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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of An In-Plane Shear Specimen Designed For Ductile Fracture Studies
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of An In-Plane Shear Specimen Designed For Ductile Fracture Studies
DOI 10.1007/s11340-010-9385-8
(a)
A O
(b)
the first group specimens (Number: H11, H12, H13), placed normal to one surface of the specimen and acquires
Epsilon 3542-INS extensometer is employed to measure an image of 1376×1035 pixels with 256 grey levels, which
the elongation of the 50 mm gauge length of the specimen, includes the deformation of the gauge length 50.0 mm. The
as shown in Fig. 1. The specimen is stretched under function of DC1 is identical to the extensometer in Fig. 1
displacement control with an elongation velocity of 1 mm/ (b). DC2 is placed normal to the other surface and
min, corresponding to a strain rate of 0.0003/s. The testing employed to capture the images of a local area, so that we
machine documents the correlation curves between the gain the longitudinal strain variations accurately. The two
applied force and elongation, which will be used to digital cameras start working simultaneously and acquire
determine the strain hardening parameters for DP800. one image every 2 s.
Elastic parameters such as Young’s modulus, E, and
Poisson’s ratio, ν, are precisely obtained by the strain Shear Tests
rosette which is attached to the surface of the gauge length
beforehand. Based on numerous FE calculations, the final geometry of
In tests of the second group specimens (Number: H14, the in-plane shear specimen for DP800 is obtained, as
H15, H16), the DIC technique has been utilized to measure shown in Fig. 3. The shear zone concentrates on the center
the displacement and strain variations of the specimen. As of the specimen and utilizes the butterfly shape presented
shown in Fig. 2, two digital cameras (DC) are arranged, by Bao and Wierzbicki [9]. Compared with the design by
which are identified as DC1 and DC2 respectively. DC1 is Bao [9], the biggest difference is that the shear zone is
unsymmetrical with respect to the x1-axis. As seen from
Fig. 3(b), two concave sides of the shear zone move
95 .3mm
Fig. 4 Three in-plane shear specimens Fig. 5 Experimental set-up for shear tests
Exp Mech
1200
20
H11 fd
H12 fd 600
10
H13 fd
H14 fd 300
5 H15 fd
H13 test
H16 fd fitted curve
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Elongation d/mm True strain
Fig. 6 Applied force versus elongation for the six uniaxial tensile Fig. 8 Experimental and fitted curves of the true stress versus true
samples strain for DP800
1.0 mm along the x2-axis up and down respectively. The (DC) are arranged, which are identified as DC1 and DC2
extreme point ‘A’ of the concave side has a horizontal respectively. DC1 is placed normal to one surface of the
distance of 2.5 mm with the center point ‘O’ of the shear specimen and acquires an image size of 114 mm×86 mm,
zone. The above mentioned design results in the shear zone which contains the deformation information of the gauge
having a nominal length of 5.0 mm along the x1-axis of the length of 95.3 mm. The function of DC1 is identical to a
specimen. The shear zone always undergoes a rotation large range scale extensometer, and thus the elongation of
during the loading process, which will increase the tensile the gauge length can be obtained. The image obtained by
stress components. However, the tensile stresses are not DC1 is digitized into a sample of 1376×1035 pixels with
needed. So the two offset concave sides are introduced in 256 grey levels and then stored into a computer for further
promise of guaranteeing the shear stress and meanwhile processing. DC2 is placed normal to the other surface of the
repressing the tensile stresses. specimen and employed to capture the images of the shear
Following the geometry shown in Fig. 3, three duplicate zone, which are helpful in accurately studying the strain
samples are cut from DP800 sheet with the x1-axis along field of the shear zone. Like DC1, DC2 also digitizes the
the rolling direction and designated as ‘H31, H32, H33’ captured images into samples of 1376×1035 pixels with
respectively, as illustrated by Fig. 4. A gauge length of 256 grey levels and stores them into a computer. The two
95.3 mm has been marked on the surface of the samples. digital cameras start working simultaneously that is,
Shear tests are carried out on an electronic universal acquiring one image every 2 s.
testing machine WDW with a maximum load of 100 kN.
