. What other tenses apart from present simple can be used for ‘zero’ conditional? Provide examples.
983. Discuss the so-called ‘first’ conditional. Provide examples.
984. What kind of condition is expressed by the so-called ‘first’ conditional? Provide examples.
985. When can will be used in the if-clause? Provide examples.
986. What other verb forms can be used in the main clause for the ‘first’ conditional apart from will? Provide examples.
987. Discuss the open condition in the past and provide examples.
988. Discuss the so-called ‘second conditional’. Provide examples.
989. What are the three uses of the so-called ‘second conditional’?
990. Discuss the difference between type 1 and type 2 conditional for possible future situations. Provide examples.
991. What other verb phrases apart from simple past can be used in the if-clause for the ‘second’ conditional? Provide examples.
992. What other verb phrases apart from would can be used in the main clause for the ‘second’ conditional? Provide examples.
993. Discuss the usage of the past subjunctive were in the if-clause for the ‘second’ conditional. Provide examples.
994. Discuss the usage of would in the if-clause for the ‘second’ conditional. Provide examples.
995. Discuss the so-called ‘third conditional’. Provide examples.
996. Discuss the hypothetical/unreal condition in the past. Provide examples.
997. What other verb forms apart from past perfect can be used in the if-clause for the ‘third’ conditional? Provide examples.
998. What other verb forms apart from would have can be used in the main clause for the ‘third’ conditional? Provide examples.
999. Why can’t type 1 and type 2 conditionals normally be mixed?
1000. Discuss mixed type 1 and type 2 conditionals. When can they be mixed? Why? Provide examples.
1001. Look at the sentences below. What syntactic type are they? Are they grammatical? Discuss.
If he paid her back yesterday, she will buy herself a new car next week.
If you are fluent in French and Italian, you would learn Spanish very quickly.
1002. “In conditional sentences you can use any combination of tenses, provided you know what you want to say/what you are
saying.” Discuss.
1003. Discuss mixed type 2 and type 3 conditionals. Provide examples.
1004. Discuss mixed type 1 and type 3 conditionals. Provide examples.
1005. Discuss conditional sentences in reported speech. Provide examples.
1006. Which auxiliaries are used in formal future hypothetical conditionals? Provide examples.
1007. What kind of conditions are expressed with auxiliaries should, happen to, was/were to? Provide examples.
1008. Which auxiliary is used for theoretical possibility in the future with conditional clauses? Provide examples.
1009. How can you make conditionals more tentative and thus polite? Provide examples.
1010. Discuss conditional sentences in formal and literary styles with subject-operator inversion. Provide examples.
1011. In which cases is subject-operator inversion in conditional clauses possible? Provide examples.
1012. How are negatives formed in conditional clauses with inversion? Provide examples.
1013. For what kind of conditions is the conjunction when used? Provide examples.
1014. How is then used in conditional sentences? Provide examples.
1015. Discuss conditional clauses with the subordinators what if, imagine (that), suppose (that), supposing (that). Provide examples.
1016. Discuss the usage of the subordinator unless. Provide examples.
1017. Discuss the usage of the subordinator not unless. Provide examples.
7
1018. Discuss the usage of the subordinator otherwise. Provide examples.
1019. Discuss the usage of the subordinators as long as, so long as, provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), just so (that).
Provide examples.
1020. Provide examples of conditions expressed with in case of, in the event of, with, without, but for.
1021. Finish this sentence: But for… What does ‘but for’ mean?
1022. Discuss the usage of ‘if only’ in conditional clauses. Provide examples.
1023. Discuss the usage of ‘given that’, ‘assuming that’ and ‘granted that’ in conditional clauses. Provide examples.
1024. Provide examples of to-infinitive clauses expressing conditions.
1025. Provide examples of if-clauses used to admitting facts and giving reasons for them.
1026. Provide examples of if-clauses used in the meaning ‘I’m saying this in case…’
1027. Provide examples of ‘if’ used to mean ‘although’.
1028. Discuss the usage of the expression ‘If I were you’. Provide examples.
1029. Discuss the expression If only…! Provide examples.
1030. What is a precondition? Which grammatical pattern is used? Provide examples.
1031. What kind of condition is expressed with be to? Provide examples.
1032. What is the difference between the following;
If I give her the money, she will spend it.
If I gave her the money, she would spend it.
If I had given her the money, she would have spent it.
Explain the rule for the basic three types of conditional sentences. Translate the sentences above into Croatian.
1033. Explain the difference between the following:
If someone asks for me, tell them I’ll be back in a minute.
If someone should ask for me, tell them I’ll be back in a minute.
1034. Discuss the time references in the following conditional sentences of mixed types:
If she had worked harder, she wouldn’t have lost her job.
If she had worked harder, she wouldn’t now be looking for another job.
If she weren’t that lazy, she wouldn’t have lost five jobs in as many years.
If she weren’t that lazy, she wouldn’t have a problem finding another job.
1035. Explain the difference between the following pairs of conditional sentences:
If you go out tonight, you’ll be tired in the morning.
If you’re going out tonight, when are you going to do the ironing?
If it rains, I won’t go out.
If it’s raining, I won’t go out.
If he had taken the five-o’clock train, he would have got here by now.
If he took the five-o’clock train, he should be here any minute.
If you finish before the others, hand in your test and leave.
If you have finished, hand in your test and leave.
If you had known he was in town, would you have told me?
If you knew he was in town, why didn’t you tell me?
1036. Explain the usage of will in the following conditional sentences:
If you will just take a seat, the doctor will see you in a moment.
He became his second-in-command – his right hand, if you will.
If he won’t listen to me, there’s nothing I can do.
1037. Complete the following sentences:
If it weren’t for…
If I were you…
Supposing…
Even if…
If only…
I wish…
What if…
Whether you like it or not…
1038. Turn the conditional sentences used in all the examples above into reported speech. What is the rule for reporting conditionals?
1039. Correct the mistake in this sentence:
If he didn’t buy the tickets on Friday, he wouldn’t be able to enjoy the beauties of London now.
What is wrong with that sentence?
Finish the sentence to make it meaningful and grammatical:
If he didn’t buy the tickets on Friday…

