9/23/2020 teb_local_planner - ROS Wiki

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Documentation Status

Package Links
Code API (http://docs.ros.org/noetic/api/teb_local_planner/html)
Msg API (http://docs.ros.org/noetic/api/teb_local_planner/html/index-msg.html)
Tutorials (/teb_local_planner/Tutorials)
FAQ (http://answers.ros.org/questions/scope:all/sort:activity-desc/tags:teb_local_planner/page:1/)
Changelog (http://docs.ros.org/noetic/changelogs/teb_local_planner/changelog.html)
Change List (/teb_local_planner/ChangeList)
Reviews (/teb_local_planner/Reviews)

Dependencies (23)
Jenkins jobs (10)

Package Summary
 Released  Continuous Integration: 3 / 3  Documented

The teb_local_planner package implements a plugin to the base_local_planner of the 2D navigation stack.
The underlying method called Timed Elastic Band locally optimizes the robot's trajectory with respect to
trajectory execution time, separation from obstacles and compliance with kinodynamic constraints at
runtime.

Maintainer status: maintained

Maintainer: Christoph Rösmann <christoph.roesmann AT tu-dortmund DOT de>
Author: Christoph Rösmann <christoph.roesmann AT tu-dortmund DOT de>
License: BSD
Source: git https://github.com/rst-tu-dortmund/teb_local_planner.git (https://github.com/rst-tu-
dortmund/teb_local_planner) (branch: noetic-devel)

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Contents
1. Overview
2. Video
3. Node API
1. Topics
1. Published Topics
2. Subscribed Topics
2. Parameters
1. Robot Configuration Parameters
2. Goal Tolerance Parameters
3. Trajectory Configuration Parameters
4. Obstacle Parameters
5. Optimization Parameters
6. Parallel Planning in distinctive Topologies
7. Miscellaneous Parameters
4. Roadmap

1. Overview
Update: Two tutorials on planning with dynamic obstacles added (click here
(/teb_local_planner/Tutorials))

This package implements an online optimal local trajectory planner for navigation and control of mobile
robots as a plugin for the ROS navigation (/navigation) package. The initial trajectory generated by a global
planner is optimized during runtime w.r.t. minimizing the trajectory execution time (time-optimal objective),
separation from obstacles and compliance with kinodynamic constraints such as satisfying maximum
velocities and accelerations.

The current implementation complies with the kinematics of non-holonomic robots (differential drive and
car-like robots). Support of holonomic robots is included since Kinetic.

The optimal trajectory is efficiently obtained by solving a sparse scalarized multi-objective optimization
problem. The user can provide weights to the optimization problem in order to specify the behavior in case
of conflicting objectives.

The approach called "Timed-Elastic-Band" is presented in:

C. Rösmann, W. Feiten, T. Wösch, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: Trajectory modification considering

dynamic constraints of autonomous robots. Proc. 7th German Conference on Robotics, Germany,
Munich, 2012, pp 74–79.
C. Rösmann, W. Feiten, T. Wösch, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: Efficient trajectory optimization using
a sparse model. Proc. IEEE European Conference on Mobile Robots, Spain, Barcelona, 2013, pp.
138–143.

Since local planners such as the Timed-Elastic-Band get often stuck in a locally optimal trajectory as they
are unable to transit across obstacles, an extension is implemented. A subset of admissible trajectories of
distinctive topologies is optimized in parallel. The local planner is able to switch to the current globally
optimal trajectory among the candidate set. Distinctive topologies are obtained by utilizing the concept of
homology / homotopy classes. The following papers are describing the approach

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3.1.2 Subscribed Topics

~<name>/odom (nav_msgs/Odometry (http://docs.ros.org/api/nav_msgs/html/msg/Odometry.html))
Odometry information that gives the local planner the current speed of the robot. Change this topic
by either remapping or by changing the parameter ~<name>/odom_topic.

~<name>/obstacles (costmap_converter/ObstacleArrayMsg
(http://docs.ros.org/api/costmap_converter/html/msg/ObstacleArrayMsg.html))
Provide custom obstacles as point-, line- or polygon-shaped ones (additionally to or instead of the
costmap obstacles).

