Webinar Konstruksi Kayu PDF

Ali Awaludin, Ph.
D
Dosen Universitas Gadjah Mada
Konstruksi kayu
Utilization; Engineering Properties; Research and projects
Webinar SIPILPEDIA session 25

19 Juni 2020
Short CV Educational Background
1. Post Doctoral, Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan (2008-2010)
2. Doctor, Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan (2005-2008), Thesis : Static
and Dynamic Behavior of Bolted Timber Joints with Steel Splice Plates
3. Master, Civil Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (2003-2005),
Thesis: Flexural Behavior of Timber Connection with Various Multiple-Bolt
Configuration
4. Undergraduate, Civil Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia (1994-
1999), Thesis : Penggunaan Bambu Petung sebagai Tulangan Kolom Beton
Teaching Subjects
1. Timber and Bamboo Engineering
Ali Awaludin, Ph.D 2. Steel Structures
Associate Professor 3. Strength of Materials
Phone/fax: +62 274 545675 (office) 4. Continua Mechanics
E-mail : ali.awaludin@ugm.ac.id
BEST FOR You 2
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Timber – steel composite bridge test, in Hokkaido, Japan (2007)
BEST FOR You 3

Outline
Part 1: Timber Utilization
Part 2: Timber Engineering Properties
Part 3: Timber Research and Projects
BEST FOR You 4
Part 1
Wood Utilization
Wood utilization in different scale
WPC (wood plastic composite)
BEST FOR You

Engineered Wood Products
Categories
o Panel Products
• Plywood
• Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
• Wood Plastic Composites
o Glulam
o Cross Laminated Timber (CLT or X-Lam)
o Engineered Joists
• I –Joists
• Open web joists
o Structural Composite Lumber (SCL)
• Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
• Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
BEST FOR You • Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) 7
Produk Kayu
Rekayasa
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
Medium Density Fiber

(MDF) Board
Plywood Glulam
BEST FOR You Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Piano kayu dengan metal pipe
BEST FOR You

Old Timber
Structures
in Japan
BEST FOR You

Portfolio
Presentation
You can simply impress your

audience and add a unique zing
Timber Structures – In Austria and appeal to your
Presentations.
Contents
BEST FOR You

Timber Structures – In Netherland
BEST FOR You

Sebagai struktur utama jembatan pejalan kaki (Swiss)
BEST FOR You 13
 Bangunan kayu tertinggi di dunia
 Tinggi mencapai 85,4 m, luas
bangunan 11300 m2
 Terbuat dari Glued Laminated
Timber dan Cross Laminated
Timber
BEST FOR You Mjøstårnet, Norwegia

Bunjil Place,BEST
Melbourne,
FOR You Australia
Wooden aircraft
Pesawat Hughes H-4 Hercules atau dikenal sebagai The Spruce Goose,
merupakan pesawat terbang yang terbuat dari material kayu. Dibuat pada
tahun 1944 dan berhasil diterbangkan pertama kali pada tahun 1947
BEST FOR You
Railways Sleepers
BEST FOR You

Bangunan Masjid Agung Surakarta
BEST FOR You

Rehabilitasi Bangunan Cagar Budaya Istana Bala Puti,
Sumbawa(2019 – 20??)
BEST FOR You

Wooden penstock Pedestrian Bridge
©Makhfudz-sappe, 2011
BEST FOR You

BEST FOR You
Living Harmony with Nature
BEST FOR You

Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
- Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development -
BEST FOR You
Live service x Performance
Sustainability =
Environmental Impact
Examples:
Green concrete or geopolymer concrete, self-healing
concrete, ultra-high performance fiber reinforced
concrete, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), Engineered
Wood Products such as: glulam, laminated veneer
lumbers (LVL), cross laminated timber (CLT), etc.
Timber Life Cycle
Old
Photosynthesis rate
Young
Tree age
Pohon berusia muda efektif untuk mengurangi

kadar CO2 di atmosfer karena memiliki laju
fotosintesis yang tinggi. Sustainability dari material kayu terjaga melalui
FOR You Resource Recycling yang baik
BEST proses
Page 2
Some facts about timber construction

 Improve the overall environmental performance by reducing energy use and
minimizing pollution.
 Wood is extremely versatile material with a wide range of physical and mechanical
properties among many species.
 Wood is also a renewable resource with exceptional strength-to-weight ratios.
Material Carbon released Carbon released Carbon stored

