MIMOO Matlab

HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Automation
UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA
Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria en Telecomunicació
Mònica Salicrú Cortés
Study of Performance of Reference MIMO Antenna

Configurations using Experimental Propagation Data
Master Thesis report,
Supervisor: Prof. Pertti Vainikainen
Espoo, June 16, 2009

Abstract
Helsinki University of Technology
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Abstract of the Master’s Thesis
Author: Mònica Salicrú Cortés

Name of the Thesis: Study of Performance of Reference MIMO Antenna
Configurations using Experimental Propagation Data
Date: June 16, 2009 Number of pages: 86
Department: Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering

Professorship: S-26 Radio Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Pertti Vainikainen
During the last years, the performance of Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) systems has been well established from the theoretical point of view. By
introducing a set of multiple antennas in both ends of the link, MIMO systems
provide an improvement of channel capacity of wireless systems without
increasing the transmission bandwidth.
This thesis studies how close to the theoretical optimal performance of MIMO
systems one can get with antenna structures when used in realistic propagation
environments. In order to do that, Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed
(MEBAT), a tool developed by TKK/SMARAD is used. The studied antenna
configurations are combinations of reference ideal dipoles.
In the first part of the work, a theoretical development of MIMO systems and
a definition of the magnitudes used for the study are presented. In the second
part of the work, MEBAT and its operating principle are introduced. Next, the
considered reference antennas and scenarios for the study of performance are
also presented. In the last part of the work the results of the performance study
are evaluated and analyzed.
As a conclusion, it is possible to point that although MIMO systems provide

an improvement of channel capacity, the values achieved in real conditions are
not as optimistic as the theoretical ones.
Keywords: Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO, Mutual Information, Eigenvalue

Dispersion, Radiowave Propagation, Radio Channel Measurement.
1
Preface
This Master’s thesis was carried out in Helsinki University of Technology as a

result of cooperation with the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. First, I would
like to thank Professor Pertti Vainikanen, the supervisor of this thesis, for giving me
the opportunity to work in this project. Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Dr. Katsuyuki
Haneda deserve special thanks for answering my questions and giving me useful
and helpful advice. I want to give particular thanks to William Martin for his
exceptional scientific writing support. To Jaime Arroyo, thank you for being the best
officemate and for helping me during this stay in Finland.
I would also sincerely like to express my gratitude to Josep Pegueroles for his
support and encouragement during the whole course of my studies.
I owe special thanks to my friends for their patience and for being there during
the toughest moments of my life.
To my family, especially to my parents, I warmly want to give thanks for their

love, patience, constant encouragement and endless support. I really appreciate all
the help they have given to me. And to the most special person in my life, Dani,
thank you for your love and support.
My dearest thanks belong to the person who I want to dedicate this thesis, my
grandfather. You’ll always be in my heart.
Espoo, June 16, 2009
Mònica Salicrú Cortés
2
Contents
Abstract..................................................................................................................................1
Preface....................................................................................................................................2
Contents.................................................................................................................................3
List of Acronyms...................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................5
2. Principle of operation of MIMO Systems...................................................................7

2.1. MIMO System model....................................................................................................7
2.2. Channel matrix decomposition...................................................................................11
2.3. Capacity in MIMO systems..........................................................................................12
2.4. Transferred Signal Power in MIMO systems...............................................................19
2.5. Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency in MIMO systems........................................................21
3. Definition of the study of performance.....................................................................23
3.1. Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed (MEBAT).......................................................23
3.2. Description of reference MIMO antenna structures description................................26
3.3. Considered scenario for the study of performance....................................................35
4. Evaluation of MEBAT results......................................................................................39
4.1. Description of the selected routes..............................................................................39
4.2. Presentation of the results..........................................................................................40
4.3. Analysis of the results.................................................................................................42
5. Conclusions and future work......................................................................................56
References............................................................................................................................58
Appendix I...........................................................................................................................62
Quantile q=0.5 for the Mutual Information, Transfer Signal Power, Spatial Multiplexing
Efficiency and Eigenvalue Distribution...............................................................................62
Appendix II..........................................................................................................................64
Graphic representation of the results................................................................................64
3
List of Acronyms
AoA Angle Of Arrival
AoD Angle Of Departure
AUT Antenna Under Test
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
CSC Computer Science
ECE Electrical and Communications Engineering
MEBAT Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed
MEG Mean Effective Gain
MELG Mean Effective Link Gain
MI Mutual Information
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
PPS Pulse Per Second
SAGE Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation-Maximization
SISO Single Input Single Output
SMARAD Centre of Excellence in Smart Radios and Wireless Research
SME Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SVD Singular Value Decomposition
TKK Helsinki University of Technology
TSP Transferred Signal Power
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
4
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
Due to the necessity of both obtaining higher data rates in wireless

communications and extending the network capacity in order to accommodate
increasing traffic and a growing number of users, Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO), a new useful technology, has been developed [1]. Multiple antennas are
utilized at both ends of the link in order to enhance the transmission performance
without extra frequency and power resources. During the last decade, E. Telatar, F.
Foschini and M. J. Gans have verified the potential of MIMO systems. The main
advantage of these systems is that they provide the opportunity to form parallel
orthogonal transmission channels, especially in environments with rich scattering.
MIMO systems have been proposed and used for various applications, for
example, wireless local area network (WLAN) applications or for ad-hoc type
solutions with mobile stations at both ends of the link [2] [3] [4]. For all these
scenarios, MIMO antenna prototypes need to be tested to estimate their effect on the
communication system performance [5].
5
CHAPTER I: Introduction
This thesis is to studies how close to the theoretical optimal performance the
MIMO systems are with the reference antenna structures used in realistic
propagation environments. Reference antenna structures refer to ideal reference
antennas, in this work, theoretical dipoles placed in different positions depending on
the configuration used. In order to do that, Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed
(MEBAT), a tool developed by TKK/SMARAD will be used. MEBAT makes possible
simulating the performance of certain antennas under test in different environments
with propagation channel data previously measured by TKK researchers. More
precisely, MEBAT combines the radiation patterns of the antennas that one wants to
test with real measurement data.
The thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 2 expounds the theoretical
development of MIMO systems as well as presents the figures of merit that will be
used for the study. Chapter 3 presents MEBAT and its operating principle. In this
chapter, the considered reference MIMO antennas configurations and the considered
scenarios for the study of performance are also presented. In Chapter 4, the results of
the study are presented and analyzed. Conclusions of the work are presented and
future lines of investigation are drawn in Chapter 5.
6
CHAPTER 2: Principle of operation of MIMO Systems
Chapter 2
Principle of operation of MIMO Systems
2.1. MIMO System model
The main characteristic of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems is the use
of multiple antennas at both ends of the link to improve the communication
performance. If we define N as the number of transmit antennas and M as the number of
receive antennas the system can be described as in Figure 2.1.
1 1
2 2
Input DEMUX 3 3 MUX Output