~<name>/via_points (nav_msgs/Path (http://docs.ros.org/api/nav_msgs/html/msg/Path.html))

Provide custom via-points (you need to set ~<name>/global_plan_viapoint_sep to zero or

negative)

3.2 Parameters
The teb_local_planner package allows the user to set Parameters (/Parameters) in order to customize the
behavior. These parameters are grouped into several categories: robot configuration, goal tolerance,
trajectory configuration, obstacles, optimization, planning in distinctive topologies and miscellaneous
parameters. Some of them are chosen to be compliant with the base_local_planner (/base_local_planner).
Many (but not all) parameters can be modified at runtime using rqt_reconfigure (/rqt_reconfigure).

3.2.1 Robot Configuration Parameters

~<name>/acc_lim_x (double, default: 0.5)

Maximum translational acceleration of the robot in meters/sec^2

~<name>/acc_lim_theta (double, default: 0.5)

Maximum angular acceleration of the robot in radians/sec^2

~<name>/max_vel_x (double, default: 0.4)

Maximum translational velocity of the robot in meters/sec

~<name>/max_vel_x_backwards (double, default: 0.2)

Maximum absolute translational velocity of the robot while driving backwards in meters/sec. See
optimization parameter weight_kinematics_forward_drive

~<name>/max_vel_theta (double, default: 0.3)

Maximum angular velocity of the robot in radians/sec

The following parameters are relevant only for carlike robots:

~<name>/min_turning_radius (double, default: 0.0)

Minimum turning radius of a carlike robot (set to zero for a diff-drive robot).

~<name>/wheelbase (double, default: 1.0)

The distance between the rear axle and the front axle. The value might be negative for back-wheeled
robots (only required if ~<name>/cmd_angle_instead_rotvelis set to true).

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~<name>/cmd_angle_instead_rotvel (bool, default: false)

Substitute the rotational velocity in the commanded velocity message by the corresponding steering
angle [-pi/2,pi/2]. Note, changing the semantics of yaw rate depending on the application is not
preferable. Here, it just complies with the inputs required by the stage simulator. Datatypes in
ackermann_msgs (/ackermann_msgs) are more appropriate, but are not supported by move_base.
The local planner is not intended to send commands by itself.

The following parameters are relevant only for holonomic robots: New in ROS kinetic

Note, reduce ~<name>/weight_kinematics_nh significantly in order to adjust the tradeoff between

compliant longitudinal motion and non-compliant lateral motion (strafing).

~<name>/max_vel_y (double, default: 0.0)

Maximum strafing velocity of the robot (should be zero for non-holonomic robots!)

~<name>/acc_lim_y (double, default: 0.5)

Maximum strafing acceleration of the robot

The following parameters are relevant for the footprint model used for optimization (see Tutorial Obstacle
Avoidance and Robot Footprint Model
(/teb_local_planner/Tutorials/Obstacle%20Avoidance%20and%20Robot%20Footprint%20Model)). New in
version 0.3

~<name>/footprint_model/type (string, default: "point")

Specify the robot footprint model type used for optimization. Different types are "point", "circular",
"line", "two_circles" and "polygon." The type of the model significantly influences the required
computation time.

~<name>/footprint_model/radius (double, default: 0.2)

This parameter is only relevant for type "circular". It contains the radius of the circle. The center of
the circle is located at the robot's axis of rotation.

~<name>/footprint_model/line_start (double[2], default: [-0.3, 0.0])

This parameter is only relevant for type "line". It contains the start coordinates of the line segment.

~<name>/footprint_model/line_end (double[2], default: [0.3, 0.0])

This parameter is only relevant for type "line". It contains the end coordinates of the line segment.

~<name>/footprint_model/front_offset (double, default: 0.2)

This parameter is only relevant for type "two_circles". It describes how much the center of the front
circle is shifted along the robot's x-axis. The robot's axis of rotation is assumed to be located at [0,0].