XVII Reported Speech

1040. Define direct speech. Provide examples.
8
1041. Define indirect (reported) speech. Provide examples.
1042. List as many verbs of reporting as possible.
1043. Discuss the changes in reported speech in general terms. Provide examples.
1044. Discuss the changes in adverbials in reported speech. Provide examples.
1045. Discuss the changes in demonstratives in reported speech. Provide examples.
1046. Discuss the tenses of verbs of reporting in reported speech. Provide examples.
1047. Discuss the usage of the conjunction that in reported speech. Provide examples.
1048. When can the conjunction that be dropped in reported speech. Provide examples.
1049. Are there contexts in which the conjunction that cannot be dropped in repoted speech? Provide examples.
1050. When are verbs of reporting used in present tenses? Provide examples.
1051. What does the present tense of the verb of reporting suggest? Provide examples.
1052. How would you report the written word? Which tenses would you use? Provide examples.
1053. What does the perfect aspect in verbs of reporting suggest? Provide examples.
1054. Can verbs of reporting be used with the progressive aspect?
1055. When are verbs of reporting used with the progressive aspect? Provide examples.
1056. What happens to the reported bit after verbs of reporting used in present tenses? Provide examples.
1057. What is the usual tense for verbs of reporting? What does it suggest? Provide examples.
1058. Define the term ‘backshift’. Provide examples.
1059. Define the term ‘the sequence of the tenses’. Provide examples.
1060. In which contexts is backshift obligatory? Provide examples.
1061. In which contexts is backshift optional? Provide examples.
1062. What does the speaker/writer suggest if he/she does not apply backshift? Provide examples.
1063. If backshift is optional, what will the choice whether to apply it depend on? Provide examples.
1064. If backshift is optional, in which contexts is it more likely? Provide examples.
1065. If the speaker/writer wishes to be neutral, will he/she apply backshift or not? Provide examples.
1066. What kind of tone does backshift give to reported speech? Provide examples.
1067. Is backshift usually used in reporting in the media? What kind of tone does it give? Provide examples.
1068. Discuss tense usage when reporting unreliable, untrue or outdated information. Provide examples.
1069. Discuss the general principle in the English tense system behind backshift. Provide examples.
1070. When are past tenses not backshifted, even after a past reporting verb? Provide examples.
1071. Discuss past and present tenses in reported speech after past reporting verbs. Provide examples.
1072. When is the speaker more likely to change present and future tenses in reported speech after a past reporting verb? Provide
examples.
1073. Outline the changes of tenses after past reporting verbs (what changes into what).
1074. Discuss the changes in modal auxiliary verbs after past reporting verbs.
1075. Which modals change in reported speech after past reporting verbs?
1076. Which modals do not change in reported speech after past reporting verbs?
1077. Which modals can stay the same or be changed into other expressions? Provide examples.
1078. Discuss the modal must in reported speech after past reporting verbs. Provide examples.
1079. Discuss the modal have to in reported speech after past reporting verbs. Provide examples.
1080. Discuss the modal must in reported speech after past reporting verbs. Provide examples.
1081. Which verbs of reporting can be used to report questions?
1082. How are yes/no questions reported? Provide examples.
1083. Discuss inversion in reported questions. Provide examples.
1084. Name some ways of reporting orders and requests. Provide examples.
1085. Name some ways of reporting offers, warnings, apologies, etc. Provide examples.
1086. Discuss free indirect and free direct speech.
1087. Turn these sentences into reported speech, beginning with she asked me or she said.
Can you swim?
You can have my seat, I’m going now.
I can’t attend both classes, because they take place at the same time.
I can’t be 4 o’clock already!
Smoking can be dangerous to your health.
This house can be very cold in winter.
I can hear the sound of the waves crashing against the rocks.
He can’t have known about it. He would have told me if he had.
1088. Turn these sentences into reported speech. Begin with he/she said… Explain when must can be replaced with have to.
You must see this film! It’s brilliant.
You must do as you are told.
You mustn’t play with matches.
She has worked hard all day; she must be tired.
9
 I can’t see him anywhere. He must have gone home.
1089. Change the following questions from direct into indirect speech, using he asked, he wondered, he wanted to know:
Is Charles your brother?
Will you help me?
What is your name?
Can you come tomorrow?
What did she say?
Did you see George yesterday?
Where did you spend your holidays last year?
How will she get there?
How have you managed without me?
1090. Explain the difference between the following pairs of sentences:
The teacher told us we had to hand in our essays tomorrow.
The teacher told us we had to hand in our essays the following day.
She said she had seen him yesterday.
She said she had seen him the day before.
1091. Change the following commands from direct into indirect speech, using he told me, he asked me, he ordered me, he warned me:
Go away!
Fire!
If you do that again, you’ll be sent to prison.
Don’t shut the door.
Give your support to the flood victims.
Play the piano, please.
Don’t be late tomorrow.
1092. After a past reporting verb, backshift is optional if the statement is ________________________ or seen as a
_________________________. Free direct and indirect speech is used in _____________________.

XVIII Nouns
1093. Define nouns a) morphologically, b) syntactically, c) semantically.
1094. What are the syntactic functions of nouns?
1095. Nouns can be divided into categories according to several criteria. Discuss the divisions and provide exmaples.
1096. What are proper nouns? Provide examples.
1097. Classify the nouns below into one of the following groups: C for countable, U for uncountable, Gr for group (or collective)
nouns, Pr for proper nouns. (Note: some nouns can belong to two groups.)
country, tree, peace, Paul Newman, flock, sheep, Rubens, square, patience, England, rivalry, traffic, Hyde Park, Congress,
advice, Manchester United
1098. Which of the following nouns are countable and which are uncountable?
lightning, fish, nuisance, evidence, trout, news, research, aircraft, (chewing) gum, sheep, salmon, information.
1099. Explain the difference in meaning between the following countable and uncountable nouns:
A wine glass is made of glass.
You can throw a stone at a wall made of stone.
I’m reading an evening paper. I need some paper and a pen.
The kettle is made of copper. I gave the boy a few coppers.
1100. Make pairs of sentences of your own using the words below as countable and uncountable to illustrate the difference.
tin, sugar, chicken, ice, experience, business, hair, noise, democracy, cloud
1101. What are package nouns? How can these be further divided? Provide examples.
1102. What are collective nouns? Provide examples.
1103. What are unit nouns? Provide examples.
1104. What are quantifying nouns? Provide examples.
1105. What are species nouns? Provide examples.
1106. What are aggregate nouns? Provide examples.
1107. Give three examples of pair nouns.
1108. Give three examples of group/collective nouns.
1109. Supply abstract nouns for the following:
acid elegant long shy
anxious err lovely sober
bandit expand mean solid
beautiful expend miser splendid
believe false monarch squalid
boy fastidious nude sterile

10
bread feel oblige strong
brother frigid parent stupid
brutal gallant partner succeed
candid general patient sudden
cannibal generous peculiar sugar
cheap girl perfect suspicious
Christian great pleasant sweet
clean grow poor swift
confident hate prison terrible
conservative hero proud timid
conspire high prude tolerant
courteous hollow quiet traitor
coward hope real tranquil
craftsman humid receive true
crude ignore relevant vain
damp illiterate republican valiant
decrease incongruous rich veracious
despot independent sane vest
destroy infant savage wide
diffident jealous scarce wise
discover know secure young
dry likely short zealous
1110. Discuss the endings for plural of nouns in English. Provide examples.
1111. Discuss the plurals of Latin or Greek nouns. Provide examples.
1112. Give the plural forms of the following nouns:
advice Connery inch radius
aircraft convoy index rat
airman corpus Israeli reef
album country Japanese roof
alumnus cow Kennedy safe
appendix crisis key salmon
army criterion knee scarf
aspirin curio knife scratch
ass daily lady sergeant-major
axe deer larva series
axis diagnosis lay-by sheep
bacillus diploma leaf shelf
bamboo dog lens shirt
basis donkey life sigh
beach dormouse loaf sister-in-law
bee dwarf looker-on specimen
bough dynamo louse spoonful
box echo man spy
boy Englishman man-of-war staff
branch equipment match step-mother
breakdown erratum means stimulus
breath error mongoose stratum
brother evidence month studio
brother-in-law eye mother-in-law Sunday
brush fish mouse Swiss
bureau fly mouth syllabus
bus foot museum thief
butterfly formula negro tomato
cactus fox niece torch
calf Frenchman nose town
cape fungus oasis tray
cat-burglar furniture onlooker trough
chassis genius oven trout