...
.
.
.
N M
Transmitter Radio Channel Receiver
X Y
Figure 2.1: MIMO system with N transmit antennas and M receive antennas
When one frame of L modulated and coded symbols is transmitted from the n=1…N transmitter antennas, the received signal at the
m=1…M receiver antennas is expressed by
7
(2.1) where is the channel response for the the s-th

symbol taking into account the MxN
channels defined by the n-th transmitter antenna and the m-th receiver antenna. is
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) with zero-mean and variance at the s-
th symbol on the m-th received antenna [6]. We denote the transmitted signal vector
by , the received signal vector by
and the additive white Gaussian noise by . The notation
denotes the transpose operation. The channel matrix is defined as:
(2.2)
If we consider the transmission of one symbol we can simplify the expressions

above by ignoring the sub index s:
(2.3) On their way from the transmitter to the receiver,
the transmitted waves suffer changes due to the phenomena which characterize the
wireless channel [7]. The most
important ones are listed below:
The effects of both transmit and receive antennas radiation patterns.
Reflection occurs when the signal encounters obstacles similar to smooth

surfaces of walls or hills.
Transmission occurs when the signal is absorbed by walls, doors and by the
atmosphere.
Scattering occurs when the signal hits small objects as leaves and branches of
the trees or rough surfaces such as buildings.
8
Diffraction happens when the signal is addressed at the edge of an

impenetrable body, such as building rooftops and hilltops.
In order to facilitate the comprehension of these phenomena, Figure 2.2 is

presented below:
Reflection Transmission Scattering Diffraction
Figure 2.2 Wireless channel phenomena
On the other hand, it is usual to divide the factors that affect the received signal
on a wireless medium in three categories:
Path loss (or path attenuation) is the reduction in field strength when the
electromagnetic wave propagates though space. Generally, the path loss is
expressed in dBs. It is typically modeled as
where is the so called path loss exponent, which is determined by the
environment. is the path loss at the reference distance
depending on the environment. The free space path loss at is defined by
Path loss is represented in Figure 2.3.
9
-5
Path Loss (-dB) -10
-15
-20
-25
-30
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900010000
Distance between transmitter and receiver (m)
Figure 2.2: Path Loss
Shadowing (or slow fading) is caused by large obstructions such as a hills or

buildings that obscure the main signal path between the transmitter and the
receiver. In practice, buildings, trees, or other obstacles along a path at a
given distance will be different for every path, causing variations with
respect to the nominal value given by the path loss models. Figure 2.4 shows
how shadowing performs.
20
15
10
Shadowing (dB) 5
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900010000
Figure 2.3: Shadowing
Fast fading (or multipath1 fading) results from the interference between
multiple waves reaching the receiver from the transmitter. Fast fading is very
rapid and it is shown in Figure 2.4.
1 Multipath refers to the many different paths that the signal can take between the
receiver and the transmitter due to reflection, scattering and diffraction
10
10
5
0
-5
Fast Fading (dB) -10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900010000
Figure 2.4: Fast Fading
2.2. Channel matrix decomposition
The ideal MIMO radio channel models assume a Rayleigh fading environment,
which has enough separation between the transmit and the receive antennas to
assume that the fades for each transmitting-receiving antenna pair are independent.
According to [8], entries of the ideal form are independent and identically
distributed complex Gaussian variables with independent real and imaginary parts.
Nevertheless, we assume that the realization of is known to the receiver and the
distribution of is known at the transmitter [9]. Then, any can be

characterized applying the singular value decomposition (SVD) as
(2.4)
where and are complex unitary matrices with sizes MxM and NxN respectively.
The notation denotes the complex conjugate transpose operation and is an

MxN non-negative and diagonal matrix. Actually, the diagonal elements of are the
non-negative square roots of the eigenvalues of . The columns of are the
eigenvectors of and the columns of are the eigenvectors of . Now, it is
possible to rewrite Equation (2.3) as
(2.5)
11
Defining , and we can express the transmission

Equation (2.5) into
(2.6) Note that has the same

distribution as . Let be the maximum rank of the channel matrix.
The system consists of useful independent
channels called eigenmodes, each one amplified by the corresponding eigenvalue

and corrupted by the complex Gaussian noise [10].
Figure 2.5 shows the symbol transmission scheme for an M=N=2 MIMO system according to Equation (2.6).
n=1 m=1
n=2 m=2
Figure 2.5: Parallel eigenmode transmission for a 2x2 system
2.3. Capacity in MIMO systems
Considering the system described in Figure 2.6, the mutual information for
the MIMO system is defined in [11] by
(2.7)
12
The notation denotes the probability density function. It is assumed that the
transmitted signal follows Gaussian distribution and the noise follows
Gaussian distribution .
N
X H Y
Figure 2.6: MIMO transmission system
Considering this context, , and the joint X,Y probability density functions are described respectively as
where and denote the vectors of the mean values of and and , and
the covariance matrices.
According to Equation (2.3),
and
where
13
where denotes the covariance. Then, the mutual information can be

expressed as
(2.8)
Considering the following property for mean quadratic forms [12],
where and are the mean vector and the covariance matrix of the random vector
A, respectively. is a constant matrix and denotes the matrix trace. The

mutual information described in Equation (2.8) can be written as
(2.9)
since
and
14
Then, after some algebra described in [12], the instantaneous mutual information
can be expressed as
(2.10)
Since the reflections, transmissions, refractions, diffractions, among other things,

provide a random component to the channel conditions, the mutual information
behaves as a random variable which characterizes the various temporal
samples, for the temporal instant . For this reason, at the sample level, it is
usual to represent the cumulative distribution function and to
determine the quantiles being
to characterize moments of the mutual information distribution –mean and

standard deviation–.
It is interesting to have a reference when one wants to compare channel responses

obtained from different antennas. That distinction can be achieved based on an
isotropic reference antenna at the receiver with the same configuration as the
antenna system that one wants to study. This isotropic reference antenna receives all
signals with unitary gain and is independent of the polarization– [13]. That is why
from this point we will consider . To unify notation with further
equations, the antennas under study will be called antennas under test (AUT). As it
is presented at [14] and [5], the normalized channel used in this work is defined
as
(2.11)
15
where
(2.12)
is the measured channel matrix for reference antennas –isotropic antennas at
the receiver– at the instant , the number of channel samples over a sliding
window and denotes the Frobenius norm. is the measured channel matrix
for AUT antennas at the instant .
The calculation of the sliding mean over the reference channel matrix reveals the
effect of slow fading due to obstacles in the propagation route.
With infinite code length and fast fading channel conditions the Shannon capacity
is given by . The noise covariance matrix is defined as the mean power
of the noise, so . In this work, it will be assumed that the transmitted
power is equally distributed to the transmitter antennas (uniform power allocation). In
this case, the transmitted signal covariance is defined as . Therefore, it is
possible to define the capacity of a MIMO system as
(2.13)
being the Signal to Noise Ratio defined by
(2.14)
and
(2.15)
16
To achieve the maximum robustness in the estimation of the capacity, in this