(kg/t) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
Sawn timber 30 15 250
Concrete 50 120 0
Steel 700 5320 0
Aluminum 8700 22000 0
(Source: FWPRDC, 1997)

BEST FOR You
Buildings in wood has possitive effects for the environment
BEST FOR You

Page 2
Brock Commons is a student residence building at the

University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver. It was
completed within 70 days after the prefabricated
components were ready for assembly. It was Opened in
July 2017. Floors and walls are CLT, while columns are
Glulam.
BEST FOR You

Bencana membawa kerkah
Banjir Bandang
Wassior (Oktober 2010)
BEST FOR You

Part 2
Engineering
Properties of Wood
Content
Wood Structure
Grading Methods
Durability
Thermal Properties
Splitting Failures
Connections and washers
BEST FOR You 31

Wood structure
Growth in trees is affected by the
soil and environment al condition.
Growth is accomplished by cell
division. As new cell form, they
are pushed either to the inside to
be come wood cells or to the
outside to become bark cells. As
. the three diameter increases,
additional bark cells are pushed
out ward, and the outer surface
becomes cracked and ridged.
Kayu Mindi(Melia azedarach) BEST FOR You 32
Wood structure: Cross-section pohon sub-tropis vs Tropis
BEST FOR You

Wood Structure
Directional properties
Because of the orientation of the wood fibers
and the manner in which a tree increases in
diameter as it grows, properties vary along
three mutually perpendicular axes:
longitudinal, radial, and tangential.
Although most wood properties differ in each of these three axis directions, differences
between the radial and tangential axes are relatively minor when compared to
difference between the radial or tangential axis and the longitudinal axis. We now have
only parallel and perpendicular to the grain concept.
BEST FOR You
Wood structure
Parallel to grain
Tensile forces = fiber fractures
Compression forces = buckling fibers
Perpendicular-to-grain
Compression force = Low MoE, large
ductility index, strain hardening
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Wood stress-strain relation
Parallel to grain
Perpendicular-to-grain
BEST FOR You

Timber
TimberGrading
GradingPrinciple:
Principle:Bending
BendingTest
Test
BEST FOR You

Grading Parameters
BEST FOR You

SNI 7937: 2013
BEST FOR You

Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
Comparison between static and dynamic MOE
MOE Distribution from 200 wood lumbers 25
60
Strength class M
20
50
Strength class L Strength class H
Dynamic MOE (GPa)

10.89 MPa 12.29 MPa
Number wood lumbers
40
15
30
10
20
10 5
0
6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 0
MOE (GPa) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Static MOE (GPa)

Load
E=4L2f2D Dynamic MOE test

Static MOE test
BEST FOR YouE (MPa), L (m), f (kHz), D (kg/m )
3
Bending Test
EN 408 - 2003
Surian (Toona sureni) Bayur ((Pterospermum javanicum)
BEST FOR You

Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) vs Modulus of Rupture (MoR)
MoR
MoE SF
Lab* SNI** SNI***
(1) (2) (3) (1)/(3)
5000 15 2 5.1 2.89
8000 33 5.5 14.0 2.34
11000 51 9.1 23.1 2.19
14000 69 12.6 32.0 2.15
17000 87 16.5 41.9 2.07
20000 105 19.7 50.0 2.09
23000 123 23.2 58.9 2.08
* MoR = 0.006*MoE - 15.3 (MPa)
** Tabel 4.2.1 Nilai Desain Acuan SNI 7973: 2013
*** SNI*** = SNI** x KF, Konversi Format = 2.54 for Bending
SF Bernilai 2.0 sd 3.0
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Wood Durability
Wood-destroying organism, Termite

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Exposed timber bridge structure
44 BEST FOR You

Introduction
» Timber structures would experience deterioration
during their service life. Fungal attacks
» Deterioration leads to a reduction of Strength,
Stiffness, Structural integrity, and Service life of timber » Condition for development of fungal attacks: nutrient
structures. (wood), air (oxygen), moisture, and temperature.
» Deterioration of timber structures » Deteriorated timber becomes soft – significant decrease

of mechanical properties.
Mechanical loadings: creep (mechanosorptive-creep),
overload at such extreme loads (earthquakes or winds) » Previous studies used mass loss or decrease of specific
gravity to predict strength loss of deteriorated timber.
Environmental loadings: weathering, fungal attacks,
(Machek et al. 2001, Tsuomis 2003, Kent et al. 2005, and
termite attacks and aggressive marine environment.
Sawata et al. 2008)
» This study focused on dowel bearing properties of
timber due to fungal attacks, Schizophyllum commune Fr.
BEST FOR You 45