~<name>/footprint_model/front_radius (double, default: 0.2)

This parameter is only relevant for type "two_circles". It contains the radius of front circle.

~<name>/footprint_model/rear_offset (double, default: 0.2)

This parameter is only relevant for type "two_circles". It describes how much the center of the rear
circle is shifted along the robot's negative x-axis. The robot's axis of rotation is assumed to be
located at [0,0].

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~<name>/footprint_model/rear_radius (double, default: 0.2)

This parameter is only relevant for type "two_circles". It contains the radius of rear circle.

~<name>/footprint_model/vertices (double[], default: [ [0.25,-0.05], [...], ...])

This parameter is only relevant for type "polygon". It contains the list of polygon vertices (2d
coordinates each). The polygon is always closed: do not repeat the first vertex at the end.

~<name>/is_footprint_dynamic (bool, default: false)

If true, updates the footprint before checking trajectory feasibility

3.2.2 Goal Tolerance Parameters

~<name>/xy_goal_tolerance (double, default: 0.2)

Allowed final euclidean distance to the goal position in meters

~<name>/yaw_goal_tolerance (double, default: 0.2)

Allowed final orientation error in radians

~<name>/free_goal_vel (bool, default: false)

Remove the goal velocity constraint such that the robot can arrive at the goal with maximum speed

3.2.3 Trajectory Configuration Parameters

~<name>/dt_ref (double, default: 0.3)

Desired temporal resolution of the trajectory (the trajectory is not fixed to dt_ref since the temporal
resolution is part of the optimization, but the trajectory will be resized between iterations if dt_ref +-
dt_hysteresis is violated.

~<name>/dt_hysteresis (double, default: 0.1)

Hysteresis for automatic resizing depending on the current temporal resolution, usually approx. 10%
of dt_ref is recommended

~<name>/min_samples (int, default: 3)

Minimum number of samples (should be always greater than 2)

~<name>/global_plan_overwrite_orientation (bool, default: true)

Overwrite orientation of local subgoals provided by the global planner (since they often provide only a
2D path)

~<name>/global_plan_viapoint_sep (double, default: -0.1 (disabled))

If positive, via-points are extrected from the global plan (path-following mode). The value determines
the resolution of the reference path (min. separation between each two consecutive via-points along
the global plan, if negative: disabled). Refer to parameter weight_viapoint for adjusting the
intensity. New in version 0.4

~<name>/max_global_plan_lookahead_dist (double, default: 3.0)

Specify the maximum length (cumulative Euclidean distances) of the subset of the global plan taken
into account for optimization. The actual length is than determined by the logical conjunction of the
local costmap size and this maximum bound. Set to zero or negative in order to deactivate this
limitation.

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C. Rösmann, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: Integrated online trajectory planning and optimization in
distinctive topologies, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Vol. 88, 2017, pp. 142–153.
C. Rösmann, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: Planning of Multiple Robot Trajectories in Distinctive
Topologies, Proc. IEEE European Conference on Mobile Robots, UK, Lincoln, Sept. 2015

The extension to car-like robots is described in

C. Rösmann, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: Kinodynamic Trajectory Optimization and Control for Car-
Like Robots, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),
Vancouver, BC, Canada, Sept. 2017.

Get started by completing the tutorials in the Tutorials (/teb_local_planner/Tutorials) section.

Use GitHub to report bugs or submit feature requests (https://github.com/rst-tu-

dortmund/teb_local_planner/issues/new). [View active issues (https://github.com/rst-tu-
dortmund/teb_local_planner/issues?page=1&state=open)]

2. Video
The following video presents the features of the package and shows examples from simulation and real
robot situations. Some spoken explanations are included in the audio track of the video.

teb_local_planner - An Optimal Trajectory Planner…

Planner…

Features introduced in version 0.2 are presented in the following video (supporting car-like robots and
costmap conversion).

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~<name>/force_reinit_new_goal_dist (double, default: 1.0)

Reinitialize the trajectory if a previous goal is updated with a separation of more than the specified
value in meters (skip hot-starting)

~<name>/feasibility_check_no_poses (int, default: 4)

Specify up to which pose on the predicted plan the feasibility should be checked each sampling
interval.