work, the estimation of the Shannon capacity will be done based on the median, the
quantile .
To find the maximum capacity that a MIMO system can achieve
it is necessary to find For this purpose, we must return to
Equation (2.10). Using the determinant identity , it is
possible to express the mutual information as follows
(2.16)
Using Equation (2.4) and the product property for Hermitian matrices , it is possible to express
. The matrix D
is the diagonal matrix that contains the eigenvalues of . Applying the following
change of variable it is posible to rewrite Equation (2.16) as
(2.17) According
to [9], using again the determinant identity, Equation (2.17) can be
expressed as
(2.18)
Then, defining ,
(2.19)
For any non-negative matrix A, . Applying this property to (2.19)
(2.20)
The equality is achived when is a diagonal matrix. The coefficients of the
diagonal of represent the transmitted power assigned to each ith channel
17
Hence,
(2.21) Then, inserting this in Equation(2.20) the maximum
mutual information can be
expressed by
(2.22)
and the maximum capacity by
(2.23)
If the channel is only known at the receiver, the power is shared through the
channels uniformally (uniform power allocation). As it is mentioned before, in this
case, the transmitted signal covariance is defined as and the maximum

capacity as follows
(2.24)
It is possible to increase the capacity in a MIMO system if the channel is known

also at the transmitter. Under this condition, it is possible to assign to each channel
the power that maximizes the capacity. This method to allocate the power through
the channels is called water-filling [15]. This solution suggests to fill up to a common
level defined as
(2.25) that makes Equation (2.21) true. Then, the
transmitted power allocated to each channel is
18
(2.26)
and the maximum capacity
(2.27)
In general, for some channels the product is close to zero. The

contribution of those channels is almost insignificant in Equation (2.27). For this
reason, when the water-filling method is used, the power is only distributed with the
channels that contribute to increase the capacity.
The maximum capacity of a MIMO system is achieved when is full rank and all
the eigenvalues have the same value [16]. The closest value to this maximum
capacity can be obtained by considering an independent and identically distributed
channel with certain set of eigenvalues.
2.4. Transferred Signal Power in MIMO systems
In a Single Input Single Output (SISO) system, the mean power level using certain
antenna under test and, later on, a reference antenna –isotropic antenna at the
receiver in this work– in a wireless communication scenario can be obtained by
averaging the signal levels received while each antenna moves along the same route
[17]. Then, the Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of the antenna under test related to the
reference antenna can be obtained by comparing the mean power level of the
antenna under test with that of the reference antenna. MEG contains the mutual
effect between the antenna power gain pattern and the propagation characteristics
along the route, and varies depending on the measuring route [18].
To generalize MEG to MIMO systems, something known as the Mean Effective
Link Gain (MELG) is defined. MELG, is the sample mean power of an

antenna system under test divided by a sample mean power of a reference antenna
system [19].
19
(2.29)
It is defined that the number of reference isotropic antennas is the same as the
number of the antennas under test in the system. refers to the number of
measured samples of the channel.
Multiplying and dividing Equation (2.29) for and and
afterwards regrouping the terms, the MELG can be expressed as follows
where and can be considered as SNR fading and the instantaneous
Transferred Signal Power (TSP) defined by
(2.30)
Empirical distribution of TSP, , takes into account the radiation
properties of the antennas as well as their orientations and locations. Besides,
variations of describe the fluctuation of the TSP refered to the channel and
antenna properties. Generally, all non-idealities like dielectric, metallic and matching
losses as well as mutual coupling are included in these definitions [5].
To achieve the maximum robustness in the estimation of the real TSP, in this
work, the estimation of the power will be done based on the median, the quantile
.
20
2.5. Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency in MIMO systems
According to [20], when the SNR is high and , it is possible to

approximate Equation (2.13) as
(2.31)
After applying the previously mentioned property ,
considering the geometric mean and the
arithmetic mean and performing some algebra it
is possible to write
where . It has also been assumed that
. Separating terms as a product of three elements is it possible to express
Then,
where
refers to the supreme capacity defined when all the eigenvalues of the channel
matrix are equal. is the effect of channel fading on the mutual
21
information. Defining the eigenvalue dispersion ratio, , the Spatial
Multiplexing Efficiency (SME) is determined by
(2.32)
is used to study the multipath richness of the channel, that is, the ability of
different MIMO antenna systems to utilize spatial multiplexing to increase the link
capacity. Being , the maximum value is achieved if and only all the
eigenvalues have the same value. That occurs when there are independent parallel
channels with equal gain. has always negative values and can be interpreted
as a loss on the capacity of the system due to the eigenvalue dispersion from the
capacity. This loss is lower in rich than in poor scattering environments.
To achieve the maximum robustness in the estimation of the Spatial Multiplexing
Efficiency, in this work, the estimation of the will be done based on the
median, the quantile .
22
CHAPTER 3: Definition of the study of performance
Chapter 3
Definition of the study of performance
3.1. Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed (MEBAT)
Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed (MEBAT) is a tool developed by

TKK/SMARAD. MEBAT makes possible simulating the performance of different
multi-antenna structures under test in different propagation environments
previously measured by TKK. More precisely, MEBAT combines the radiation
patterns of the antennas under test with the estimated channel parameters from the
measurements to provide the MIMO channel matrices.
The key to obtain that result is to consider the plane-wave assumption. That
means that the antennas produce a field that is approximately a plane wave in the far
field region. The implications for MIMO systems are described below with the help
of Figure 3.1. Blue and yellow bidirectional arrows represent the channel
between the pair , where is the receiver antenna and is the

transmitter antenna. Unidirectional arrows inside the blue and yellow arrows
represent the multipaths associated to each channel.
23
For a concrete channel sample, there are always the same number of
multipaths (N) for each pair .
Each multipath is determined by an angle of arrival (AoAn) and an angle of
departure (AoDn). AoAn and AoDn are the same for each pair .
For the nth multipath, the received signal is the contribution of the four
components which correspond to the contributions for each pair of
polarizations VH, HV, VV, HH. V represents vertical or -polarized and H
horizontal or -polarized.
a
a
θ - polarized θ - polarized
a
φ - polarized a φ - polarized
AoD1 AoA1
AoDN AoAN
Figure 3.1: Plane wave assumption in a 2x2 MIMO system
The measured channel contains information of the radiation patterns resulting of

both transmitter and receiver antennas used for the measurement and information of
the channel itself. A block representation is shown in Figure 3.2.
24
1 1
2 2
..
...
.
N
M
Radiation patterns Parameters of Radiation patterns