11
chewing gum gentleman ovum ultimatum
chief German ox valley
child Germany pass village
Chinese goose passer-by volcano
chorus grapefruit penny wharf
church great-aunt phenomenon wife
city half photo wish
class handkerchief piano witch
clean-up hero potato wolf
cliff house proof woman
concerto hypothesis quiz yoke
1113. What is the rule for the pronunciation of plural forms? Provide examples.
1114. Rewrite the following sentences, putting as many words as possible into the plural and making all the other necessary changes.
A witch used to be burnt.
A match is taken from a box or torn form a ‘book’.
The leaf that the bird was carrying fell onto the roof of the house.
The monkey jumped from rock to rock up above, watching the movement of the man in the valley bellow.
The defeated army had no time to bury the body of its hero.
The chief of the tribe had his own means of catching a salmon.
The cheese could not be sold, as a mouse had left a tooth mark on it.
Which was the greater curse in the Middle Ages, the fly or the louse?
1115. Explain the different meanings of the singular and plural form of the words below. Use them in your own sentences.
air, premise, brace, compass, fruit, spectacle, damage, wit, pain, power, colour, spirit, talk, arm, content, ground
1116. What are the two possessive forms? Provide examples.
1117. What are some of the meanings of the genitive? Provide examples.
1118. What are the syntactic functions of the Saxon genitive? Provide examples.
1119. What is the syntactic function of the Norman genitive? Provide examples.
1120. Discuss the choice between the Saxon and the Norman genitive. Provide examples.
1121. When would one normally use the Saxon genitive? Provide examples.
1122. When would one normally use the Norman genitive? Provide examples.
1123. Discuss the notion of grammatical gender in English. Provide examples.
1124. Discuss the two categories of gender. Provide examples.
1125. Supply the masculine or feminine, as required, of the following:
actor executioner man-servant
adventurer executor mare
architect father master
artist fiancée Mr.
bachelor filly murderer
bitch-otter fox musician
boy gander nephew
bridegroom gentleman nun
brother god painter
bull he-goat ram
cat heir ruler
cock-pheasant hen she-goat
count hero Sir
doctor horse steward
dog host traveller
duchess king uncle
duck landlady waiter
duke lion widower
emperor man wizard
1126. Supply group (or collective) nouns for the following:
sheep, people ate football match, wolves, elephants, fish, people in church, people listening to a concert, ships, sailors on a ship,
trees, cards, stars, deer, kittens, people working in a hospital, the teaching staff of a university, all the ministers, people in a
public square, cows, goats, thieves, geese, rioters, flowers, beautiful girls, ships, grapes of flowers, oxen, young chicken, whales,
puppies, settlers, footballers, lies, soldiers, hounds for hunting, talented actresses, robbers, rooms, offices
1127. Form compound nouns to express the following:

12
 a knife for cutting paper, a box for holding matches, a train for carrying goods, a man whose profession is lending money, a man
who sells drugs, a man who sells weapons illegally, a fish that is golden in colour, a machine for washing clothes, a machine for
washing dishes, an examination of a sample of blood, regulations concerning customs.
1128. Explain the meaning of the following compound nouns:
grammar school, village green, lawn tennis, a train journey, an eye test, a murder mystery, garlic bread.
1129. How is flower-garden different from garden flower, or house dog from doghouse? What is the principle of modification?
1130. Discuss the structure of the noun phrase and provide examples.
1131. Discuss the semantic functions of determiners and modifiers in a noun phrase.
1132. Discuss the relationship between the head noun and other elements in a noun phrase.
1133. Explain the following terms: premodification, postmodification, premodifier, postmodifier.
1134. Discuss the term ‘determiner’ and its two uses.
1135. What are the three slots for determiners in a noun phrase called?
1136. What can function as a predeterminer in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1137. What can function as a central determiner in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1138. What can function as a postdeterminer in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1139. What can function as a modifier in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1140. What can function as a head word in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1141. What can function as a postmodifier in a noun phrase? Provide examples.
1142. What are the syntactic functions of noun phrases?
1143. What sentence elements can noun phrases function as? Provide examples.
1144. Discuss the notion of nominalization. Provide examples.

XIX Agreement/Concord
1145. What is the general rule for subject-verb agreement? Provide examples.
1146. What is the rule for agreement and uncountable nouns? Provide examples.
1147. Explain grammatical concord. Provide examples.
1148. What makes a subject grammatically singular? Provide examples.
1149. What makes a subject grammatically plural? Provide examples.
1150. Explain the principle of notional concord and provide examples.
1151. Which kinds of subjects follow the principle of notional concord? Provide examples.
1152. Discuss singular collective nouns and subject-verb concord. Provide examples.
1153. Discuss phrases of measurements and subject-verb concord. Provide examples.
1154. Discuss plural names of countries and subject-verb concord. Provide examples.
1155. Explain the principle of proximity for subject-verb concord and provide examples.
1156. When do coordinated subjects with and take a singular verb? Provide examples.
1157. Discuss subject-verb agreement with quazi-coordinators such as along/together with, rather than and as well as. Provide
examples.
1158. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with subjects coordinated with or, nor, not only… but also. Provide examples.
1159. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with indefinite pronouns. Provide examples.
1160. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with the following pronouns and provide examples: all, some, any, none, a lot, most.
1161. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with the following pronouns and provide examples: every, each.
1162. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with the following pronouns and provide examples: eihter, neither, none.
1163. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with a number of and the number of. Provide examples.
1164. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with franctions and percentages and provide examples.
1165. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with who, what, which and what/which + noun. Provide examples.
1166. Give some examples of nouns that are always plural.
1167. Give some examples of nouns that have a plural-only form which has a different meaning from the singular or uncountable
form.
1168. Give some examples of nouns which end in –s that normally take a singular verb.
1169. Give some examples of nouns which end in –s and which can be either singular or plural.
1170. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with pair nouns and provide examples.
1171. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with group (collective) nouns and give examples.
1172. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with aggregate nouns and give examples.
1173. The nouns listed below all end in –s, but follow different rules of agreement. Write ‘sg’ next to the nouns which take a verb in
singular, ‘pl’ next to those which take a verb in plural, and sg-pl next to those that can take either.
series, means, spectacles, news, barracks, darts, innings, headquarters, glasses, clothes, linguistics, species, billiards, goods
1174. The nouns below can be used with either the singular or the plural form of the verb, but with different meaning. Explain the
difference and use them in sentences of your own:
politics, statistics, acoustics, mathematics.
1175. Choose one of the words in italics to complete the following sentences, and state the type of concord:
Has/Have the police arrived at the scene of the crime yet? Have you called it/them?
13
 The Politics of Aristotle is/are studied at Oxford. Have you read it/them?
The United States is/are a democracy.
The X-Files is/are on every Thursday. Have you ever seen it/them?
The cattle is/are grazing in the meadow.
Gymnastics is/are more difficult than it seems/they seem.
What is/are the news? Have you heard it/them.
Where is/are your clothes? Where have you put it/them?
Ten years is/are a long time.
We waited for one and a half hour/hours.
One hundred and one soldier/soldiers arrived.
Two thirds of the forest was/were consumed by fire.
Nearly half of our workers is/are under 40. One fifth is/are under 30.
That happened more than four and a half century/centuries ago.
We have a staff of 35 people. Seventy percent is/are women.
This test has 21 point/points.
1176. Choose one of the words in italics to complete the sentences with correct agreement:
Ten years is/are a long time.
We waited for one and a half hour/hours.
One hundred and one soldier/soldiers arrived.
Two thirds of the forest was/were consumed by fire.
Nearly half of our workers is/are under 40. One fifth is/are under 30.
That happened more than four and a half century/centuries ago.
We have a staff of 35 people. Seventy percent is/are women.
This test has 21 point/points.
1177. Correct the following sentences and explain your corrections:
I have several jackets but only one trousers.
My pyjama is in the wash.
Those informations are inaccurate.
1178. Croatian nouns ljestve and novine are always used in plural. How about their English equivalents? Do you know of any other
similar examples?
1179. Use the following adjectives as nouns in full sentences. Which of them take a verb in singular and which in plural? (Some can
take either, depending on the meaning.)
rich, poor, blind, sick, wounded, injured, brave, deceased, dead, accused, old, English, good, bad, unexpected, Dutch, Japanese,
European, unemployed, homeless, unknown, mysterious, worst, best