Test methods
» Deterioration here was assumed only at contact
area between steel dowel and wood specimen –
other wood surfaces were sealed.
» Dowel bearing specimen followed ASTM D5764.
» Steel dowel diameter – 12 mm.
» Incubation period – six and twelve months
» Wood species – Melia azedarach (SG – 0.52),
Swietenia mahagoni (SG – 0.51), and
Pterospermum javanicum (SG – 0.61).
46 BEST FOR You

Test photos – Clear specimens
Melia azedarach
Swietenia mahagoni
Pterospermum javanicum
47 BEST FOR You

7.86% 5.90%
2.25%
4.28% 1.45%
1.73%
(a) Melia azedarach (b)BEST

Swietenia FOR You
mahagoni
48
(c) Pterospermum javanicum
10% 29%
24% 40% 18% 33%
(a) Melia azedarach (b) Swietenia mahagoni (c) Pterospermum javanicum

49 BEST FOR You
Wood Thermal Properties
Steel tower collapse (4 km from the volcano)
Pyroclastic flow could reach 1000oC
BEST FOR You

Merapi Eruption 2010
51 BEST FOR You

Location of Cocos nucifera samples
Around 8 km from Merapi
52 BEST FOR You

Splitting
BEST FOR You
© Carpenter Oak & Woodland
Large diameter
bolts in use
Dowel slenderness ratio,

l<4
Test of timber joints with large diameter dowel
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
(LEFM) s E n s
sym
Given:
= 11000MPa; = 0.3; = 1.0 MPa;
F F b = 0.2m; r = 0.02m
Analytical solution:
d=2r
K I  Cs r = 250.5 kN/m3/2
sym
FEM:
b
Crack width: r/200
KI = 269 kN/m3/2
s KII = 3.49 kN/m3/2
F F Crack model
Assumptions:
1. Elastic isotropic properties
2. Plane-strain analysis
2
 K I F   K II F 
      1  0
 K IC   K IIC 
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
(LEFM)
Example of mix mode
fracture:
2.22
 K IRL   K IIRL 
 RL    RL  1  0
 K IC   K IIC 
Jernkvist L O, 2001, Fracture of wood under mix mode loading II. Experimental investigation of Picea abies,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 68, pp. 565-576.
BEST FOR You
Effect of dowel location
2F 2F
f=D ah f = D 2D
h = 6D h = 6D
F F
4D F a F
20D 20D
260 240
D = 22 mm, t = 44 mm D = 16 mm, t = 48 mm
226 N/mm
220 200
Lateral load, f , (N/mm)
Lateral load, f , (N/mm)

180 160
177 N/mm
128 N/mm
140 120
130 N/mm
108 N/mm
96 N/mm
100 80
F ah
f   2k k = 9.7 N/mm1.5
t 1a3
60 40
0.2 0.33 0.4 0.50 0.6 0.71 0.8 0 2 4 6 8
a , h e/h BEST FOR You End distance, a , (D)
Reinforced joints Plybamboo-reinforced joints
2F
Some parts
10 of glulam are 2D
D = 16 mm, t = 48 removed
9 mm F
Lateral load, F , (kN) 8.26 kN 60%
8
3D 2F
6.97 kN 35% 3D
7
2D
6
F
5.18 kN Production method
5 of plybamboo
At e nd 4D
4 15
No Screw f3mm Plybamboo -6mm
0 2 4 6 8
D = 22 mm, t = 44 mm 14.25 kN
Reinforcement type 149%
13
Lateral load, F , (kN)

Screw-reinforced joint
11
2F
9.15 kN 60%
9
2D
7.83 kN 36%
F 7
5.72 kN At e nd At hole
5
4D f4.1mm
No Screw 6 Plybamboo -6mm
BEST FOR You
0 2 4 8
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y Reinforcement type
Joint reinforcements
In Blass et al (2006) BEST FOR You