of the transmitter of the receiver
Measured Propagation
antennas used for antennas used for
Paths
the measurement the measurement
Measured Channel
Figure 3.2: SAGE algorithm performance
The goal is to separate the antenna radiation patterns from the information of the
channel (parameters of measured propagation paths). Those parameters include the
number of multipaths (N) of the channel and both signal angles of arrival (AoA) and
departure (AoD) for each multipath and the complex signal amplitudes for different
signal polarizations. To obtain the measured propagation path parameters the
measured channel has been estimated with the Space-Alternating Generalized
Expectation-Maximization (SAGE) algorithm [21] at both ends of the link.
Now, since the parameters of measured propagation paths and the radiation
patterns resulting from both transmitter and receiver antennas used for the
measurement are not longer dependent, is it is possible to combine those parameters
of measured propagation paths with any antenna system under test that one wants
to test. That is the fundamental idea behind MEBAT. Figure 3.3 shows a
representation of MEBAT’s principle of operation.
25
Transmitter AUT
Radiation patterns
Parameters of
AUT Channel
Measured MEBA Response
Propagation Paths
T
Reveiver AUT
Radiation patterns
Figure 3.3: MEBAT operating principle
The narrow band case is considered in this study. The coefficients of a AUT
Channel narrowband response obtained from one particular measured sample,

are calculated by
(3.1)
where represents the number of multipaths of the ith channel sample and
and the angles of departure and arrival of the signal for the nth
path, respectively. Radiation patterns for transmitter and receiver antennas are
represented by and , respectively, being the polarization of

the radiation. The complex signal amplitudes for different signal polarizations are
defined in being the combination of
polarizations for the transmitter-receiver pair.
3.2. Description of reference MIMO antenna structures description
The configurations selected for the antenna systems under test performance study
are shown from Figure 3.4 to Figure 3.6. The antennas used at the receiver for
Configurations 1,2,5,6 and 7 are electrical dipoles. At Configurations 3 and 4 are
26
magnetic dipoles and; at Configurations 8 and 9, electrical dipoles of quarter and 1/8
wave length respectively. For the transmitter the chosen antennas are vertically or
horizontally polarized patches (at the figure, arrows represent the polarization).
Conf Receiver Transmitter
1 z
1 z
2
3 3 1 2
y y
x λ/2 λ/2
Half wave length electric dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Vertically polarized patches
2 z
1
z
2
3 3 1 2
y y
x
λ/2 λ/2
Half wave length electric dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Horizontally polarized patches
3 z
1 z
2
3 3 1 2
y y
x λ/2 λ/2
Half wave length magnetic dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Vertically polarized patches
4
z z
1
2
3 1 2
3 y
y
λ/2 λ/2
x
Half wave length magnetic dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Horizontally polarized patches
Figure 3.4: 3x3 MIMO configurations

27

5
z
λ/2
6 5 1 3
z
λ/2 λ/2
4 2 4
y 6
3
y
2 λ/2 λ/2
Half wave length electric dipoles (x and y oriented) Horizontally polarized patches
6
λ/2
5
6
z
z
λ/2
3
3 1 2
4
y
y
1 λ/2 λ/2
Half wave length electric dipoles (x and z oriented) Vertically and horizontally polarized patches

The θ- and φ- polarized far field components at a radial distance R from the field
source [7] [22] are described as
(3.2)
28
7 z z
9
11 7 9
12 8 10
1 8
7 10
11 λ/2
4 12 2 5 1 3
y 6 2 4
y
3 6
5
λ/2 λ/2
x
Half wave length electric dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Vertically and horizontally polarized patches
8 z z
11 7 9
12 8 10
1 8
7 10
11 λ/2
4 12 2 5 1 3
y 6 2 4
y
3 6
5
λ/2 λ/2
x
1/4 length electric dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Vertically and horizontally polarized patches
9 z z
11 7 9
12 8 10
1 8
7 10
11 λ/2
4 12 2 5 1 3
y 6 2 4
y
3 6
5
λ/2 λ/2
x
1/8 length electric dipoles (x, y and z oriented) Vertically and horizontally polarized patches
29
where is the free space intrinsic impedance, the wave number
and,and the components of the radiation vector
(3.3)
(3.4)
The electric currents for and polarizations are represented by , and

.The coordinates identify the position of the source in terms of wave
length and is the volume where the current sources are placed.
Considering the finite and cylindrical antenna model [19], the current distribution
for the and oriented electric dipoles (used at the receiver in Configurations 1, 2,
5-9) are
(3.5)
where , and are the amplitudes of the excitation currents and the length of
the dipole. It is important to note that those currents have their central feed point at
, and respectively.
Combining first Equation (3.5) with Equations (3.3) - (3.4) and then, applying the result to Equation (3.2) the θ- and φ- polarized far field components for
an oriented
dipole placed in are stated by
30
The same magnitudes but for a oriented electric dipole can be written as
and for a z oriented electric dipole
At the receiver in Configurations 3 and 4, the magnetic dipole is used instead of

the electrical. The field expressions for the x oriented magnetic dipole are
31
For the y oriented magnetic dipole
and for the z oriented magnetic dipole
The selected antennas used at the transmitter are patches with 86 degrees of
beamwidth, vertically and horizontally polarized (depending on the Configuration).
The field expressions for the vertically polarized patch are assumed to be
and for the horizontally polarized patch
32
The maximum directivity is determined by [23]
where is the maximum value for the radiated power density defined by
The notation denotes the cross product and the real part. and fields
represent root mean square (RMS) values. A factor should be added for peak
values. The total radiated power can be obtained as the integral of the radiated
power density through a spherical surface which contains the antenna
Then, the maximum directivities for the antennas used in the above mentioned
reference configurations are summarized in Table 3.1
Table 3.1: Under Test Antenna directivities
Antenna Directivity
Half wave length electric/magnetic dipole 1.64