XX Articles
1180. Define articles and list them.
1181. What are the syntactic functions of articles?
1182. Discuss the usage of the indefinite article generally.
1183. Discuss the usage of the definite article generally.
1184. Discuss how the zero article assumes the role of the indefinite article and in which cases does this happen? Provide examples.
1185. Discuss how the zero article assumes the role of the definite article and in which cases does this happen? Provide examples.
1186. What are some of the rules for the usage of the indefinite article with singular countable nouns? Provide examples.
1187. In which cases can zero article be used with singular countable nouns? Provide examples.
1188. Discuss the usage of articles with nouns functioning as Cs and Co denoting roles of the persons (S and Od respectivelly) and
provide examples.
1189. Discuss the usage of articles with expressions referring to the physical environment and provide examples.
1190. Discuss the usage of articles with the noun society and provide examples.
1191. How are the meanings of the indefinite article expressed with plural countable nouns? Provide examples.
1192. Discuss the usage of the definite article with plural countable nouns and provide examples.
1193. Discuss the usage of zero article with plural countable nouns and provide examples.
1194. How are the meanings of the indefinite article expressed with uncountable nouns? Provide examples.
1195. Provide examples of the usage of the indefinite article with uncountable nouns. What makes this use possible?
1196. Discuss the usage of the definite article with uncountable nouns and provide examples.
1197. Discuss the usage of zero article with uncountable nouns and provide examples.
1198. Discuss the usage of the articles with abstract nouns and provide examples.
1199. Discuss the usage of the articles in noun phrases postmodified by clauses and phrases and provide examples.
1200. Discuss the usage of the articles in noun phrases expressing classification and description and provide examples.
1201. Discuss the usage of the indefinite article in generalizations and provide examples.
1202. Discuss the usage of the definite article in generalizations and provide examples.
1203. In which cases is the + singular countable noun used for making generalizations?
14
1204. Discuss the usage of zero article in generalizations and provide examples.
1205. Discuss the usage of articles in ‘half-general’ expressions and provide examples.
1206. What is the most common way of making a generalization?
1207. Discuss the usage of articles with institutions like church, college, hospital etc. Provide examples. Which other nouns behave in
this way?
1208. With which nouns is the definite article never left out, regardless whether they are referred to as institutions or buildings?
1209. Give examples of sentences in which you will use the following: the court, Ø court, a court, the home,Ø home, a home, the sea,
Ø sea, a sea, the bed, Ø bed, a bed, the town, Ø town, a town.
1210. What is the difference between on the stage and on stage? Provide examples to illustrate the difference.
1211. Discuss the usage of articles with seasons of the year and provide examples.
1212. Discuss the usage of articles with special times of the year and provide examples.
1213. Discuss the usage of articles with years and provide examples.
1214. Discuss the usage of articles with months of the year and provide examples.
1215. Discuss the usage of articles with days of the week and provide examples.
1216. Discuss the usage of articles with parts of the day and night and provide examples.
1217. Discuss the usage of articles with meals and provide examples.
1218. Discuss the usage of articles with last and next and provide examples.
1219. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with what. Provide examples.
1220. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with so and such. Provide examples.
1221. When is the definite article used with the parts of the body? Provide examples.
1222. Discuss the usage of articles with illnesses and provide examples.
1223. Discuss the usage of articles with names of people and provide examples.
1224. Give some examples of the usage of the indefinite article with names of people.
1225. Give some examples of the usage of the definite article with names of people.
1226. Discuss the usage of the articles with celestial bodies and provide examples.
1227. Discuss the usage of articles with names of countries and provide examples.
1228. Discuss the usage of articles with names of continents and provide examples.
1229. Give examples of the definite and the indefinite article used with continents.
1230. Discuss the usage of the definite article with the Netherlands.
1231. Discuss the usage of the definite article with the Ukraine.
1232. Discuss the usage of the definite article with The Hague.
1233. Discuss the usage of articles with names of hills, mountains and mountain ranges and provide examples.
1234. Discuss the usage of articles with names of bodies of water and provide examples.
1235. Discuss the usage of articles with names of islands and provide examples.
1236. Discuss the usage of articles with names of deserts and provide examples.
1237. What is the general rule for the usage of articles with geographical names? Provide examples.
1238. Discuss the usage of articles with names of the points of compass and provide examples.
1239. Discuss the usage of articles with names of cities, towns, suburbs and villages and provide examples.
1240. Discuss the usage of articles with names of streets and roads and provide examples.
1241. Discuss the usage of articles with names of bridges and provide examples.
1242. Discuss the usage of articles with names of important bridges and provide examples.
1243. Discuss the usage of articles with names of transport facilities, churches, schools, zoos, buildings and provide examples.
1244. Discuss the usage of articles with names of theatres, cinemas, hotels, museums, galleries, centres and buildings and provide
examples.
1245. Discuss the usage of articles with names of shops and restaurants and provide examples.
1246. Discuss the usage of articles with names of ships and provide examples.
1247. Discuss the usage of articles with radio and provide examples.
1248. Discuss the usage of articles with television and provide examples.
1249. Which of the following are used with the (underline them): BBC, BBC1, BBC2, BBC Radio, BBC World?
1250. Which of the following are used with the (underline them): Times, Financial Times, Daily Telegraph, Guardian, Independent,
Washington Post, New York Times, Boston Globe, Economist, Time, National Geographic, Horse and Hound
1251. Discuss the usage of articles with abbreviations and acronyms and provide examples.
1252. Discuss the usage of articles with most and provide examples.
1253. Use the word most in sentences with a) zero article, b) the definite article, c) the indefinite article.
1254. What is the difference between the use of a/an or one with a noun? Provide examples.
1255. What is the difference between the use of a/an, some and zero article?
1256. Put the appropriate indefinite article (a or an) in front of the following nouns:
university, one-sided affair, honest deal, historical survey, ewe, unintentional mistake, unilateral agreement, bottle, ink-bottle,
hotel
What is the rule for the usage of a or an?
1257. Read the following aloud:
15
 the car, the owl, the heir, the host, the United States, the one and only; He gets paid by the hour, not by the week.
Provide the rule for the pronunciation of the.
1258. Explain the use and the pronunciation of the definite article in the following sentences:
That’s not the Mr. Knight I used to know.
That’s Mr. John Major. –You mean the John Major?
Do you know of any other situations in which the definite or indefinite article may be used with a person’s name?
1259. Provide three uses of the indefinite article. Illustrate them with your own examples in sentences.
1260. In front of what kind of nouns is the indefinite article normally not used? Are there any exceptions to this rule? Provide
examples.
1261. Provide five contexts in which the definite article is used and five others in which it is not used.
1262. Explain the usage of the definite article with geographical names (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, mountains, mountain ranges,
islands, deserts).
1263. Which of these names are used with the definite article?
Netherlands, France, Hague, United States, United Kingdom, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Republic of Croatia, Bronx,
Downing Street, 5th Avenue, Buckingham Palace, Central Park, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Tower, Brooklyn Bridge, Houses of
Parliament, English Channel
1264. Explain the usage of the with a noun which refers to only one person or thing. Provide examples.
1265. Which of the following are used with the (underline them): Queen Elizabeth, Queen, Queen of England, Pope, Pope John Paul
II, Prime Minister, British Prime Minister, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher?
1266. What do these expression refer to: ‘The Queen Elizabeth II’, ‘The King George IV’?
1267. When would the definite article be used with the nouns below? Make your own sentences to illustrate the usage.
the car, the computer, the telephone, the train, the wheel.
1268. How is the definite article used in generalisations? Are there any other means of expressing generalisations? Explain and
provide examples.
1269. Explain the usage of the articles with diseases, musical instruments and sports, providing examples.
1270. What is the difference between:
going to school, going to the school; going to prison, going to the prison; going to church, going to the church?
Are there any other nouns that follow the same pattern?
1271. Which of the following should be used with the:
Columbia University, University of Glasgow, Second World War, World War Two?
1272. Use the following two expressions in your own sentences to illustrate the difference in meaning: in future and in the future.
1273. Which of the nouns below are used with the? What is the rule?
Time, Newsweek, Times, Guardian, National Geographic, Sun, Daily Mail
1274. Explain the usage of articles with the following nouns:
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, meal
1275. Give an example of the usage of the definite article in a ‘half-general’ expression.
1276. Give grammatically correct examples of sentences in which you will use the following phrases: ‘the most’, ‘a most’, ‘Ø most’.
1277. What is the difference between these two: ‘the last week’ and ‘last week’?
1278. Make sentences in which these will be grammatically correct and meaningful:
‘the Margaret Thatcher’, ‘a Margaret Thatcher’, ‘the the’
1279. Uncountable abstract nouns can occasionally be used with the indefinite article if they refer to a specific example or feelings
about something. Provide examples of this kind of usage for the following nouns: fear, hope, dislike, life, horror, war.
1280. Explain the usage of articles with the Saxon Genitive.
1281. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with what. Provide examples.
1282. Discuss the usage of articles in exclamations with so and such. Provide examples.