Joint reinforcements
In Blass et al (2006) BEST FOR You

Timber connections
 Tounge and grove joints

 Mortise and Tenon system
 Nailed Joints
 Bolted Joints
 Wooden doweled Joints
 Screwed Joints
 Nail plate fasteners
BEST FOR You

Timber connections
 Timber joints play an essential role on static and dynamic performances of
wooden structures.
 The ability to transfer load over a period of time, or during a seismic event,
has a direct effect on the safety, reliability, and durability of timber structures.
 For many timber designers, bolts are still the first choice due to the fact that
bolts are relatively easy and quick to install and require no surface
preparation.
 Although easily installed, bolted connections are extremely complex
regarding the response mechanism to various loadings, mainly
inherent to the anisotropic and variable characteristics of the
surrounding wood.
BEST FOR You
Lateral resistance of a bolted joint
Z
 Load carrying capacity (Z) of bolted timber joint can be
evaluated using: Yield theory; Beam on elastic
foundation theory; or Spring model based fracture
mechanic approach.
 The yield theory gives relatively simple formulation and is

adopted by many design standards such as: NDS of
U.S.; Eurocode; Canadian code; Japanese code; and
others.
 The yield theory does not take fastener axial force into
consideration so that it naturally underestimates the joint
strength.
Z/2 Z/2
BEST FOR You
Joints: Load-slip curve
50
» I: Initially steep, both wood and fasteners are (II)
within elastic response. 40
» II: After the fastener or the wood embedment (I) (III)
Load (KN)
reaches its elastic limit, less steep. 30
» III: The curve slopes down, the connection has

failed may be caused by wood split and 20
fastener strength has been reached.

10
Ductility Index = du/dy dy du

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Slip (mm)
BEST FOR You
Steel-wood-steel joints
60 60 60
Ultimate-load (kN)
50 50 50
Yield-load
Ultimate-load
L ateral load (kN )
40 40 40
30 30 30
Yield-load (kN)
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Join t slip (m m )
Fastener secondary axial force is well indicated by the slope of final stiffness of experimental
load-slip curves. Some researchers associated
BEST FOR thisYoumechanism as “rope” or “cable” effect.
Joints with inserted plate
30
20
Load (kN)
10
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
-10
-20
BEST FOR You Slip (mm)
Example
  
Material properties:
Myb Myb
fe = 26.62 N/mm2
Myb
t1 = 47 mm
D = 12 mm
fe fe fe fy = 413 N/mm2
fe
b b1 b1
a1 a1 Myb = fyD3/6 = 118,944 Nmm
Ze Zf t1 Zg
t1 t1
= 30.03 kN
Lateral load : = 19.08 kN

(multiplied by 2)
= 24.66 kN
BEST FOR You
Beam on elasto-plastic foundation model
solved by FEM
y, w
p(x)
Bolt (f = D)
x=0 ka
i j
x, u
L x = t1+ts/2
u = 0; w’ = 0 u=0
t1 p(x)
ts
0.5
 0.77w 
w  1.6 mm p  (0.33  0.005w)1  exp( )
500  0.33 
Material model: 413 MPa 0.4
400
p (kN/mm)
Tensile stress (Mpa)
E = 210 GPa 0.3

300
0.2 w
200
0.1
f = 12 mm
100
0
0.2% w  1.6 mm 
p  0.3299 exp  0.0131(w  1.6)2 
0.0
0 0.005 0.01
BEST
0.015
0.02
FOR
0.025
You
0.03 0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain O(mm/mm)
R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y w (mm)
Effect of washer dimension
55
EYM yield load
* Ignoring the washer effect
Yield-load
47.07 kN
45 Ultimate-load
Average 40.84 kN
Yield- and ultimate-load (kN)
35
33.50 kN
25 23.01 kN
20.88 kN 21.47 kN
*17.58 kN
15
5
13 13 13
40 60 80
BEST FOR You