Quarter wave length electric dipole 1.53
1/8 wave length electric dipole 1.51
Vertically/Horizontally polarized patch 6.40
The radiation pattern is defined by
Figure 3.7 shows the 3-D radiation pattern for the patch antenna with 86 degree
beamwidth. Note that the maximum value that it achieves is .
33
Figure 3.7: Patch antenna radiation pattern
Figure 3.8: x and y oriented dipole radiation pattern
Figure 3.9: z oriented dipole radiation pattern
34
Figure 3.8 pictures the 3-D radiation pattern representation for an and
oriented dipole with half wave length. Note that the maximum value that it achieves
is .
Figure 3.9 shows the 3-D radiation pattern representation for a oriented dipole
with half wave length. Note that the maximum value that it achieves is .
The reference antennas used for all the configurations are isotropic antennas
placed at the same place as the antennas under test at the receiver and the same
patch antennas as for the studied configurations at the transmitter.
3.3. Considered scenario for the study of performance
The scenarios that will be considered in this work are placed in the TKK campus
area, more precisely at the Electrical and Communications Engineering Department
(ECE) and Computer Science Department (CSC) buildings. Maps with measured
routes at the mentioned buildings are presented in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11.
BS
50 m
Figure 3.10: Electrical and Communications Engineering Department
35
BS
50 m
Figure 3.11: Computer Science Department
The coordinate system used for the measurements can be found in [24]. The
measurements have been carried out on the 1st of April, 2004 at the ECE Department
and on the 27th of May, 2004 at the CSC Department. Some of the measurement
parameters are shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Measurement parameters
st th
1 of April 2004 Measurements 27 of May 2004 Measurements
Carrier frequency 5.3 GHz 5.3 GHz
TX power 37 dBm 37 dBm
RX elements 16 dual polarized (32 feeds) 16 dual polarized (32 feeds)
RX antenna array semispherical semispherical
RX height ≈ 1.6 m (from the ground) ≈ 1.6 m (from the floor)
TX elements 16 dual polarized (32 feeds) 16 dual polarized (32 feeds)
TX antenna array 4x4 URA, 45 grades slanted Semispherical
TX height ≈ 17 m (from the ground) ≈ 1.7 m (from the floor)
Both URA and Semispherical antennas used for the measurements are shown in
Figure 3.12.
36
Figure 3.12: Semispherical and URA antennas
Each element of the TX and RX antenna array is a patch antenna. The

specifications of the patch antenna used are presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Array element parameters
Frequency range 5.2-5.4 GHz Gain 7 dB
Return Loss 10 dB Isolation (d=λ/2)

15 dB
Polarization discrimination 18 dB Diameter 30 mm
All the details of the measurement system can be found in [25] [26]. Nevertheless,
it is important to mention that in both measurement campaigns, at the receiver
antenna array, the first feed was replaced with a discone antenna. For the 1 st of April
2004 measurements, at the transmitter array, the second feed was terminated and
was used as a marker channel. For the 27 th of May 2004 measurements, at the
receiver array, the second feed was terminated and at the transmitter, the second but
last feed was terminated and was used as a marker channel. The last one was
connected to a horn antenna.
The measurement system used was the TKK sounder [27] [28]. The TKK sounder
uses a Pseudo Noise (PN) code as a transmission signal. The code has 255 chips and
the chip rate at the transmitter is 60 MHz, that means, a generation of a transmission
37
code every 4.25µs. At the receiver, the sample rate is 120MHz. The sampling unit
consists of two computers with their own sampling boards. The sounder uses I-Q
sampling. For that reason, one computer samples the I-channel and the other the Q-
channel.
During one channel snapshot, the measurement system captures N transmitter

channels. For every transmitter channel, M receiver channels are measured.
Furthermore, for every receiver channel K transmission codes are measured.
Receiver and transmitter switching are controlled using a Pulse Per Second (PPS)
and a trigger signal. The trigger signal is synchronized to the PPS signal and
determines the beginning and the end of a channel snapshot. This synchronization is
shown in Figure 3.13.
... Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement ...

1 2 3 4 ... N
1 2 3 4 ... M
1 2 3 4 ... K
Tpps
1/fs
... ... ...
1 2 3 4 5 ... Lc-1 Lc
...
1/fchip
Figure 3.13: Sounder Syncronization
In this work, two environment types will be considered: the indoor/outdoor and
the indoor/indoor environments. The first one is represented by routes 1, 2 and 3
since the transmitter was located on the roof (outdoors) and the receiver was moved
indoors. The second one is represented by routes 4 and 5 as the transmitter was
placed indoors and the receiver was moved indoors.
38
CHAPTER 4: Evaluation of MEBAT results
Chapter 4
Evaluation of MEBAT results
4.1. Description of the selected routes
As mentioned before, in this work, indoor/outdoor and the indoor/indoor

environments will be considered. A description of the used routes in this work
introduced in Chapter 2 is presented below:
Route 1: At the beginning of the route, the receiver was placed in the furthest
corner from the coffee room door. Next, the receiver was moved out of the
coffee room, through the main corridor. The end point of the route was the
door to enter to the other lab corridor. During the whole route the transmitter
was placed in the same position.
Route 2: At the beginning of the route, the receiver was placed at the main
corridor. Next, the receiver was moved along the corridor until the front of
the electronics laboratory. During the whole route the transmitter was placed
in the same position.
39
Route 3: At the beginning of the route, the receiver was placed at the end
point of the Route 1. The receiver was moved along the corridor and then, it
was directed inside the laboratory room. During the whole route the
transmitter was placed in the same position.
Route 4: At the beginning of the route, the receiver was placed in the middle
of the corridor. Then, it was moved along the corridor until the end. During
the whole route the transmitter was placed in the same position.
Route 5: At the beginning of the route, the receiver was placed in the middle
of the corridor. Then, it was moved along the corridor until the end. During
the whole route the transmitter was placed in the same position.
The used measurement system has provided about four samples per wavelength
in Routes 1-5. Table 4.1 shows the amount of snapshots used for each route.
Table 4.1: Number of snapshots for each route
Route Snapshots
1 1883
2 4767
3 1825
4 2556
5 4258
4.2. Presentation of the results
The parameters of interest that are evaluated in this work are the Mutual
Information, the Transferred Signal Power and the Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency
presented earlier in Chapter 2.
In order to compare the mutual information of the AUT system to the mutual
information that would be obtained with an independent and identically distributed
channel matrix, an channel matrix has been computationally created. The
has been normalized and used for the calculation.
40
The SNR used for this study is 10dB. Regarding Transferred Signal Power, three
magnitudes will be presented in this work: , and which represent

the Transferred Signal Power for the AUT system, for the reference system and for a
system with an independent and identically distributed channel matrix.
The Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency will be only calculated with the

eigenvalues of the AUT matrix, . Also, the distribution of the eigenvalues will be
presented for the 3x3, 6x6 and 12x12 systems –defined in the Configurations 1-9 in
Chapter 2–. Table 4.2 shows the antenna configurations that have been tested for the
selected routes.
Table 4.2: Tested configurations for the selected routes
Route Configurations
1 1-9
2 1-6
3 1-6
4 1-6
5 1-6
Graphics with all the distributions obtained in this simulation study can be found
in the Appendix II. Nevertheless, as it was pointed in Chapter 2 in order to achieve the
41
maximum robustness in the estimation of Mutual Information, Transferred Signal

