Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4

Dewatering, Well
1.Problematic Compaction, Methods
points- Vacuum / of compaction,
soils electro osmatic Engineering properties Soil stabilization,
methods, Analysis of of compacted soil, Field
Use of chemical
2.Necessity of seepage, Two compaction and its
control. dynamic additives,
ground Dimensional Flow,
compaction, Vibro Reinforced earth,
heat treatment,
improvement flotation, Compaction Concept, Materials,
ground freezing., piles, Application and
Analysis and design Consolidation, Sand
3.Treatment of design, Use of geo-
of dewatering drains, Preloading,
synthetics and geo-
expansive soils systems. Grouting Stone column,
Construction methods, cells in construction
types, Properties,
Merits work.
4.Selection of Method of grouting,
and demerits of
GIT for weak soil Ground selection various techniques
and control.
• Swelling and shrinkage
• Collapsible soils
• Soft soils
• Organic soils and peaty soils
• Karst deposits
• Dumps and landfills
• Old mine pits
• Black cotton soils are inorganic clays of medium to high compressibility and form a major
soil group in India
• This Black cotton soils occurs mostly in the central and western parts and covers
approximately 20% of the total area of India
• 40 to 60% of the Black cotton soil (BC soil) has a size less than 0.001 mm. At the liquid
limit, the volume change is of the order of 200 to 300% and results in swelling pressure
as high as 8 kg/cm2/ to 10 kg/cm2

10 kg
• Collapsible soils are defined as any unsaturated soil that goes through a radical
rearrangement of particles and greatly decreases in volume upon wetting, additional
loading, or both.
• Many collapsing soils exist to considerable depth, often 30 m or more and up to 200 m,
but always in areas where the ground-water table is deeper. The amount of collapse and
its rate are affected by the mineralogy of the materials present; initial void ratio; stress
history of the material
• Many collapsing soils have liquid limits below 45 and plasticity indexes below 25, and
usually much lower, often in the nonplastic range.
• Identified by very low bearing capacity.
• Can be observed in recently filled up sites
• Bearing capacity usually less than 80 kPa
• Different techniques are employed to increase bearing capacity
MARINE CLAYS

• Marine clay is a soft soil that could be found widely at the coastal and offshore areas
• This type of soil is usually associated with high settlement and instability, poor soil
properties that are not suitable for engineering requirements and low unconfined
compressive strength of less than 20 kPa.
• This kind of soil is considered as problematic due to the existence of high moisture
content and usually exists as slurry with noticeable percentage of expandable clay
minerals.
LIQUEFACTION

Occurs in loose saturated

cohesionless soils.

Pore water pressure is greater

than effective stress

Also called as quick sand

condition
• Landfills are modern techniques to
treat the municipal solid wastes.
• After the active period of landfill is
over it is left to settle by itself for 10-
15 years.
• After 15 years of stabilization and
extraction of leachate and gas the
surface still remains tricky for
foundations.
NEED FOR ENGINEERED GROUND
IMPROVEMENT
STRATEGIES
When a project encounters difficult Attempt to modify existing ground
foundation conditions, possible alternative
Enable cost effective foundation design
solutions are
Reduce the effects of contaminated
Avoid the particular site
soils
Design the planned structure
Ensure sustainability in construction
(flexible/rigid)
projects using ground improvement
accordingly techniques
Remove and replace unsuitable soils
GROUND IMPROVEMENT MECHANISMS

Compaction Dewatering

Admixtures or
Reinforcement
grouting
COMPACTION

• •The state of soil is improved in this technique due to high

• densification.
• •This is a long term improvement technique.
• •There is a change in soil state after adopting it.
• •This technique can be adopted for silty , sandy and gravely
• soils.
REINFORCEMENT

•This method improves the soil response by interaction between soil and inclusion.
• The improving period depends on the life of inclusion.
• In this technique there is no change in the state of soil.
•It is a widely used technique as it can be done for many types of soils.
ADMIXTURES OR GROUTING

Cementation plays a major role in improving the soil response.

• Short term/long term improvement techniques are possible.
•There is a change in soil state after adopting it.

DEWATERING
This is a technique similar to compaction.
•It is mostly adopted to clayey soils.
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND MODIFICATION
TECHNIQUES

Mechanical modification
Hydraulic modification
Physical and chemical modification
Modification by inclusion and confinement
Combination of the above
STONE COLUMN

• Improves the capacity of soft soil

• Rapid consolidation
• Can be encased by geogrids
where lateral confinement is
required
SOIL NAILS

Soil nails are a cost effective

method for long or short
term stabilisation of steep
existing or proposed slopes
MICROPILES

• Micropiles are high-performance,

high-capacity drilled deep foundation
elements typically between 5–12
inches in diameter that can extend
to depths of 200 feet and achieve
working loads of over 200 tons.
• Micropiles are comprised of high-
strength steel casing, rebar and
grout.
GEOSYNTHETICS
 Sisal fiber
Jute fiber

Polypropylene fiber
Coir fiber
FIBER REINFORCED SOIL
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF GROUND
IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE
Type and degree of improvement required
Bearing capacity improvement, settlement reduction, permeability enhancement/decrease,
long term/short term, liquefaction resistance.

Type of soil, geological structure, seepageconditions

Type of clay/sand and foundation, role of pore pressure and seepage, presence of difficult
geological condition.
 Costs, equipment, specifications
• Size of the project, availability of equipment,transportation
costs, experienced contractors, Specification of work, guidance
documents.
Construction time
• Construction time available, use of accelerated construction
techniques
 Possible damage to adjacent structure or pollution of ground
water resources
Tolerable levels of loading and deformation, pore water
contamination
Durability of the materials involved
Short term and long term, corrosion, aggressive soil condition.
 Toxicity and corrosivity of any chemical additives
• Government regulations may restrict the choice of additives
Using Vitrification of soils to limit radio active or hazardous
wastes,

Reversibility or irreversibility of the process

Ex: Lime added to expensive soil reacts in presence
of sulphate
 Reusability of components such as steel, plastics, concrete etc.
Reliability of methods of testing, analysis and design
• Good methods of testing, proven methods of design and analysis should be used and
empirical approaches need to be avoided
Feasibility of construction control and performance measurements
• Documents of quality control and performance are required in major ground improvement
projects
 OBJECTIVES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Increase strength
Reduce distortion under stress (Increases stress-strain modulus)
Reduce compressibility (volume decreases due to a reduction in air voids or
water content under loads)
Ex: Additives, fibres, reinforcement
 Prevent detrimental physical or chemical changes due to environmental
conditions (freezing / thawing, wetting/ drying)
Reduce susceptibility to liquefaction
Reduce natural variability of borrow materials and foundation soils
SOIL DISTRIBUTION ACROSS INDIA

Based on transportation- i)colluvial soil ii) glacial soil

iii) alluvial soil iv) Aeolian soil
v) lacustrine soil
Basically 6 different types of soil – lateritic soil( k, t, ke)
black cotton( central and western, some part of south)
red and yellow soil
alluvial soil
desert soil
mountain soil deposits
PLACE OF SOIL DEPOSITION

Divided into 3 types- 1)Terrestrial

2) Terri genic
3) Pelagic
MARINE SOIL DEPOSITS/ TERRI GENIC SOIL
DEPOSITS
• East coast deposits
• West coast deposits
• Dense sand deposits
• Calcareous sand deposits