XXI Determiners – Demonstratives, Possessives, Quantifiers, Interrogatives, Relatives

1283. Define determiners in a general sense.
1284. What are the six subclasses of determiners?
1285. What are the four major subclasses of determiners?
1286. What are the other two subclasses of determiners beside the four major ones?
1287. Discuss the two meanings of the term determiner.
1288. Discuss the term determiner as a syntactic function. Provide examples.
1289. Define demonstrative determiners and list them.
1290. What are the syntactic functions of demonstrative determiners?
1291. Discuss how demonstrative determiners can be used to show acceptance or interest and provide examples.
1292. Discuss how demonstrative determiners can be used to show dislike or rejection and provide examples.
1293. What kind of idea is expressed in the following sentence? Tell me about this new boyfriend of yours.
1294. What kind of idea is expressed in the following sentence? Tell me about that new boyfriend of yours.
1295. What is the difference between the following sentences?
Tell me about this new boyfriend of yours. and Tell me about that new boyfriend of yours.
16
1296. Discuss the usage of this and that for time reference. Provide examples.
1297. Which demonstrative determiner(s) is/are used to introduce a new entity into a narrative? Provide examples.
1298. Which demonstrative determiner(s) can be used to suggest that an experience is familiar to everybody? Where is this use
common? Provide examples.
1299. Define possessive determiners and list them.
1300. What are the syntactic functions of possessive determiners?
1301. What is the difference between the Saxon and Norman Genitives?
1302. Discuss the usage of the possessive determiners and articles with the parts of the body.
1303. Give the Saxon Genitives of the following nouns (some have more than one correct form):
son-in-law, William the Conqueror, Sophocles, parents, Prince of Wales, Keats, Moses, my father and mother, Bush
1304. Pronounce the genitives used in the previous question. What is the rule for pronouncing the Saxon Genitive?
1305. What is the difference between the following:
a portrait of Rembrandt a portrait of Rembrandt’s
a painting of my mother my mother’s painting
a friend of mine my friend
1306. Explain the usage of articles with the Saxon Genitive.
1307. What is the difference between the following:
a children’s birthday party the children’s birthday party
a boy’s jacket the boy’s jacket
1308. Use the following words in the Saxon Genitive in your own sentences: yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last month.
1309. Make up your own sentences using phrases with the Saxon Genitive to express the following: a wait of ten days, a holiday of
two weeks, a delay of an hour. What other patterns express the same idea?
1310. What possessive forms are used in English to express the following locations: mesarnica, frizerski salon, zubarska ordinacija,
pekarnica? Use them in your own sentences.
1311. Define quantifiers and list some of them.
1312. What are the syntactic functions of quantifiers?
1313. Define the negative determiner.
1314. What are the syntactic functions of the negative determiner?
1315. What is the difference between the negative determiner ‘no’ and the negative adverb ‘no’? Provide examples to illustrate the
difference.
1316. List some quantifiers used to express large quantities.
1317. List some quantifiers used to express small quantities.
1318. List some quantifiers used to express whole quantities.
1319. List some quantifiers used to express part quantities.
1320. What is the difference between few/little and a few/a little? Illustrate it with examples.
1321. Explain the difference in meaning:
I visited him every day while he was in hospital.
I visited him each day while he was in hospital.
1322. Define interrogative determiners and list them.
1323. What are the syntactic functions of interrogative determiners?
1324. Discuss the usage of the possessive interrogative determiner and provide examples.
1325. Discuss the usage of what and which. Provide examples.
1326. Define relative determiners and list them.
1327. What are the syntactic functions of relative determiners?
1328. Discuss the usage of the possessive relative determiner and provide examples.
1329. Discuss the usage of the relative determiner what and provide examples.
1330. What is the difference between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners? List each of them and use them in your
own sentences to illustrate the difference.
1331. What is the difference between possessive pronouns and possessive determiners? Use them in your own sentences to illustrate
the difference.
1332. What is the difference between interrogative pronouns and interrogative determiners? Use them in your own sentences to
illustrate the difference.
1333. What is the difference between relative pronouns and relative determiners? Use them in your own sentences to illustrate the
difference.
1334. Make sentences using the following words as a) pronouns and b) determiners:
his, those, that, such