Power and Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency, in this work, the estimation will be done
based on the median, the quantile . All the median values can be found in the
Appendix I.
4.3. Analysis of the results
The goal of this section is to present and analyze the quantile of the Mutual
Information, the Transferred Signal Power and the Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency
for all the Configurations tested for each route. Moreover, in this work, the receiver
antennas have been rotated computationally in 60 degree steps in the azimuth plane.
The results for Route 1 are presented in Figures 4.1-4.3. As expected, the mutual
information is higher when increasing the number of antennas at the transmitter and
the receiver. However, as shown in Table 4.3 when additional antennas in the system
are used, the ratio is between the real and the theoretical achievable mutual
information is greater.
35
30
[bits/s/Hz]
25
20
15
10
5
MI AUT MI iid
Figure 4.1: Medians of the Mutual Information for Route 1
42
Table 4.3: Ratio MI iid/MI AUT for Route 1
Ratio (MI iid/MI AUT)

Configuration 1 1.82
0
-0,5
-1
[dB]
-1,5
-2
-2,5
-3
-3,5
TSP AUT TSP REF TSP iid
Figure 4.2: Medians of the Transferred Signal Power for Route 1
0
-20
[bits/s/Hz]
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
SME
Figure 4.3: Medians of the Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency for Route 1
43
The maximum capacity would be achieved when the channel matrix is full rank
and all the eigenvalues have the same value. As it can be seen in Figure 4.4 although
the number of elements of the system increases between Configurations 1-4, 5-6 and
7-9, the rank of the channel matrix does not. For this reason, the distance between the
eigenvalues increases and with that, the Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency presented in
Figure 4.3 takes very low values –especially for Configurations 7-9–. As the Spatial
Multiplexing Efficiency is a loss in the capacity –as it was explained in Chapter 2–, the
mutual information has low values.
The reason why the rank of the channel matrix does not increase when using
more antennas in the system is because the environment does not support the
system.
40
20
-20
[dB]-40
-60
-80
-100
1st Eigenvalue 2nd Eigenvalue 3rd Eigenvalue

4th Eigenvalue 5th Eigenvalue 6th Eigenvalue
10th Eigenvalue 11st Eigenvalue 12nd Eigenvalue
Figure 4.4: Medians of the eigenvalues for Route 1
44
As expected, the median of the received power is lowest for the AUT’s,
. It is important to notice that there is no relevant difference between

Configurations 7-9. That is because the difference in the lengths of the dipoles of the
MIMO Cube does not make any substantial change in the radiation pattern of the
structure.
Comparing the 3x3 systems in Route 1, the maximum mutual information is

achieved by Configuration 3 (4.68 bits/s/Hz), the maximum transferred signal power
by Configuration 4 (-2.75 dB) and the minimum spatial multiplexing efficiency by
Configuration 3 (-10.87 bits/s/Hz). However, the difference between these systems is
not significant.
Comparing 6x6 systems in Route 1, the maximum mutual information is achieved

by Configuration 6 (8.19 bits/s/Hz), the maximum transferred signal power by
Configuration 5 (-1.78 dB) and the minimum spatial multiplexing efficiency by
Configuration 6 (-32.29 bits/s/Hz). Configuration 6 performs considerably better for
this route.
As said before, there is almost no difference between Configurations 7-9. The

mutual information is around 10.8 bits/s/Hz, the maximum transferred signal power
around -2.60dB and the minimum spatial multiplexing efficiency around -126
bits/s/Hz.
The results for Route 2 are presented in Figures 4.5-4.7. The tendencies of the
results are the same as in Route 1 but the absolute values are a slightly lower. As it is
interesting to see the rank of the channel matrices, the median of the eigenvalues is
also presented for Route 2, in Figure 4.8.
45
18
16
14
[bits/s/Hz]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MI AUT MI iid
Table 4.4 shows the ratio is between the real and the theoretical achievable mutual
information for Route 2.

0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
[dB]
-2
-2,5
-3
-3,5
-4
-4,5
46
Figure 4.6: Medians for the Transferred Signal Power for Route 2
0
-10
[bits/s/Hz]
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
SME

not significant.

Configuration 6 (-33.45 bits/s/Hz). This last value is significantly higher than for
Configuration 5. That is because, as Figure 4.8 shows, the rank of the channel matrix
for Configuration 5 is lower than for Configuration 6. Configuration 6 performs
considerably better for this route.
47
20
10
0
-10
[dB]
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
1st Eigenvalue
2nd Eigenvalue
3rd Eigenvalue 4th Eigenvalue
5th Eigenvalue 6th Eigenvalue
results are the same as in Route 1 and Route 2 but the absolute values are slightly
lower than for those. As it is interesting to see the rank of the channel matrices, the
median of the eigenvalues is also presented for Route 3, in Figure 4.12. The main
observation in that figure is the difference in the rank of the channel matrix for
Configurations 5 and 6. In Configuration 5 almost all the eigenvalues are practically
zero.
18
16
14
[bits/s/Hz]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MI AUT MI iid
48

0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
[dB]
-2
-2,5
-3
-3,5
-4
-4,5
0
-20
-40
[bits/s/Hz]
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
SME
49
40
20
0
-20
-40
[dB]
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
1st Eigenvalue 2nd Eigenvalue 3rd Eigenvalue

not significant.

this route.
results are the same as in Route 1-Route 3 but the absolute values are higher for those.
The median of the eigenvalues are also presented for Route 4, in Figure 4.16.
50
18
16
14
[bits/s/Hz]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MI AUT MI iid

0
-0,5
-1
[dB]
-1,5
-2
-2,5
-3
-3,5
-4

51
0
-20
[bits/s/Hz]
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
SME
20
0
-20
-40
[dB]
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
1st Eigenvalue
2nd Eigenvalue
3rd Eigenvalue 4th Eigenvalue

Configuration 2 (-7.35 bits/s/Hz). However, there is not much difference between
these systems.
52

achieved by Configuration 6 (10.14 bits/s/Hz), the maximum transferred signal
power by Configuration 5 (-1.5 dB) and the minimum spatial multiplexing efficiency
by Configuration 6 (-17.87 bits/s/Hz). Configuration 6 performs considerably better
for this route.
results are the same as in Route 1-Route 4 but the absolute values are higher than
Route 1-Route 3 and lower than Route 4. The median of the eigenvalues are also
presented for Route 5, in Figure 4.20.
18
16
14
[bits/s/Hz]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MI AUT MI iid
Figure 4.17: Medians for the Mutual Information for Route 5
53

0
-0,5
-1
[dB]
-1,5
-2
-2,5
-3
-3,5
-4
0
-10
[bits/s/Hz]
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
SME
54
20
0
-20
[dB]
-40
-60
-80
-100
1st Eigenvalue
2nd Eigenvalue 3rd Eigenvalue

5th Eigenvalue

achieved by Configuration 2 (4.847 bits/s/Hz), the maximum transferred signal
power by Configuration 4 (-2.45 dB) and the minimum spatial multiplexing
efficiency by Configuration 3 (-8.23 bits/s/Hz). However, the difference between
these systems is not significant.

