Name : Asep Saefurrahman

NIM : 1162040016
Class : PBI 7A
Psycholinguistics
( Language Comprehension and Language Production)
A. Language Comprehension
- Spoken word recognition
In understanding words, the perception of words seems very difficult to
understand. This is due to the lack of cues that lead to what is called the
segmentation problem or the problem of how the listener hears the order of the
discrete units even though the acoustic signal itself is continuous. To
overcome this, two models are used. First, they must describe how the
placement of sensor inputs is placed into the lexicon, and second, what are the
components in the processing unit. The Trace Model (McClelland and Elman
1986) is an interactive model that simulates how a word will be identified
from an ongoing speech signal. The problem with models like this is that the
signal does not provide clear instructions about the beginning of the word and
the end of the word. The way the activation is spread through a network
consisting of three layers (features, phonemes, and words), the system
produces competitor forms, converging to the word that is finally sselected.
- Printed word recognition
English writing system, in addition to representing sound segments and a word
also contains instructions for word patterns and morphological structures.
Progress in determining how linguistic representations derived from print can
be made with monosyllabic words. Words that have been the focus of much
research today. Visual representations provided by print can quickly make
contact with representations stored in the mental lexicon. After this contact has
been made, it can determine the initial input whether by eye or ear.
- The Mental Lexicon
The mental lexicon is not associated with the morphemic predictor from which
recognition must be made. Under the morpheme-based view, the lexicon is
regulated in terms of morphemes such as beautiful, ful and ly. In view,
complex words are processed and represented in terms of the unit. Initially it
seems that both meanings of an ambiguous morpheme look up in many cases.
Ambiguous words, or words that have more than one meaning, can cause
difficulties and misunderstandings in interpreting the word's definition in
lexical processing. however, this problem can provide insight into whether
processing at the lexical level is influenced by information at a higher level or
whether it is modular. Although all meanings of an ambiguous word may be
accessed initially in many cases, More common are polysemous words, which
have several senses that are related to one another. Information about the
 meanings of words and about the concepts that they represent is lexical
meaning.
- Comprehension of sentence and discourse
The important thing in word recognition is language recognition. Some
theories have been agreed on the fact that the system of understanding
sentences then creates a new message representation. The understanding
system is sensitive to various kinds of information, including grammar,
language and contextual.
- Phenomena common to reading and listening comprehension
Understanding spoken and written languages can be very difficult because
identifying the constituents (phrases) of sentences and the ways in which they
relate to each other is not easy. This phenomenon shows that the preference
for certain structural relations plays an important role in the understanding of
sentences. But such syntactical theory has shifted away from describing
certain structural configurations and towards finding lexical information that
limits grammatical relations.
- Phenomea spesific to the comprehension of spoke language.
Understanding spoken and written languages can be very difficult because
identifying the constituents (phrases) of sentences and the ways in which they
relate to each other is not easy. This phenomenon shows that the preference
for certain structural relations plays an important role in the understanding of
sentences. But such syntactical theory has shifted away from describing
certain structural configurations and towards finding lexical information that
limits grammatical relations.
- Phenomea spesific to the comprehension of written language.
The written language carries some information that is not available in the
hearing signal. For example, word boundaries are explicitly indicated in many
languages. In this written language what is highly emphasized is punctuation
which has value or meaning in some information.
- Acess to single words in spoken language.
In studying how the speaker produces single words, then the lexical access
model proposed by Levelt, Roelofs, and Meyer (1999; Reolofs 1997) is used,
the first step is conceptualization, the next step is to choose words that fit the
chosen concept, then step next is the generation of phonological forms of the
word.
- Generation of sentences in spoken language production
In studying how the speaker produces single words, then the lexical access
model proposed by Levelt, Roelofs, and Meyer (1999; Reolofs 1997) is used,
the first step is conceptualization, the next step is to choose words that fit the
chosen concept, then step next is the generation of phonological forms of the
word.
- Written language production
Many steps in the production of written languages are similar to the
production of spoken languages. But there is a major difference in the position
of a lemma and its morphology. In the production of written language
phonology plays an important role in the process.