XXII Numerals, Measurements

1335. Define numerals.
1336. What are the syntactic functions of numerals?
1337. What is the difference between a number and a numeral?
17
1338. What are the two subclasses of numerals?
1339. Define cardinal numerals. Provide examples.
1340. What question do cardinal numerals answer?
1341. What are cardinal numerals used as? Provide examples.
1342. What is morphologically interesting about cardinal numerals?
1343. Define ordinal numerals. Provide examples.
1344. What question do ordinal numerals answer?
1345. What are ordinal numerals used as? Provide examples.
1346. What are fractions? Provide examples. What kind of numerals are used to form fractions?
1347. Say aloud the following numerals:
decimal numbers: 15.357, 173.38, 0.5
years: 1606, 1400, 457, 2000, 2003
measurements: The baby weighed 6lb 4oz at birth; The table measures 5ft x 3ft x 2ft 6in.
sports results: Ivanisevic is in the lead by 15:0; Manchester United lost 2:0
times of day: 10.15, 10.45, 9.30, 12.00; the next train for Liverpool leaves at 23.00
prices: £2.50, £10, 50p, $14.50, 25c
1348. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:
Books like these are now selling ____________________ the hundred thousand.
She’s five ____________________ two ____________________ tall. She weighs about 8 ____________________ 10
____________________.
The room is sixteen feet ____________________ twelve.
The box is 26 inches ____________________ x 25 inches ____________________ x 16 inches ____________________.
She was driving ____________________ 75 miles an hour.
There’s a speed limit ____________________ 50 km/h.
He had exceeded the speed limit ____________________ 10 miles an hour.
Light travels ____________________ 299 792 kilometres per second.
Could I have a quarter of smoked ham, please, and half a ____________________ of Cheddar? (non-metric measurement)
Can I have a ____________________ of milk, please? (non-metric)
The price of copper fell ____________________ £10 ____________________ tonne.
800 ____________________ people took part in the conference. (= approximately)
1349. Write today’s date in as many different ways as possible. Say each aloud.
1350. Which of the following ways of writing the year is correct. Why? 1998 or 1998.
1351. Which of the ways of writing ‘twelve thousand’ is correct? Explain. 12 000 12.000 12,000
1352. Which is correct and why:
ten million pounds or ten millions of pounds; five hundred people or five hundreds of people
1353. What is the difference between the following:
25 square meters and 25 meters square
1354. What is the difference between a ton and a tonne?
1355. What does one billion mean in British English and what in American English?
1356. If someone lived four score years, how old were they when they died?
1357. If someone says in colloquial English It’s half six, what time of day is it?
1358. Use the following expressions in your own sentences to illustrate the difference between them:
sixteen years old sixteen-year-old sixteen-year-olds
1359. What is the difference between his wife of twenty years and his twenty-year-old wife?
1360. What do these expressions mean?
She got a first in history at Cambridge.
That’s a first for the German team.
Let me buy you a drink. –That’s a first!
1361. When would you use a second, a third, a fourth…? Provide examples.

