12

2.4.5 Proposed Simplified Procedure 2.4.5.2 Threaded Rod Adjustment

A simplified design procedure for anchor bolt design has For threaded bolts, the bolt diameter, danchor, must be
been developed. It is primarily based on the new provisions adjusted to account for the threads. The adjusted diameter,
on anchoring to concrete that are provided as Appendix D in d′anchor, is increased as follows, using an adaptation of a for-
the 2002 edition of ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for mula from the CB-30 procedure commentary (16):
Structural Concrete and Commentary. The procedure is lim-
ited to the following conditions:
= danchor 1 +
0.9743
′
danchor (Eq. 2)
 nt 
• Anchor bolts are hooked or headed;
• Foundations have vertical reinforcing steel and confin-
Where
ing reinforcement, with anchor bolts placed inside of the
reinforcement; nt = number of threads per inch.
• Foundation-reinforcing steel is uncoated; and
• If hooked bolts are used, the length of the hook is at least
4.5 times the anchor bolt diameter. 2.4.5.3 Bolt Head Diameter

For cases where these assumptions do not apply, such as The required bearing area of the anchor bolt head, Ab , is
when lightly loaded bolts are embedded in an unreinforced
N
foundation, designers should refer to the complete procedure Ab = 0.191 (Eq. 3)
as documented in several sources (12–15). It is assumed that fc′
shear will not govern capacity, since the high aspect ratio of
support structures ensures that tension bolt forces due to Where
overturning moment are higher than bolt shear forces by a
factor of 14 or more. Moreover, the use of confining rein- f c′ = specified compressive strength of the concrete.
forcement will prevent shear breakout.
Briefly, the procedure requires determination of (a) the Bearing areas for various bolt sizes are provided in Table 2
required anchor bolt diameter and bearing area for headed of Cook (14). Therefore, for a round washer, the required bolt
bolts or (b) the required anchor bolt diameter for hooked head diameter, dhead , is
bolts. Next, the bolt length is determined so that the failure
4
plane will intersect the foundation-reinforcing steel below dhead = A + danchor
′2 (Eq. 4)
the point where the capacity of the reinforcing steel is fully π b
developed. These equations are developed using a wind load
factor of 1.3 and the appropriate ACI strength reduction fac- For this equation, the actual anchor bolt diameter, not the min-
tors (φ) of 0.80 for steel strength and 0.75 for concrete bear- imum, must be used. This requirement is important because
ing, solving for required diameters. the required bolt diameter will be rounded up to the next avail-
Previous design procedures did not account for anchor bolt able size. If the actual diameter is not used in the equation
head or hook bearing against concrete. High bearing stresses above, the equation will not necessarily provide sufficient
can lead to localized concrete crushing, loose anchor bolts, bearing area. The required area may be provided by a bolt
and, thus, poor structure performance. head, by a nut, or by a washer on top of a bolt head or nut.

2.4.5.1 Headed Bolt Diameter 2.4.5.4 Hooked Bolt Diameter

The category of headed bolts includes (a) bolts with
head-bearing area increased by using nuts or washers and
(b) threaded rods with nuts, with or without washers. The
required bolt diameter, based on steel strength, is
N
danchor = 1.44 (Eq. 1)
Fut
Where
N = tensile force on anchor bolt and
Fut = ultimate tensile strength of bolt, but not more than 1.9
times the bolt yield strength (1.9 Fy ), or 125,000 psi.
The required bolt diameter to prevent crushing failure of
the concrete against the hook is
N
danchor = 0.614 (Eq. 5)
fc′
This formula assumes that the distance from the inner surface
of the shaft of a J-bolt or L-bolt to the outer tip of the J-bolt
or L-bolt (eh ) is a minimum of 4.5 times the anchor diameter.
Anchor bolt steel strength should also be checked. How-
ever, combining the first equation with the hooked bolt equa-
tion indicates that the concrete bearing strength will govern