FE-Model of washer embedment
18.5 kN
Washer: 60x60x4.3mm3
Wood: 93.5x93.5x250mm3
Material properties:
1. Wood member (Picea jezoensis) Anisotropic plasticity model
Ex 4720 MPa nxy 0.37 Etx 140 MPa Gtxy 10 MPa
Ey 378 MPa nyz 0.47 Ety 11 MPa Gtyz 1 MPa
Ez 236 MPa nxz 0.42 Etz 7 MPa Gtxz 9.5 MPa
Gxy 337 MPa sx 18 MPa txy 4.08 MPa
Gyz 33.7 MPa sy 3.73 MPa tyz 0.93 MPa
Gxz 317 MPa sz 3.72 MPa txz 3.09 MPa
2. Steel plate
E 195.4 GPa syield BEST
308.7 MPaFOR You n 0.3 Elasto-plastic model
FE-Analysis vs. Test results
30 30
Various washer dimension Washer: 60x60mm2
25 25
80x80mm2
20 20
Lo a d (kN)
Lo a d (kN)
60x60mm2
15 40x40mm2 15
10 10 ri=13mm 60mm
ri=13mm
ro=25mm
5 5 60mm
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Embe dme nt (mm) Embe dme nt (mm)
30 30
Washer: 40x40mm2 Washer: 80x80mm2
25 25
20 20
Lo a d (kN)
Lo a d (kN)
15 15
10 10 ri=13mm 80mm
5 ri=13mm 40mm 5
80mm
40mm
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 BEST
5 FOR You0 1 2 3 4 5
Embe dme nt (mm) O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Embe dme nt (mm)
Part 3
Timber research
and projects
Content
1. Wood Stave Pipeline in Yogyakarta

2. LVL Sengon: An Innovative and Sustainable Building
Material
3. Engineered Pedestrian Bridge using Small Diameter
Indonesian Teak Woods.
BEST FOR You

Wood Stave Pipeline in
Yogyakarta
BEST FOR You

Mengapa
Kayu?
 Ringan
 Mudah dibawa
 Pengerjaan
mudah
 Pemeliharaan
mudah
 Tidak berkarat
 Tidak mudah
rusak
BEST FOR You
A collection of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Project, Indonesia and Germany
2
Wood stave pipeline fabrication

4
5 BEST FOR You 5

BEST FOR You
Wood Stave Pipeline Test
Pada kondisi kering Pada kondisi basah (jenuh air)

BEST FOR You
Model of Micro-hydro Power Plant with Wood
Stave Pipeline Project
Detailed information:
Minimum discharge, 20 l/s
Pressure head, 9 m
Length of Wood stave pipeline, 30 m
Diameter of wood stave pipeline, 0.5 m
Calculated energy potential, 1 kW
Faculty of Engineering, UGM (May 2013 – Feb 2014)

Wooden Stave Pipeline – Simple tools
BEST FOR You

Wooden Stave Pipeline – Inside view
BEST FOR You

Wooden Stave Pipeline: Connection to steel pipe
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Wooden Stave Pipeline – Flooding test
BEST FOR You

Wooden Stave Pipeline – In use
BEST FOR You

LVL Sengon:
An Innovative and Sustainable
Building Material
BEST FOR You

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) production
Source: nzwood.com
 Material formed by bonding wood veneer with a phenol-formaldehide
based adhesive.
 Veneers are aligned with similar orientation with the length of the member.
BEST FOR You
Wood veneer processing

BEST FOR You
Produk Kayu Rekayasa
Melalui teknologi yang ada, produk kayu rekayasa memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan
dengan kayu utuh tanpa pengolahan lebih lanjut.
Perbandingan sifat mekanik Kayu Sengon dengan LVL Sengon (Awaludin, dkk., 2018)
Dengan demikian, material kayu dapat diaplikasikan pada bangunan dengan skala penggunaan yang
lebih luas.
BEST FOR You
An example of LVL House for Low-income People
BEST FOR You

LVL Sengon floor system
25
Uniform Concrete Load
Single Line Concrete Load
20
Uniform People Load
Single Line People Load
15
Load (kN)
10
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Deflection (mm)
Bearing load corresponds to BEST FORdeflection

allowable You L/360 is 18.75 kN/m2.
LVL Sengon Shear Walls
6000
5000
4000
Lateral load ( N )
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Drift ratio (rad) BEST FOR You
Prefabricated Timber – Concrete Composite Floor
60
50
40 Fail
Load (kN)
30
20 TJS
Timber Joist
10 Conventional Composite Floor
CCF
Prefabricated Composite Floor
PCF
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mid span displacement (mm)
BEST FOR You