XXIII Pronouns
1362. Define pronouns in a general sense.
1363. What are the subclasses of pronouns?
1364. Define each of the subclasses of pronouns.
1365. Define personal pronouns and list them.
1366. Define demonstrative pronouns and list them.
1367. Define reflexive pronouns and list them.
1368. Define emphatic pronouns and list them.
1369. What are the two uses of emphatic pronouns?
1370. What is the difference between reflexive and emphatic pronouns? Use them in your own sentences to illustrate the difference.
1371. Define reciprocal pronouns and list them.
18
1372. Define possessive pronouns and list them.
1373. Define indefinite pronouns and list some of them.
1374. Define relative pronouns and list them.
1375. Define interrogative pronouns and list them.
1376. Discuss cases of personal pronouns. Provide examples.
1377. What are the archaic forms of second person personal pronouns?
1378. Give examples in which you will use one as a personal pronoun and discuss this usage.
1379. What are the problems with cases of personal pronouns when used after conjunctions and and or? Provide examples.
1380. Discuss the phrases and I and and me and their use.
1381. Discuss the phrases or him and or he and their use.
1382. Discuss the idea of hypercorrection in the usage of the phrases and I or and he. Provide examples.
1383. Discuss the usage of pronouns as subject complements. Provide examples.
1384. Which is correct: It is I; It is me? Discuss.
1385. Which is correct: It was he; It was him? Discuss.
1386. Discuss the usage of personal pronouns after as or than. Provide examples.
1387. Discuss the usage of personal pronouns functioning as the subject of to-infinitive clauses. Provide examples.
1388. Discuss the usage of personal pronouns functioning as subjects of non-finite clauses. Provide examples.
1389. Give some examples of sentences in which personal pronouns will be modified.
1390. Discuss the usage of here and there as postmodifiers for personal pronouns. Provide examples.
1391. Discuss the various uses of the pronoun we. Provide examples.
1392. Discuss the usage of the pronoun we in academic texts.
1393. Discuss the inclusive and exclusive use of the pronoun we. Provide examples.
1394. Discuss the persuasive/rhetorical use of the pronoun we. In which contexts is it used?
1395. Give some examples in which you will use the pronoun us to mean you. Discuss this use.
1396. Discuss the choice of third person singular personal pronouns. Provide examples.
1397. Discuss the choice of third person singular personal pronouns for animals. Provide examples.
1398. What can the pronoun she be used to refer to? Provide examples.
1399. Discuss the usage of personal pronouns to refer to people of unknown or either sex.
1400. Which personal pronouns can be used to refer to ‘any person’, ‘people in general’? Provide examples.
1401. What is the difference between the usage of you and one for ‘any person’, ‘people in general’? Provide examples.
1402. Discuss the usage of the personal pronoun one. Provide examples.
1403. Discuss the difference between American and British usage of the personal pronoun one. Provide examples.
1404. Discuss the usage of the pronoun we for ‘people in general’. Provide examples.
1405. Discuss the usage of the pronoun they for ‘people in general’. Provide examples.
1406. Discuss the usage of the pronoun he with a generic reference. In which case would you still use it today? Provide examples.
1407. Make your own sentences to illustrate the usage of it:
as an empty subject
as an anticipatory subject
with expressions of time and distance
standing for a whole sentence
as an empty object in colloquial expressions
1408. Provide examples of feminine pronouns used to represent inanimate things.
1409. Which of these would you prefer to use and why: It is I; it is me?
1410. Explain the function of one in the following sentences:
Take one of these chocolates.
One can’t be too careful in matters like these.
There are two choices open to you; you must take either one or the other.
One evening we went to the theatre, another evening we went dancing.
I prefer red roses to white ones.
I’d lend you an umbrella but I’m afraid I haven’t got one.
1411. Discuss the form of the possessive pronouns in relation to personal pronouns.
1412. How can you make a possessive pronoun emphatic? Provide examples.
1413. Make sentences using the following words as a) pronouns and b) determiners:
his, those, that, such
1414. Define the syntactic function of reflexive pronouns. Provide examples.
1415. Discuss the usage of personal and reflexive pronouns to refer back to the subject. Provide examples.
1416. In which case(s) can you use a personal pronoun to refer back to the subject when only a reflexive meaning makes sense?
Provide examples.
1417. In which case(s) do you have to use a reflexive (and not a personal) pronoun to refer back to the subject? Provide examples.
1418. Give examples of idioms taking a reflexive pronoun.
1419. Make pairs of sentences using each of these verbs twice: once intransitively and once reflexively:
19
 wash, shave, dress, behave.
1420. Make pairs of sentences using each of these verbs transitively and reflexively:
apply, enjoy, prove, consider, call
1421. Give examples in which myself and yourself are an alternative to I/me/you with no reflexive or emphatic meaning. What kind of
usage is this in term of style?
1422. In which case(s) are reflexives often used instead of personal pronouns? Provide examples.
1423. What is used instead of the non-existant possessive reflexives? Provide examples.
1424. Give some examples of sentences in which you will use emphatic pronouns.
1425. Discuss the difference in use between each other and one another. Provide examples.
1426. Identify the ‘self’ pronouns in the following sentences as reflexive or emphatic:
The President himself opened the show.
I made this myself but it was you who gave me the idea.
Make yourself at home and help yourself to anything you fancy.
Brown hasn’t been himself for some time. He seems unwell.
1427. Use each or every in the following expressions:
_______________ other day; he gave us an ice-cream _______________; we _______________ have a company car;
_______________ two days; _______________ now and then; these avocados are 50p _______________; you have
_______________ reason to believe me; they write to _______________ other _______________ day.
1428. Discuss the difference in use of demonstrative pronouns in terms of number. Provide examples.
1429. Discuss the difference in use of demonstrative pronouns in terms of ‘near’ or ‘further away’ reference. Provide examples.
1430. Discuss the usage of demonstrative pronouns to refer to situations in terms of time. Provide examples.
1431. Discuss the usage of demonstrative pronouns to refer to a statement or idea mentioned before. Provide examples.
1432. Discuss the usage of this and that to refer to people. Provide examples.
1433. Can this or that be used to refer to people? If yes, how? Provide examples.
1434. Discuss the difference in use of demonstrative pronouns to identify people over the phone in British and American English.
Provide examples.
1435. Discuss the usage of that/those meaning ‘the ones’. Provide examples.
1436. Discuss the usage of this, that and it in discourse. Provide examples.
1437. What is the difference between this/that and it when referring back to things that have been talked or written about earlier?
Provide examples.
1438. What is the difference between this and that when referring back to things that have been talked or written about earlier?
Provide examples.
1439. What is the difference in use between this/that and it when referring back to more than one thing that have been mentioned?
Provide examples.
1440. Discuss the focus with it and this when they are used in discourse. Provide examples.
1441. Which pronoun(s) among this, that and it can be used to refer forward to something that has not yet been mentioned? Provide
examples.
1442. What are the three classes of indefinite pronouns? Provide examples.
1443. List compound indefinite pronouns with personal and those with neuter reference.
1444. List assertive compound indefinite pronouns and non-assertive ones.
1445. List compound adverbs corresponding to compound indefinite pronouns.
1446. Discuss the subject-verb agreement with compound indefinite pronouns. Provide examples.
1447. What is the difference in use between compound indefinite pronouns ending in –body and those ending in –one?
1448. What are some of the words that can be used to modify compound indefinite pronouns? Provide examples.
1449. Which personal pronouns are used to refer to compound indefinite pronouns? Provide examples.
1450. Discuss the usage of all to mean ‘everything’. Provide examples.
1451. Discuss the usage of all to mean ‘everybody’. Provide examples.
1452. List quantifying pronouns.
1453. What kind of nouns is the pronoun one/ones used for? Provide examples.
1454. What are the patterns where the noun that can be replaced with one/ones is simply left out? Provide examples.
1455. What are the patterns where one/ones replacing a noun cannot be left out? Provide examples.
1456. When can the pronoun one/ones be used after noun modifiers? Provide examples.
1457. Explain the difference in meaning:
Are you expecting anyone this afternoon? Are you expecting someone this afternoon?
Would you like anything to drink? Would you like something to drink?
1458. Provide sentences of your own to illustrate the difference in usage between the following question words: who and which; who
and whom; which and what; which and whose.
1459. Discuss the difference in the use between the following question words: who and whom. Provide examples.
1460. Explain the usage of who, which and what for human and non-human referents. Provide examples.
1461. Discuss the usage of what and which. Provide examples.
1462. Explain the usage of who, which and that for human and non-human referents. Provide examples.
20
1463. Explain the usage of interrogative and relative pronouns for human and non-human referents. Provide examples.
1464. Discuss the usage of the relative pronouns who and that for human referents. Provide examples.
1465. Discuss the usage of the relative pronouns which and that for non-human referents. Provide examples.
1466. Discuss the usage of the relative pronoun whom. Provide examples.
1467. Discuss the usage of relative pronouns when they are the object of a preposition. Provide examples.
1468. Can relative pronouns ever be omitted? Provide examples.
1469. What is the difference between the following pairs of sentences:
All the soldiers who were brave were killed. All the soldiers, who were brave, were killed.
He has a brother who is an artist. He has a brother, who is an artist.
My decision caused a number of problems which I hadn’t expected.
My decision caused a number of problems, which I hadn’t expected
Explain the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive (non-identifying) relative clauses.

