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Detecting Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps PDF
Detecting Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps PDF
by Jeremy Jensen rarely more frequent than once per personnel to stop it and understand the
Project Engineer month. Permanently installed online conditions elsewhere in the process
Bently Rotor Dynamics systems are almost never employed stream that led to cavitation. While the
Research Corporation
because it is argued that the costs of point of this article is not to debate the
e-mail: jeremy.jensen@bently.com
such pumps do not justify the cost of merits of online versus offline monitoring
permanent monitoring. Interestingly, (Bently Nevada supports both, with our
and Kenwood Dayton this long-held paradigm is changing. Trendmaster® 2000 system for online
Sr. Research Engineer The focus on these “smaller” machines monitoring of general purpose machinery
Bently Rotor Dynamics is intensifying, because there are often and our Snapshot™ for Windows® CE
Research Corporation
e-mail: kenwood.dayton@bently.com
so many of these machines in a plant system for portable data collection),
that they can collectively comprise a it is important to recognize that the
significant portion of the maintenance detection and prevention of cavitation
budget. As has been said, “many drops can only be effectively accomplished in
ently Nevada Corporation is make an ocean,” and this is often true an online environment, unlike certain
continually investigating with maintenance costs in a typical other machinery malfunctions.
methods to help our customers plant – it can be the many small
protect and manage all their machinery. expenditures that eclipse the few Pump Lab Goals
This includes integrated solutions to expensive ones. Increasingly, online Our goal with the Pump Laboratory is
address machines of all sizes, speeds, monitoring is justifiable, particularly to enhance understanding of centrifugal
and criticality. Within two of the largest for certain malfunctions. pump malfunctions. This will help to
markets that we serve, Hydrocarbon The subject of this article – cavitation determine the benefits and impediments
Processing and Power Generation, the – is one such phenomenon that can be of certain types of measurements and
most common machine type is the very damaging to pumps, is a direct monitoring techniques. Within the Pump
process pump. The vast majority of result of improper operating conditions, Laboratory, we can simulate various
these pumps are small – less than 200 and can only be effectively detected process conditions and pump malfunctions
hp (150 kW) in size – and operate at and mitigated in an online environment.
speeds below 3600 rpm. They use Because operating conditions are what
rolling element bearings and mechanical cause a pump to cavitate, the condition
“... it is important to
seals. Our pump lab is a direct result of
recognize that the detection
needs to be measured in real time
industry’s need for improved knowledge and conveyed to Operations personnel and prevention of cavita-
and solutions for this important class of so that they can stop the pump from tion can only be effectively
machines. cavitating – in effect, stopping the
accomplished in an
Traditionally, the types of pumps pump from damaging itself. Portable
described above have been categorized data collection informs Operations online environment, unlike
as “low business risk.” If they are after cavitation has occurred. In contrast, certain other machinery
monitored at all, it is generally with a permanent monitoring informs as it malfunctions.”
portable data collector at intervals is occurring, allowing Operations
KØ1 Keyphasor® 1 Pump shaft 90° Left across the pump) remained constant.
T1 Thermocouple 1 Nonrotating ceramic seal ring N/A The head gained and the flow rate were
monitored until the discharge pressure
T2 Thermocouple 1 Inlet water N/A
decreased at a greater rate than the inlet
F1 Flow 1 10 pipe diameters before In line pressure. At a point in which the pressure
pump inlet elbow
head gained in the pump, ∆Ppump, and
DP1 Dynamic Pressure 1 Outlet N/A the flow, , dropped off drastically, the
DP2 Dynamic Pressure 1 Inlet N/A flow was allowed to reach 160 gpm
A1 Acceleration 1 Pump housing 0° (10 L/s). The vacuum control valve was
then closed in order to hold the system
A2 Acceleration 1 Inlet cap Axial
in a constant state of cavitation. Data
PWR1 Dynamic Power 1 Motor power lines N/A was collected for a sufficient time during
Microphone 1 Various locations N/A steady cavitation. The vacuum was then
slowly released, and data was collected
Table 1. Table of transducer locations.
during the transition from cavitating to
operating at a speed of 1770 rpm near manufacturer. Cavitation was induced non-cavitating operating conditions.
the best efficiency point (BEP). For by applying a vacuum to a closed-loop Finally, data was collected during
this pump, the BEP (Figure 2) is 330 pump system. This technique is com- steady state conditions with the pump
gpm at 47.5 ft (20.8 L/s at 14.5 m) of monly employed in a reverse method operating normally (non-cavitating
head gain as identified by the pump (i.e., by applying pressure to the fluid conditions).
Figure 3. Trend plots for discharge and inlet pressures, and pressure Figure 4. Trend plot for measured flow rate to pump.
differential.