Tutorial 1 Ka Fadok

You might also like

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 8

TUTOR GUIDE CASE CNS DEVELOPMENT & MALFORMATION

Block : Neuroscience
Week :1
Theme : Central Nervous System Development & Malformation
Week Chair : dr. Astradea Simanungkalit, SpS
Case Title : Hydrocephalus and Cerebellum Hypoplasia

CASE SYPNOSIS
A 20-year-old woman with unplanned pregnancy, was admitted to ER due to uterine contraction.
The baby had condition of macrocephaly, delayed development, and seizure. The head MRI
showed enlargement of cistern magna, hypoplasia of vermis and cerebellar hemispheres,
enlargement of lateral and third ventricles. The baby was further diagnosed with Dandy Walker
syndrome and underwent a posterior fossa membrane removal and shunting operation. He then
remained well at follow-up, and when examined at the age of 36 months, he was walking
independently without neurological abnormality.
Seorang wanita 20 tahun dengan kehamilan yang tidak direncanakan, dirawat di IGD
karena kontraksi rahim. Bayi tersebut mengalami kondisi makrosefali, perkembangan yang
terlambat, dan kejang. MRI kepala menunjukkan pembesaran magna sisterna, hipoplasia
vermis dan hemisfer serebelum, pembesaran ventrikel lateral dan ketiga. Bayi itu kemudian
didiagnosis dengan Dandy Walker sindrom dan menjalani pengangkatan membran fossa
posterior dan operasi shunting. Pada saat follow up, keadaannya membaik, dan saat
diperiksa pada umur 36 bulan, ia dapat berjalan mandiri tanpa adanya abnormalitas
neurologis.

Week Objectives:

1. Describe the development of the nervous system.


2. List the component of central nervous system (hemisphere, cerebellum, brain stem,
spinal cord).
3. Describes the major parts of the brain and cerebellum. State functions for each
structure.
4. Describe the embryology and anatomy of the brain, cerebellum, and brain ventricles
5. Describe the production, circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid
6. Describe the congenital anomalies of the central nervous system

1. Mendeskripsikan perkembangan sistem syaraf


2. Membuat list komponen sist syaraf (hemisfer, serebelum, batang otak, dan medulla
spinalis)
3. Mendeskripsikan bagian-bagian besar dari otak dan serebelum. Dan juga fungsi2
dari bagian2 tersebut
4. Mendeskripsikan embriologi dan anatomi dari otak serebrum, serebelum, dan
ventrikel
5. Mendeskripsikan produksi, sirkulasi, dan absorbs cairan LCS
6. Deskripsikan kelainan kongenital dari sistem syaraf
Case Objectives:

1. Define the term of macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, and cerebellum hypoplasia


2. Describe etiology of congenital anomalies that cause cerebellum hypoplasia and
hydrocephalus
3. Describe the patophysiology of CSF circulation disorder
4. Describe the clinical manifestations and complications of hydrocephalus and cerebellum
hypoplasia
5. Describe the treatment for hydrocephalus and seizure
6. Describe the prognosis of congenital anomalies involving cerebellum hypoplasia

1. Definisikan arti makrosefali, hidrosefalus, dan hypoplasia serebelum


2. Deskripsikan etiologi anomalitas kongenital yang menyebabkan hypoplasia
serebelum dan hidrosefalus
3. Deskripsikan patofisiologi kelainan sirkulasi LCS
4. Deskripsikan manifestasi klinis dan komplikasi dari hidrosefalus dan hypoplasia
serebelum
5. Deskripsikan tatalaksana hidrosefalus dan kejang
6. Deskripsikan prognosis anomalitas kongenital yang berhubungan dengan hypoplasia
serebelum
TUTORIAL 1

Page 1

A 20-year-old woman lived in Karawaci was admitted to the ER at 9 months of


pregnancy due to uterine contraction. She was unmarried and had an unplanned pregnancy.
She did not realize she was pregnant until 12th weeks of pregnancy and during that time she
had a habit of alcohol consumption. She only had checked her pregnancy that one time and
did not go for a follow up.
Perempuan 20 tahun sedang hamil 9 bulan tinggal di Karawaci dibawa ke IGD,
karena adanya kontraksi uterus. Ia tidak menikan dan mengalami hamil tidak direncanakan.
Ia tidak sadar kalau ia sudah hamil sampai usia kehamilan 12 minggu. Pada saat itu ia
sering mengkonsumsi alkohol. Ia hanya memeriksakan kehamilannya satu kali dan tidak
pernah melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan lagi.