Self-centering Timber Building
BEST FOR You

The First Engineered Pedestrian
Bridge using Small Diameter
Indonesian Teak Woods:
From Design to Project
BEST FOR You

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHOD
Testing Design The Testing Erection

Material Pedestrian The Bridge The Bridge
Properties Bridge
ASTM D 143- A standard of Static After

94 pedestrian Dynamic completing
bridge design
published by the
the static
Ministry of and dynamic
Public Works of test
Indonesia
National timber
design standard
(SNI 7973:2013)
BEST FOR You

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHOD
Table 1 – Mechanical Properties of Teak Woods
Total
Properties Minimum Maximum Average *
Specimen
Specific Gravity (Oven Dry) 10 0,7 0,8 0,7 -

Moisture Content (%) 10 14 15 15 -
Modulus of Rapture, MoR (MPa) 10 67 90 76 103
Modulus of Elasticity, MoE (MPa) 10 9299 11563 10133 12707
Compressive Strength Perpendicular to Grain,
(MPa) 10 13 21 15 55
Compressive Strength Paralel to Grain (MPa) 10 37 53 44 89
Shear Strength (MPa) 5 10 12 11 -
Tensile Strength (MPa) 3 79 178 130 -
* Taken from Indonesia Wood Catalog (Atlas Kayu Indonesia,2013)
BEST FOR You
Bridge Erection
Easy Erection
Easy Modular Segment Simple
Transportation Knock Down Equipment
UGM to Site
System
Precision
Bamboo culms
were used as
Helpful!
± 23 km Light Weight temporary support
Cheap
BEST FOR You

Static Test Result
Span (L)
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0 -1.2
0.0 -1.8 -2.0 0.0
-2
Deflection (mm)
-2.8
-4
1 CONFIGURATION A 2 CONFIGURATION B -4.7
-5.2
-6
Maximum -6.6
-8 -7.3
deflection, load
along the bridge span -10
-9.8
where there were 45
students in total or Configuration B Configuration A
400 kgf/m2 is 9.8 mm Configuration C
< L/200
(30 mm) Deflection of the bridge model under
3 CONFIGURATION C static pedestrian load
BEST FOR You

Dynamic and Field Test Result
The prototype bridge has first natural frequency of 19.9 Field test indicate the bridge has first natural frequency
Hz and damping ratio of 3.57% BEST FOR You of 13.5 Hz and damping ratio of 5.62 %
BRIDGE PERFORMANCE
0.16 0.4 0.3117191
2
0,089 0.3
0.1
0.2
Acceleration (g)
Accleration (g)
0.0663067
0.04 0,01 55 0.0058185
0,0009 0.1
71
-0.02 0
-0.1
-0.08
-0.2
-0.14 -0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
Time (s) Time (s)
Added Concrete
Time vs. Acceleration of the bridge Time vs. Acceleration of the bridge Slab at the Top of
on laboratory due to an impact load on site due to an impact load
Deck (of 50 mm
Damping =3,57% Damping = 5,62% thick)
Nf = 19,9 Hz Nf = 13,5 Hz
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Thank you for listening
ali.awaludin@ugm.ac.id
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali_Awaludin

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Ali Awaludin, Ph.

Webinar SIPILPEDIA session 25

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WPC (wood plastic composite)

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Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Medium Density Fiber

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You can simply impress your

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Pohon berusia muda efektif untuk mengurangi

Some facts about timber construction

Material Carbon released Carbon released Carbon stored

(Source: FWPRDC, 1997)

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Brock Commons is a student residence building at the

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BEST FOR You 31

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Dynamic MOE (GPa)

Static MOE (GPa)

E=4L2f2D Dynamic MOE test

Surian (Toona sureni) Bayur ((Pterospermum javanicum)

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Wood-destroying organism, Termite

44 BEST FOR You

» Deterioration of timber structures » Deteriorated timber becomes soft – significant decrease

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(a) Melia azedarach (b)BEST

(a) Melia azedarach (b) Swietenia mahagoni (c) Pterospermum javanicum

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Around 8 km from Merapi

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Dowel slenderness ratio,

Lateral load, f , (N/mm)

Lateral load, F , (kN)

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 Tounge and grove joints

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 The yield theory gives relatively simple formulation and is