One end of the specimen is fixed and the other end is Digital Image Correlation
stretched at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. The DIC technique has
been utilized to measure the displacement and strain field of DIC is a non-contact optical technique used to measure the
the specimen. As displayed in Fig. 5, two digital cameras deformation field of an in-plane object. It obtains the
measurement data by matching the grey intensity distribu-
tion of two sequential acquired images taken ‘before’ and
0.10 ‘after’ deformation, which are considered as the reference
strain from H13
image and deformed image respectively. The light intensity
strain from H14 by DIC
Longitudinal true strain
strain from H15 by DIC at the point (x1, x2) in the reference image can be expressed
strain from H16 by DIC by the grey matrix, G(x1, x2), over a selected subset. The
point (x1, x2) moves to a new location after deformation and
0.05
is referred as the point ( x1’, x2’ ) in the deformed image, the
Fig. 7 Comparison of the longitudinal true strain derived from the test 210 556 0.3 1185.4 0.1179
date by extensometer and DIC
Exp Mech
light intensity of which can be described as G’ ( x1’, x2’ ). from the position by minimizing S. Thereafter, the
By searching the position of G’ ( x1’, x2’ ) that mostly deformation gradient tensor F can be determined by the
resembles the original intensity G(x1, x2), the in-plane following definitions [17],
deformation measurements can be detected. The correlation
coefficient S is formulated to describe the similarity degree
@u @u @v @v
between G(x1, x2) and G’ ( x1’, x2’ ) as follows [15, 16], F11 ¼ @x1 þ 1; F12 ¼ @x2 F21 ¼ @x1 ; F22 ¼ @x2 þ1
ð3Þ
P 0 0 0
Gðx1 ; x2 Þ»G x1 ; x2 Different strain definitions may be used to measure the
S ¼ 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
P P 0 0 0 2 ð1Þ
deformation. Here we make use of logarithmic strains,
ðGðx1 ; x2 ÞÞ2 » G x1 ; x2
whose matrix εis expressed by the following formulations
ignoring the deformation in thickness
If the motion of the object relative to the camera is
parallel to the image plane, then the coordinates (x1, x2) and " ¼ lnðl1 Þn1 nT1 þ lnðl2 Þn2 nT2 ð4Þ
( x1’, x2’ ) are related by
where li and ni (i=1, 2) are the eigenvalue and the
0
@u @u corresponding unit eigenvector of the right Cauchy-Green
x1 ; ¼ x1 þ u þ Δx1 þ @x1 Δx2 @x2
0
@v @v ð2Þ deformation tensor C, namely F T F[18].
x2 ¼ x2 þ v þ @x 1
Δx 1 þ @x2 Δx2
where u and v are the displacements for the subset centers Experimental Results
in the x1 and x2 directions respectively; @u=@x1 ; @u=@x2 ;
@v=@x1 ; @v=@x2 are the first-order displacement gradients of Uniaxial Tensile Tests
the reference subset; Δ x1, Δ x2 are the distances from point
( x 1 , x 2 ) t o t h e s u b s e t c e n t e r. T h e u , v a n d Resulting from the measurement range limitation of the
@u=@x1 ; @u=@x2 ; @v=@x1 ; @v=@x2 are detected iteratively extensometer, only a 3 mm elongation is acquired in the
8
Shear Tests
6 fracture A total of about 173 images were captured for each in-pane
shear specimen. Using the sample ‘H32’ as an example,
Load f/ KN
x2
x1
Exp Mech
8
The plane stress FE model for the specimen is
generated by using the four-node elements CPS4R with
6 fracture selective reduced integration. The reason that the plane
stress element is applicable lies in the no occurrence of
Load f/KN
x1
x2
(a) d=0.25mm
x1
x2
(b) d=2.00mm
x1
x2
(c) d=3.86mm, close to fracture
0.8
0.6
fracture
Stress /GPa
0.4
S12
0.2 S11
S22
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.2
x1 Elongation d/ mm
0.8
x1
Shear stress /GPa
0.6
x2
fracture
(c) d=3.86mm, close to fracture
0.4
Fig. 15 Evolutions of the shear stress S12 distribution in the shear
zone plane stress FE S12
0.2
solid FE S12
H31 nominal shear stress
The experimental observations in Fig. 10 and the shear 0.0
strain comparisons in Fig. 14 together show that the shear 0 1 2 3 4 5
zone undergoes a finite rotation in the process of being Elongation d /mm
loaded. In the section of ‘Experimental Results,’ it is Fig. 17 Comparisons of the experimental nominal shear stress with
mentioned that the rotation may induce the variations of the numerical shear stress S12 at the center point in the shear zone
Exp Mech
Z
"f
xav ¼ xd" "f ð8Þ
0
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Acknowledgements The present work has been supported finan- 15. Bruck HA, McNeill SR, Sutton MA, Peters WH (1988) digital
cially by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. image correlation using Newton-Raphson method of partial
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supplying DP800 sheet metal. mechanics held in Portland on June 5–10
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