this route.
55
CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and future work
Chapter 5
Conclusions and future work
The Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is a promising solution

for increasing reliability and spectral efficiency of the radio connection in future
mobile communication systems. The potential of MIMO systems performance has
been verified in theory. The goal of this work was to contribute experimental
verification to those systems using reference antennas and realistic channels.
The realistic values for the mutual information and the transferred signal power are
almost half of the theoretical values for the 3x3 and 6x6 systems. It cannot be said that there
is clearly a single best configuration for the 3x3 systems. The differences in the results are
lower than the error fluctuation. The Configuration that achieves better performance of the
evaluated 6x6 systems is Configuration 6 –which consists of six half wave length electric
dipoles (three z-oriented and three y-oriented) at the receiver and three patches vertically and
horizontally polarized at the transmitter.
56
CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and future work
Although MIMO systems provide an improvement of channel capacity, the

values achieved in real conditions are not as optimistic as the theoretical ones.
There are still some aspects that would be interesting to analyze, but due to the
limitation of time to do this work, these are pointed as future work. It would be
useful to study the quantiles q=0.1 and q=0.9 as well as the reasons why there is a
considerable difference in the performance between Configurations 5 and 6.
57
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61
APPENDIX I: Quantile q=0.5 for the MI, TSP, SME and ED
Appendix I
Quantile q=0.5 for the Mutual Information, Transfer Signal Power,
Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency and Eigenvalue Distribution
MI AUT MI iid TSP AUT TSP REF TSP iid SME st nd rd

1 ED 2 ED 3 ED
[bits/s/Hz] [bits/s/Hz] [dB] [dB] [dB] [bits/s/Hz] [dB] [dB] [dB]
Conf 1 4.508 8.204 -3.128 -1.476 -0.1712 -12.16 6.203 -8.704 -28.95
Conf 2 4.639 8.209 -2.724 -1.2 -0.1703 -13.54 6.611 -10.28 -31.1
Conf 3 4.678 8.226 -3.168 -1.476 -0.152 -10.87 6.061 -7.567 -26.49
1
Conf 4 4.432 8.211 -2.747 -1.202 -0.1364 -15.5 6.671 -12.64 -34.04
eRout
Conf 5 6.498 16.38 -1.775 -0.6723 -0.0444 -57.5 13.46 -2.511 -14.06
Conf 6 8.19 16.37 -2.71 -0.514 -0.04114 -32.29 11.79 4.559 -4.533
Conf 7 10.92 32.67 -2.606 -0.4916 -0.00846 -126 17.92 10.16 1.874
Conf 8 10.88 32.67 -2.608 -0.484 -0.01508 -125.3 17.91 10.05 1.944
Conf 9 10.84 32.69 -2.656 -0.4918 -0.00767 -127 17.89 9.978 1.79
Conf 1 4.011 8.209 -4.02 -1.303 -0.1609 -14.22 5.366 -14.32 -32.03
2
Conf 2 4.29 8.208 -3.326 -1.095 -0.1601 -13.74 6.012 -13.38 -30.5
Route
Conf 3 4.124 8.223 -3.898 -1.303 -0.1665 -12.11 5.415 -12.52 -28.2
Conf 4 4.241 8.222 -2.974 -1.095 -0.1584 -15.86 6.46 -15.97 -33.5
Conf 5 6.251 16.36 -1.665 -0.7072 -0.04085 -58.56 13.62 -4.815 -16.56
Conf 6 8.145 16.37 -3.178 -0.5378 -0.03623 -33.45 10.81 5.991 -8.268
Conf 1 3.805 8.224 -3.998 -1.442 -0.1697 -26.02 5.515 -24.44 -61.8
3
Conf 2 4.266 8.211 -3.349 -1.815 -0.1665 -20.25 6.053 -12.61 -52.73
Route
Conf 3 3.878 8.202 -3.916 -1.442 -0.174 -23.86 5.534 -20.85 -58.51
Conf 4 4.147 8.218 -3.398 -1.815 -0.1606 -23.19 6.016 -16.12 -59.18
Conf 5 6.153 16.37 -2.179 -1.233 -0.03012 -162.5 13.18 -3.741 -20.13
Conf 6 7.565 16.37 -2.676 -0.9836 -0.03558 -56.61 11.96 4.105 -11.08
Conf 1 4.373 8.187 -3.761 -0.8752 -0.1613 -9.782 5.555 -8.721 -22.96
4
Conf 2 5.139 8.209 -2.981 -1.104 -0.1651 -7.352 6.002 -4.529 -18.53
Route
Conf 3 4.91 8.222 -3.658 -0.8752 -0.1742 -6.673 5.264 -4.652 -17.93
Conf 4 4.686 8.222 -2.923 -1.104 -0.1594 -10.14 6.41 -8.416 -22.68
Conf 5 6.652 16.39 -1.503 -0.6285 -0.03906 -115.8 13.73 -1.27 -15.12
Conf 6 10.14 16.36 -2.509 -0.3511 -0.03605 -17.87 11.11 6.439 1.084
Conf 1 4.454 8.209 -3.455 -0.6322 -0.1625 -10.76 5.835 -8.18 -25.74
5
Conf 2 4.847 8.209 -2.467 -0.7221 -0.1607 -11.26 6.745 -7.87 -26.43
Route
Conf 3 4.674 8.208 -3.688 -0.6322 -0.1599 -8.225 5.354 -5.685 -21.31
Conf 4 4.649 8.206 -2.247 -0.7221 -0.1587 -13.13 7.174 -10.97 -27.77
Conf 5 7.132 16.36 -0.9718 -0.4837 -0.03877 -66.09 14.12 0.634 -11.7
Conf 6 9.067 16.37 -2.624 -0.326 -0.04055 -26.67 11.28 5.87 -2.413
62
APPENDIX I: Quantile q=0.5 for the MI, TSP, SME and ED
th th th th th th th st nd
4 ED 5 ED 6 ED 7 ED 8 ED 9 ED 10 ED 11 ED 12 ED
[dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB] [dB]
R1 Conf 9 -3.832 -10.71 -16.56 -22.61 -29.08 -36.5 -45.59 -60.44 -78.98
Conf 8 -3.713 -10.56 -16.38 -22.42 -28.97 -36.16 -45.09 -59.61 -77.4
Conf 7 -3.753 -10.71 -16.5 -22.56 -29.07 -36.28 -45.11 -60.04 -77.85
Conf 6 -11.72 -25.91 -39.68
Conf 5 -25.86 -39.11 -65.73
R2
Conf 6 -15.01 -27.46 -40.37

Conf 5 -27.11 -40.8 -65.1
R3
Conf 6 -22.6 -54.12 -68.71

Conf 5 -147.3 -148.4 -152
R4
Conf 6 -4.612 -12.61 -23.84

Conf 5 -33.75 -142.6 -147.7
R5
Conf 6 -9.128 -21.8 -33.71

Conf 5 -25.47 -43.95 -78.6
63
APPENDIX II: Graphic representation of the results
Appendix II
Graphic representation of the results
Route 1
Configuration 1 Configuration 2
1 1
AUT AUT
0.9 iid case 0.9 iid case
that MI < abcissa