~<name>/publish_feedback (bool, default: false)

Publish planner feedback containing the full trajectory and a list of active obstacles (should be
enabled only for evaluation or debugging). See list of publishers above.

~<name>/shrink_horizon_backup (bool, default: true)

Allows the planner to shrink the horizon temporary (50%) in case of automatically detected issues
(e.g. infeasibility). Also see parameter shrink_horizon_min_duration.

~<name>/allow_init_with_backwards_motion (bool, default: false)

If true, underlying trajectories might be initialized with backwards motions in case the goal is behind
the start within the local costmap (this is only recommended if the robot is equipped with rear
sensors).

~<name>/exact_arc_length (bool, default: false)

If true, the planner uses the exact arc length in velocity, acceleration and turning rate computations (-
> increased cpu time), otherwise the Euclidean approximation is used.

~<name>/shrink_horizon_min_duration (double, default: 10.0)

Specify minimum duration for the reduced horizon in case an infeasible trajectory is detected (refer to
parameter shrink_horizon_backup in order to activate the reduced horizon mode).

3.2.4 Obstacle Parameters

~<name>/min_obstacle_dist (double, default: 0.5)

Minimum desired separation from obstacles in meters

~<name>/include_costmap_obstacles (bool, default: true)

Specify if obstacles of the local costmap should be taken into account. Each cell that is marked as
obstacle is considered as a point-obstacle. Therefore do not choose a very small resolution of the
costmap since it increases computation time. In future releases this circumstance is going to be
addressed as well as providing an additional api for dynamic obstacles.

~<name>/costmap_obstacles_behind_robot_dist (double, default: 1.0)

Limit the occupied local costmap obstacles taken into account for planning behind the robot (specify
distance in meters).

~<name>/obstacle_poses_affected (int, default: 30)

Each obstacle position is attached to the closest pose on the trajectory in order to keep a distance.
Additional neighbors can be taken into account as well. Note, this parameter might be removed in
future versions, since the the obstacle association strategy has been modified in kinetic+. Refer to
the parameter description of legacy_obstacle_association.

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teb_local_planner - Car-like Robots and Costmap …

3. Node API
3.1 Topics
3.1.1 Published Topics
~<name>/global_plan (nav_msgs/Path (http://docs.ros.org/api/nav_msgs/html/msg/Path.html))
Global plan that the local planner is currently attempting to follow. Used primarily for visualization
purposes.

~<name>/local_plan (nav_msgs/Path (http://docs.ros.org/api/nav_msgs/html/msg/Path.html))

The local plan or trajectory that the teb_local_planner optimizes and follows. Used primarily for
visualization purposes.

~<name>/teb_poses (geometry_msgs/PoseArray
(http://docs.ros.org/api/geometry_msgs/html/msg/PoseArray.html))
The discrete pose list (SE2) of the current local plan. Used primarily for visualization purposes.

~<name>/teb_markers (visualization_msgs/Marker
(http://docs.ros.org/api/visualization_msgs/html/msg/Marker.html))
The teb_local_planner provides additional information of the planning scene via markers with
different namespaces. Namespaces PointObstacles (/PointObstacles) and PolyObstacles
(/PolyObstacles): visualize all point and polygon obstacles that are currently considered during
optimization. Namespace TebContainer (/TebContainer): Visualize all found and optimized
trajectories that rest in alternative topologies (only if parallel planning is enabled). Some more
information is published such as the optimization footprint model.

~<name>/teb_feedback (teb_local_planner/FeedbackMsg
(http://docs.ros.org/api/teb_local_planner/html/msg/FeedbackMsg.html))
The feedback message contains the planned trajectory including the velocity profile and temporal
information as well as the obstacle list. Used primarily for evaluation and debugging. Parameter ~
<name>/publish_feedback must be enabled.

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~<name>/inflation_dist (double, default: pre kinetic: 0.0, kinetic+: 0.6)

Buffer zone around obstacles with non-zero penalty costs (should be larger than
min_obstacle_dist in order to take effect). Also refer to the weight weight_inflation.