XXIV Adjectives and Adjective Phrases

1470. Define adjectives a) morphologically, b) syntactically, c) semantically.
1471. What are the syntactic functions of adjectives?
1472. What are the two common positions of adjectives in English called? What about the third possible position that is more common
in French? Provide examples.
1473. Discuss the structure of the adjective phrase and provide examples.
1474. What can occur in front of the adjective within an adjective phrase?
1475. Discuss the term ‘adjectival complementation’. What is its relationship with the head word? Provide examples.
1476. What are the syntactic functions of adjective phrases? Provide examples.
1477. Provide an example of an adjective phrase modifying a noun split into two parts by the head noun.
1478. Adjectives can come in three positions in English: the ________________ when they function as a _______________ within a
________________, the ___________________ when they function as the ________________ within the sentence, and there is
a third position less typical of English, and more typical of French, where the adjective comes after the _______________ and
______________ it, such as in the example:___________________________________________________________________.
1479. Discuss the various positions of adjectives in English and provide examples.
1480. List some adjectives that can be used only predicatively.
1481. List some adjectives that can be used only attributively.
1482. Give some examples of adjectives that have different meanings depending on whether they are used attributively or
predicatively.
1483. Give some examples of adjectives and adjective phrases used postpositively.
1484. Give some examples of nouns modified by adjectives where the adjectives actually modify the action the subject performs.
1485. Give some examples of adjectives that have different meanings depending on whether they are used attributively or
postpositively.
1486. Discuss the usage of adjectives with compound indefinite pronouns. Provide examples.
1487. Which of the following adjectives can be used a) only predicatively, b) only attributively, c) either predicatively or attributively?
Illustrate their usage with your own sentences.
dyed, astonished, former, unwell, disturbed, major, lovely, agog, happy, dutiful, latter, mere, aware, alone, expensive, content,
unable, ashamed, afraid, alive.
1488. In the following sentences, the adjectives are used predicatively. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding attributive adjectives.
The child is asleep. ____________________ children look very peaceful.
I don’t think it’s alive. A ____________________ animal would move.
You should not be afraid. A ____________________ person is in a greater danger of being attached by a dog.
Why did he have to come to work if he’s unwell? ____________________ people should be allowed to stay at home.
1489. In the following sentences, the adjectives are used attributively. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding predicative adjectives.
This is my elder brother. He is two years ____________________ than me.
We have a little cottage by the lake. It is very ____________________.
The main problem is financing the whole thing. That problem is ____________________.
1490. Form adjectives from the following nouns:
storm, friend, harm, care, wood, danger, fame, honour, trouble, Iceland, atom, talent, Turk, girl, geometry, winter ghost, hero,
art, Paris, reason, lead, botany, Elizabeth, spite, crime.
1491. What is the difference between the following:
childish and childlike, godlike and godly, brass and brazen, gold and golden, silver and silvery, classic and classical, economic
and economical, historic and historical, music and musical
1492. Discuss the order of adjectives within noun phrases and provide examples.
1493. Discuss the notion of gradable and ungradable adjectives and provide examples.
1494. Use the adjectives derived from the following verbs in your own sentences: sink, drink, shrink.
1495. Use the following participles as adjectives and discuss the difference in meaning: alarming/alarmed, amazing/amazed,
amusing/amused, annoying/annoyed, boring/bored, confusing/confused, depressing/depressed, disappointing/disappointed,
21
 exciting/excited, exhausting/exhausted, fascinating/fascinated, frightening/frightened, interesting/interested, pleasing/pleased,
puzzling/puzzled, relaxing/relaxed, shocking/shocked, surprizing/surprized, thrilling/thrilled, tiring/tired, worrying/worried
1496. Form sentences using the following words as a) participles and b) adjectives:
inspired, learned, aged, blessed, sweeping, guiding, manufactured, finished, annoying, promising, broken, confused.
How are learned, aged and blessed pronounced when used as adjectives?
1497. Give examples of adjectives used as nouns with the definite article.
1498. In which cases can one use an adjective on its own without the noun? Provide examples.
1499. The following adjectives can be used both as qualitative and as classifying adjectives, depending on the meaning. Use them in
your own sentences to illustrate the difference in meaning.
certain, late, perfect, poor, present
1500. The adjectives listed below have different meanings depending on whether they are used in front of a noun or immediately after
one. Use them in your own sentences to illustrate the difference.
concerned, involved, responsible, proper
1501. Using negative prefixes give the opposite of the following adjectives:
adequate, responsible, competent, satisfied, logical, acceptable, successful, experienced, visible
1502. Form the negative of the following adjectives by adding or changing a prefix or suffix:
happy, pleasant, attentive, perfect, regular, legal, honest, useful, careful, pure, patient, ordinary, hopeful, safe, human, fruitful,
respectful, religious, valuable, merciful
1503. Use the following adjectives as nouns in full sentences. Which of them take a verb in singular and which in plural? (Some can
take either, depending on the meaning.)
rich, poor, blind, sick, wounded, injured, brave, deceased, dead, accused, old, English, good, bad, unexpected, Dutch, Japanese,
European, unemployed, homeless, unknown, mysterious, worst, best
1504. The words listed below can be used as either adjectives or adverbs. Write to sentences for each to illustrate the difference in
usage:
fast, long, next, past, straight, daily, kindly
1505. Some of the following words are adjectives and other adverbs. Can you tell which is which? Use them in your own sentences.
slowly, likely, friendly, well, wildly, silly, lively, busily

XXV Adverbs and Adverb Phrases

1506. Define adverbs a) morphologically, b) syntactically, c) semantically.
1507. What are the syntactic functions of adverbs?
1508. Discuss the structure of the adverb phrase. Provide examples.
1509. What are the syntactic functions of adverb phrases? Provide examples.
1510. The words listed below can be used as either adjectives or adverbs. Write to sentences for each to illustrate the difference in
usage:
fast, long, next, past, straight, daily, kindly
1511. The following pairs of adverbs have different meanings. Use them in your own sentences to illustrate the difference:
hard – hardly, near – nearly, most – mostly, high – highly, late – lately
1512. Some of the following words are adjectives and other adverbs. Can you tell which is which? Use them in your own sentences.
slowly, likely, friendly, well, wildly, silly, lively, busily
1513. Classify the adverbs in the following sentences according to their meaning (place, manner, time, frequency, degree):
Every soldier fought bravely.
He called me early.
I told him to come nearer.
She has been there often.
I’m awfully sorry.
1514. Explain the difference:
He has already finished work. He hasn’t finished his work yet.
Has he finished his work yet? Has he finished his work already?
Is William still here? Is William here yet?

XXVI Comparison (Adjectives and Adverbs)

1515. Provide examples for the two kinds of regular comparison (inflectional and periphrastic).
1516. Which adjectives and adverbs take inflectional and which periphrastic comparison? Provide examples.
1517. Provide examples for irregular comparison.
1518. Provide the comparatives and the superlatives of the following adjectives;
long, bitter, convenient, evil, beautiful, sly, cruel, severe, constant, pleasant, afraid, wicked, common, pretty, narrow, polite,
hopeful, fertile, extravagant, thin, grey, ripe, strong
What are the rules for the formation of the comparative and superlative?
1519. Explain the difference between the following:
nearest and next, older and elder, less and lesser, farther and further, later and latter, latest and last, least and smallest.
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1520. Explain the difference between the absolute and the relative superlative in the following sentences:
She’s a most beautiful girl.
She’s the most beautiful girl I’ve ever seen.
We spent a most delightful evening with the Smiths.
Her performance was most impressive.
It was the most exciting trip we’ve ever had.
I received a most unusual present from my Australian relatives.
1521. What are some of the patterns expressing comparison? Provide examples.

XXVIIPrepositional Phrases
1522. Discuss the structure of prepositional phrases and provide examples.
1523. What is the element after the preposition in a prepositional phrase called?
1524. What syntactic structure usually functions as the prepositional complement? What other structure can function as the
prepositional complement? Provide examples.
1525. What is meant by the extended prepositional phrase? Provide examples.
1526. What are the syntactic functions of prepositional phrases?
1527. Explain the notion of stranded prepositions and provide examples.
1528. What are the syntactic functions of prepositional phrases?
1529. What are complex prepositions? Provide examples.

XXVIII Adverbials
1530. Which syntactic structures can function as adverbials?
1531. What are the adverbial sentence elements? Provide examples.
1532. Discuss the three positions of adverbials and provide examples.
1533. Discuss the front (initial) position of adverbials and provide examples.
1534. Discuss the mid (medial) position of adverbials and provide examples.
1535. What kind of adverbials can occur in the mid position? Provide examples.
1536. In which cases do adverbials come before the simple verb phrase? Provide examples.
1537. In which cases do adverbials come after the simple verb phrase? Provide examples.
1538. In which cases do adverbials come after the operator in a complex verb phrase? Provide examples.
1539. In which cases do adverbials come immediately before the main verb in a complex verb phrase? Provide examples.
1540. In which cases can an adverb be put after the subject and before an auxiliary or before the ordinary verb to be? Provide
examples.
1541. Provide examples of adverbs that can come before or after the negative auxiliary with a difference in meaning.
1542. Discuss the end (final) position of adverbials and provide examples.
1543. What are some of the semantic roles of adverbials? Provide examples.

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