1. What are the problems and risk factors of this pregnancy?


Apa saja masalah dan faktor resiko pada kehamilan di kasus?
- no regular ante-natal care
tidak melakukan ANC secara teratur
- alcohol consumption during first trimester
mengkonsumsi alkohol saat trimester 1

2. What should be checked and evaluated in the ante-natal care?


Apa saja yang seharusnya dicek dan dievaluasi pada ANC?
- routine check up of the expectant mother (blood pressure, body weight, uterus
measurement) and ultrasonography for evaluation of the fetus development.
Check up rutin pada ibu (TD, BB, tinggu fundus uteri) dan USG untuk evaluasi
pertumbuhan fetus.
- routine supplementation of folic acid to avoid baby with a serious birth defect of
the spine or brain (neural tube defects)
rutin mengkonsumsi suplemen asam folat untuk mencegah bayi dari defek otak
atau tulang belakang saat kelahiran (neural tube defek)
- routine iron supplementation to avoid anemia in pregnancy
rutin mengkonsumsi suplemen zat besi untuk mencegah anemia saat kehamilan
- laboratory check up for screening or by special indication (TORCH)
check up lab untuk skrining atau indikasi special dari TORCH

3. What are the possible problems in the baby according to the risk factors in this
case?
Apa saja kemungkinan masalah kesehatan pada bayi berdasarkan faktor risiko pd
kasus?
- No history of folic acid supplementation: risk of baby with fetal malformation
Tidak ada suplemen asam folat: resiko bayi dengan malformasi fetus
- No history of iron supplementation: risk of anemia in pregnancy resulting in
preterm or low-birth-weight baby
Tidak ada riwayat suplemen besi: risiko anemia pd kehamilan yang
menyebabkan preterm atau berat badan bayi rendah
- Alcohol consumption during first trimester: teratogenic agent that may cause fetal
deformation
Konsumsi alkohol pd trimester 1: agen teratogenik yang menyebabkan deformasi
fetus.
TUTORIAL 1
Page 2

Ten months later, the mother brought the baby boy to a pediatrician in Siloam
Hospital. There was no prior visit for monthly check up and immunization prior to this visit.
She started noticing recently that the child has enlarged head, mainly on the back of his
head. He could roll over, but had not started to crawl, only able to sit with support, and
started babbling just recently.

On physical examination, head circumference was 49 cm, body length 70 cm, body
weight 8200 kg. Vital sign was normal and the other physical examination results were
unremarkable. The baby was alert, can roll, but had difficulties to sit by his own. On motor
examination, there was mild spasticity on both arms and legs.

10 bulan kemudian, ibunya membawa bayi laki-laki ke dokter anak di siloam. Tidak
ada kunjungan sebelumnya untuk check up bulanan dan imunisasi sebelum kunjungan ini.
Ibunya mulai menyadari bahwa anaknya mempunyai kepala yang besar, terutama dibagian
belakang kepala. Anaknya bisa berguling tapi gakbisa merangkak, hanya bisa duduk dengan
bantuan, dan berbicaranya hanya bisa mengoceh baru2 ini.

Pemeriksaan fisik, lingkar kepala 49 cm, PB 70cm, BB 8,2kg. Vital sign normal dan
pemeriksaan fisik lainnya tidak ada data. Bayinya sadar penuh, dapat berguling, tapi punya
kesulitan untuk duduk scr mandiri. Pemeriksaan motoric, ada spasticitas ringan di kedua
tangan dan kaki.

1. Currently, is there any problem with this baby?


Apakah ada masalah pada bayi ini?
Ya, lingkar kepala lebih dari 2SD sesuai dengan usia dan jenis kelamin. Ia juga
mengalami telat perkembangan. Untuk bayi 10 bulan, ia harusnya sudah bisa
merangkak, bisa berdiri dengan/tanpa bantuan, bisa berjalan dengan bantuan. Ia juga
mempunyai risiko infeksi karena ia tidak pernah di imunisasi.
Yes, his head circumference was more then 2SD of the mean for age and sex. He also
had delayed development. For a 10-old-months baby, he should have crawled, even
standing with/out assistance, and even walking with assistance. He also has risk of
infections because the baby had not received any immunization.
Berat berdasarkan usia masih di persentil 15 dan panjang berdasarkan usia berada
diantara 0 dan -2SD. Panjang badan masih normal berdasarkan usia dan JK nya, tetapi
butuh monitoring lanjutan agar memastikan ia tidak jatuh ke -2SD.
His weight for age was still on 15 th percentile and his length for age was still between 0
and -2SD. It was still normal for his age and sex, but need further monitoring to make
sure that it would not fall below -2SD.
2. What can cause the problems found in this baby?
Apa saja masalah yang dapat muncul pd bayi?
Makrosefali adalah keadaan abnormal dari kepala bayi besar termasuk SCALP, tulang
kranial, dan intracranial. Makrosefali dapat menyebabkan megalensefali (pembesaran
dari kedua bagian otak) atau dapat terjadinya hidrosefalis atau penebalan tulang
kranial.
Makrosefali sindrom adalah keadaan abnormalitas lain (fisikal/perilaku) yang
berhubungan dengan terjadinya pembesaran otak. Kumpulan abnormalitas ini
membentuk suatu sindrom. Sedangkan, makrosefali nonsindromik adalah kondisi
dimana pembesaran otak tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya kelainan fisik atau
malformasi besar. Diferensial diagnosis untuk makrosefali terkait dengan gangguan
perkembangan pada bayi akibat genetik/nongenetik.
Macrocephaly refers to an abnormally large head inclusive of the scalp, cranial bone and
intracranial contents. Macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (true enlargement of
the brain) or due to other conditions such as hydrocephalus or cranial thickening.
Macrocephaly can be sorted into: syndromic, nonsyndromic and nongenetic varieties.
Syndromic macrocephaly means that other abnormalities (physical or behavioral) are
associated with the enlarged brain. The constellation of these abnormalities creates a
recognizable pattern of malformations, or a syndrome. Nonsyndromic macrocephaly
refers to conditions in which the enlarged brain is the predominant abnormality, not
associated with any other noteworthy physical trait or major malformation.
Differential diagnosis for macrocephaly that associated with delayed development in
baby includes genetic and non-genetic causes.