~<name>/include_dynamic_obstacles (bool, default: false)

If this parameter is set to true, the motion of obstacles with non-zero velocity (provided via user-
supplied obstacles on topic ~/obstacles or obtained from the costmap_converter
(/costmap_converter)) is predicted and considered during optimization via a constant velocity model.
New

~<name>/legacy_obstacle_association (bool, default: false)

The strategy of connecting trajectory poses with obstacles for optimization has been modified (see
changelog). You can switch to the old/previous strategy by setting this parameter to true. Old
strategy: for each obstacle, find the nearest TEB pose; new strategy: for each teb pose, find only
"relevant" obstacles.

~<name>/obstacle_association_force_inclusion_factor (double, default: 1.5)

The non-legacy obstacle association strategy tries to connect only relevant obstacles with the
discretized trajectory during optimization. But all obstacles within a specifed distance are forced to be
included (as a multiple of min_obstacle_dist). E.g. choose 2.0 in order
toenforce the consideration obstacles within a radius of 2.0*min_obstacle_dist.
[This parameter is used only if parameter legacy_obstacle_association is false]

~<name>/obstacle_association_cutoff_factor (double, default: 5)

See obstacle_association_force_inclusion_factor, but beyond a multiple of
[value]*min_obstacle_dist all obstacles are ignored during optimization. Parameter
obstacle_association_force_inclusion_factor is processed first. [This parameter is used
only if parameter legacy_obstacle_association is false]

The following parameters are relevant only if costmap_converter (/costmap_converter) plugins are desired
(see tutorial):

~<name>/costmap_converter_plugin (string, default: "")

Define plugin name in order to convert costmap cells to points/lines/polygons. Set an empty string to
disable the conversion such that all cells are treated as point-obstacles.

~<name>/costmap_converter_spin_thread (bool, default: true)

If set to true, the costmap converter invokes its callback queue in a different thread.

~<name>/costmap_converter_rate (double, default: 5.0)

Rate that defines how often the costmap_converter plugin processes the current costmap (the value
should not be much higher than the costmap update rate) [in Hz].

3.2.5 Optimization Parameters

~<name>/no_inner_iterations (int, default: 5)

Number of actual solver iterations called in each outerloop iteration. See param
no_outer_iterations.

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~<name>/no_outer_iterations (int, default: 4)

Each outerloop iteration automatically resizes the trajectory according to the desired temporal
resolution dt_ref and invokes the internal optimizer (that performs no_inner_iterations). The
total number of solver iterations in each planning cycle is therefore the product of both values.

~<name>/penalty_epsilon (double, default: 0.1)

Add a small safety margin to penalty functions for hard-constraint approximations

~<name>/weight_max_vel_x (double, default: 2.0)

Optimization weight for satisfying the maximum allowed translational velocity

~<name>/weight_max_vel_theta (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for satisfying the maximum allowed angular velocity

~<name>/weight_acc_lim_x (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for satisfying the maximum allowed translational acceleration

~<name>/weight_acc_lim_theta (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for satisfying the maximum allowed angular acceleration

~<name>/weight_kinematics_nh (double, default: 1000.0)

Optimization weight for satisfying the non-holonomic kinematics (this parameter must be high since
the kinematics equation constitutes an equality constraint, even a value of 1000 does not imply a bad
matrix condition due to small 'raw' cost values in comparison to other costs).

~<name>/weight_kinematics_forward_drive (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for forcing the robot to choose only forward directions (positive transl. velocities).
A small weight (e.g. 1.0) still allows driving backwards. A value around 1000 almost prevents
backward driving (but cannot be guaranteed).

~<name>/weight_kinematics_turning_radius (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for enforcing a minimum turning radius (only for carlike robots).

~<name>/weight_optimaltime (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for contracting the trajectory w.r.t transition/execution time

~<name>/weight_obstacle (double, default: 50.0)

Optimization weight for keeping a minimum distance from obstacles

~<name>/weight_viapoint (double, default: 1.0)

Optimization weight for minimzing the distance to via-points (resp. reference path). New in version
0.4

~<name>/weight_inflation (double, default: 0.1)

Optimization weight for the inflation penalty (should be small).