Probability that MI < abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
Probability
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mutual information [bit/s/Hz] Mutual information [bit/s/Hz]

1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid
Probability that TSP < abcissa
iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0
-20 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Transferred signal power [dB] Transferred signal power [dB]

1 1
0.9 0.9
Probability that ED < abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 0
-120 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Eigenvalue dispersion [bit/s/Hz] Eigenvalue dispersion [bit/s/Hz]
64
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-20 -30

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 0
-120 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
65
1 1
AUT AUT
abcissa

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI <
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
4 8
0 2 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Mutual information [bit/s/Hz]
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -15 -10 -5 0 5

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Probability
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
-300 -250
66
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0 -10 -5 0 5
-10 -5 0 5 -15
Transferred signal power [dB]
1 1
0.9 0.9
abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED <
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0
0 -500 -450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 -550 -500 -450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50
-550
67
Configuration 9
1
AUT
0.9 iid case
< abcissa
0.8
0.7
Probability that MI
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
0
1
REF
0.9 AUT
iid
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-14
1
0.9
< abcissa
0.8
0.7
Probability that ED
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 -500 -450 -400 -350 -300-250-200 -150 -100 -50
-550
Eigenvalue dispersion [bit/s/Hz]
68
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
0.9 Eigen 2 0.9 Eigen 2
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
Eigenvalue distribution [dB] Eigenvalue distribution [dB]
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80-60-40 -20 0 20 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa

Eigen 4 Eigen 4
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80-60-40 -20 0 20 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
69
1 Eigen 1 1 Eigen 1

abcissa
abcissa
Eigen 3 Eigen 3
Eigen 6 Eigen 6

Eigen 8 Eigen 8
0.5 0.5
Eigen 9 Eigen 9
Eigen 11 Eigen 11
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Configuration 9
1 Eigen 1
0.9 Eigen 2
abcissa
Eigen 3
0.8 Eigen 4
0.7 Eigen 5
Eigen 6
0.6 Eigen 7
Eigen 8
0.5 Eigen 9
0.4 Eigen 10
Eigen 11
0.3 Eigen 12
0.2
0.1
-200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Eigenvalue distribution [dB]
70
Route 2
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-30 -25

1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
-35 -40
71
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-30 -25
1 1
0.9 0.9
abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
0 -35
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
72
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
5
0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -15 -10 -5 0 10
-20 -20
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0 -150 -100 -50 0
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 -200

73
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa

< abcissa
Eigen 4 Eigen 4
Eigen 6 Eigen 6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
74
Route 3
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-30 -30
1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Probability
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 0 -150 -100 -50 0
-120 -200
75
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-30 -30
1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -180 -160-140-120-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 0 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
-200 -120
76
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid Probability that TSP < abcissa iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-30 -20
1 1
0.9 0.9
abcissa
0.8 0.8
abcissa
0.7 0.7
that ED <
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Probability
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
77
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa

Eigen 4 Eigen 4
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-330 -280 -230 -180 -130 -80 -30 20 70 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
78
Route 4
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0

1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
-40 -35
79
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-25 -30
1 1
0.9 0.9
abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
0 -35
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
80
1 1
AUT AUT

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
that ED
Probability that ED
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Probability
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

-70
-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
-350
81
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -70 -60 -50 -40-30-20-10 0 10 20

1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-80 -70 -60 -50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 -80 -70 -60 -50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20

1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa

Eigen 4 Eigen 4
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 -80 -70 -60 -50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20
82
Route 5
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
that ED
0.6
Probability that ED
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
Probability
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
83
1 1
AUT AUT

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 0 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
-70
84
1 1
AUT AUT
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that MI
Probability that MI
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
8
0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 0
1 1
REF REF
0.9 AUT 0.9 AUT
iid iid

0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

1 1
0.9 0.9
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Probability that ED
0.6
Probability that ED
0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 0 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
-300 -300
85
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa
< abcissa
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Probability that ED
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
1 1
Eigen 1 0.9 Eigen 1

0.9 Eigen 2 Eigen 2
0.8 Eigen 3 Probability that ED < abcissa 0.8 Eigen 3
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 Eigenvalue distribution [dB]
Eigenvalue distribution [dB]
1 1
Eigen 1 Eigen 1
< abcissa

Eigen 4 Eigen 4
Probability that ED
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50

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HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Automation

UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA

Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria en Telecomunicació

Mònica Salicrú Cortés

Study of Performance of Reference MIMO Antenna

Master Thesis report,

Supervisor: Prof. Pertti Vainikainen

Espoo, June 16, 2009

Author: Mònica Salicrú Cortés

Department: Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering

Supervisor: Prof. Pertti Vainikainen

As a conclusion, it is possible to point that although MIMO systems provide

Keywords: Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO, Mutual Information, Eigenvalue

This Master’s thesis was carried out in Helsinki University of Technology as a

To my family, especially to my parents, I warmly want to give thanks for their

Espoo, June 16, 2009

Mònica Salicrú Cortés

2. Principle of operation of MIMO Systems...................................................................7

AoA Angle Of Arrival

AoD Angle Of Departure

AUT Antenna Under Test

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

CSC Computer Science

ECE Electrical and Communications Engineering

MEBAT Measurement Based Antenna Test Bed

MEG Mean Effective Gain

MELG Mean Effective Link Gain

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

PPS Pulse Per Second

SAGE Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation-Maximization

SISO Single Input Single Output

SMARAD Centre of Excellence in Smart Radios and Wireless Research

SME Spatial Multiplexing Efficiency

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SVD Singular Value Decomposition

TKK Helsinki University of Technology

TSP Transferred Signal Power

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

Due to the necessity of both obtaining higher data rates in wireless

Principle of operation of MIMO Systems

2.1. MIMO System model

Input DEMUX 3 3 MUX Output

Transmitter Radio Channel Receiver

(2.1) where is the channel response for the the s-th

by , the received signal vector by

and the additive white Gaussian noise by . The notation

denotes the transpose operation. The channel matrix is defined as:

If we consider the transmission of one symbol we can simplify the expressions

(2.3) On their way from the transmitter to the receiver,

wireless channel [7]. The most

important ones are listed below:

The effects of both transmit and receive antennas radiation patterns.

Reflection occurs when the signal encounters obstacles similar to smooth

Diffraction happens when the signal is addressed at the edge of an

In order to facilitate the comprehension of these phenomena, Figure 2.2 is

Reflection Transmission Scattering Diffraction

Figure 2.2 Wireless channel phenomena

where is the so called path loss exponent, which is determined by the

environment. is the path loss at the reference distance

depending on the environment. The free space path loss at is defined by

Path loss is represented in Figure 2.3.