3. What information does the mother needs to know about the baby?
Informasi apa yang ibunya butuhkan untuk mengetahui kondisi bayinya?
Ibunya harus tau dong kalo bayinya punya makrosefali dan pertubmuhan terhambat.

Makrosefali itu didefinisikan sebagai lingkar kepala yang melebihi 2SD berdasarkan usia,
JK, ras, dan kehamilan. Makrosefali bukan penyakit, tetapi sebuah sindrom dari banyak
penyebab. Percepatan besarnya kepala bayi dapat sebagai sebuah kemungkinan adanya
abnormalitas struktur dari LCS.

BB dan PB normal berdasarkan usia bayinya, walaupun kehati-hatian untuk di masa


depannya harus ditanamkan pada ibunya. Karena, BB dan PB anaknya mungkin bukan
yang aslinya karena adanya kondisi kepala besar.

Pertumbuhan terhambat pada anak adalah kondisi dimana anak tidak mencapai tahapan
perkembangan di aspek bahasa, motoric, dan kognitif yang sesuai dengan usianya. Hal
tersebut dapat terjadi akibat banyak faktor seperti keturunan, prematuritas, dan
abnormalitas struktur LCS.

Pada kasus ini, anak ini terjadi hambatan perkembangan yang disertai dengan kondisi
makrosefali (dimana makrosefali itu menjadi kemungkinan penyakit yang harus dilakukan
pemeriksaan lebih lanjut).

The mother needs to know that her baby has macrocephaly and delayed development.

Macrocephaly is defined as a head circumference that is more than two standard


deviations more than the mean for age, sex, race, and gestation. It is not a disease, but
a syndrome of diverse causes. Accelerated rate of enlargement of the head may
suggest a possibility of CNS structure abnormality.
Weight and length are currently normal for his age, although precaution is needed. The
current weight and length might not reflect the real condition since the head is bigger.

Developmental delay is when a child does not reach his/her developmental milestones in
language, thinking and motor skills at the expected times. It can cause by many factors
such as hereditary, prematurity or CNS structure abnormality.

In this child, delayed development accompanied by macrocephaly suggested an


underlying disease that needs further assessment.

4. What radiologic examination would you sugest to assess the baby problems?
Pemeriksaan radiologi apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui masalah bayi?
a. USG kepala  dapat dilakukan karena fontanelanya masih kebuka dan USG mempunai
resolusi spasial dan anatomi yang bagus, biasanya bisa dilakukan dalam 2 bulan
pertama kehidupan.
b. CT scan kepala mempunyai resolusi spasial yang bagus dan merupakan modalitas
untuk mengetahui anatomi tulang secara cepat. Karena pengerjaan yang cepat, CT
scan tidak membutuhkan obat sedasi.
c. MRI merupakan teknik non-ion yang mempunyai resolusi kontras TERBAIK. Tetapi,
pengerjaannya membuthkan waktu panjang sehingga kemungkinan menggunakan
sedasi.
d. Head ultrasound can be performed while the fontanelles are still open and has
excellent spatial and anatomic resolution, particularly within the first 2 months of life.
After 6 months, smaller acoustic windows due to closing sutures limit the sensitivity
of the examination.
e. Brain CT scan has excellent spatial resolution and is the best modality for quickly
assessing osseous anatomy. Because of rapid acquisition times, it usually does not
require sedation.
f. MRI is a nonionizing technique with the highest contrast resolution, but it requires
potentially long acquisition times and the possible use of sedation.

You might also like