~<name>/weight_adapt_factor (double, default: 2.0)

Some special weights (currently weight_obstacle) are repeatedly scaled by this factor in each
outer TEB iteration (weight_new = weight_old*factor). Increasing weights iteratively instead of setting
a huge value a-priori leads to better numerical conditions of the underlying optimization problem.

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3.2.6 Parallel Planning in distinctive Topologies

~<name>/enable_homotopy_class_planning (bool, default: true)

Activate parallel planning in distinctive topologies (requires much more CPU resources, since
multiple trajectories are optimized at once)

~<name>/enable_multithreading (bool, default: true)

Activate multiple threading in order to plan each trajectory in a different thread

~<name>/max_number_classes (int, default: 4)

Specify the maximum number of distinctive trajectories taken into account (limits computational
effort)

~<name>/selection_cost_hysteresis (double, default: 1.0)

Specify how much trajectory cost must a new candidate have w.r.t. a previously selected trajectory in
order to be selected (selection if new_cost < old_cost*factor).

~<name>/selection_obst_cost_scale (double, default: 100.0)

Extra scaling of obstacle cost terms just for selecting the 'best' candidate.

~<name>/selection_viapoint_cost_scale (double, default: 1.0)

Extra scaling of via-point cost terms just for selecting the 'best' candidate. New in version 0.4

~<name>/selection_alternative_time_cost (bool, default: false)

If true, time cost (sum of squared time differences) is replaced by the total transition time (sum of
time differences).

~<name>/roadmap_graph_no_samples (int, default: 15)

Specify the number of samples generated for creating the roadmap graph

~<name>/roadmap_graph_area_width (double, default: 6)

Random keypoints/waypoints are sampled in a rectangular region between start and goal. Specify
the width of that region in meters.

~<name>/h_signature_prescaler (double, default: 1.0)

Scale internal parameter (H-signature) that is used to distinguish between homotopy classes.
Warning: reduce this parameter only, if you observe problems with too many obstacles in the local
cost map, do not choose it extremly low, otherwise obstacles cannot be distinguished from each
other (0.2<value<=1).

~<name>/h_signature_threshold (double, default: 0.1)

Two H-signatures are assumed to be equal, if both the difference of real parts and complex parts are
below the specified threshold.

~<name>/obstacle_heading_threshold (double, default: 1.0)

Specify the value of the scalar product between obstacle heading and goal heading in order to take
them (obstacles) into account for exploration.

~<name>/visualize_hc_graph (bool, default: false)

Visualize the graph that is created for exploring distinctive trajectories (check marker message in
rviz)

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~<name>/viapoints_all_candidates (bool, default: true)

If true, all trajectories of different topologies are attached to the set of via-points, otherwise only the
trajectory sharing the same topology as the initial/global plan is connected with them (no effect on
test_optim_node). New in version 0.4

~<name>/switching_blocking_period (double, default: 0.0)

Specify a time duration in seconds that needs to be expired before a switch to a new equivalence
class is allowed.

3.2.7 Miscellaneous Parameters

~<name>/odom_topic (string, default: "odom")

Topic name of the odometry message, provided by the robot driver or simulator.

~<name>/map_frame (string, default: "odom")

Global planning frame (in case of a static map, this parameter must be usually changed to "/map".

4. Roadmap
Some features and improvements that are currently planned for the future. Contributions are welcome!

Add and improve safety functions in case of unavoidable obstacles (e.g. for obstacles that are
located really close to the goal).
Implementation of suitable escape behaviors.
Improvements/Solutions for cases in which the planner oscillates between multiple locally optimal
solutions (not on a topologic basis, but due to occuring noise etc.).

Except where otherwise noted,

Wiki: teb_local_planner (last edited 2020-03-11 14:29:59 by ChristophRoesmann (/ChristophRoesmann))
the ROS wiki is licensed under
the
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

(http://www.osrfoundation.org)

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