Cognition

What are Piaget’s Stages of Development?

 Cognition

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete

Operational, and Formal Operational
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What age is Sensorimotor Stage?

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Age 0 to 2
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What occurs at Sensorimotor Stage?

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Object Permanence, Primary Circular Reactions,

Secondary Circular Reactions
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What is Object Permanence?

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The understanding that objects continue to exist

even when out of view
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What is Primary Circular Reactions?

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Repeated movements where the child interacts

with themselves
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What is Secondary Circular Reactions?

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Repeated movements where the child interacts

with their environment
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What age is Preoperational Stage?

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Age 2 to 7
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What occurs at Preoperational Stage?

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Pretend Play, Symbolic Thinking, Egocentrism,

and Centration
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What is Pretend Play?

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The ability to pretend, make-believe, and have an

imagination
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What is Symbolic Thinking?

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The ability to make one thing stand for

something other than itself
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What is Egocentrism?
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The inability to imagine what another person

may think or feel
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What is Centration?
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The tendency to focus on only one aspect of

phenomenon, or inability to understand the
concept of conservation
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What age is Concrete Operational Stage?

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Ages 7 to 11
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What occurs at Concrete Operational Stage?

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Conservation
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What is Conservation?
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The ability to tell that changing the form of a

substance or object does not change its amount,
overall volume, or mass
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What age is Formal Operational Stage?

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Age 11+
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What occurs at Formal Operational Stage?

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The ability to focus on abstract thought and

problem solving
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What is Schema?
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Concepts, Behaviors, or Sequences of Events

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What is Adaptation?
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The processing of information according to

Piaget
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What are the types of Adaptation?

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Assimilation and Accommodation

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What is Assimilation?
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The process of classifying new information into

existing schemata
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What is Accommodation?
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The process by which existing schemata are

modified to encompass new information
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What are the types of Problem Solving?

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Trial and Error, Algorithm, Heuristics, Intuition,

and Inductive Reasoning
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What is Trial and Error Problem Solving?

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Various solutions are tried until one is found that

seems to work
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What is Algorithm Problem Solving?

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A formula or procedure for solving certain types

of problems
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What is Heuristics Problem Solving?

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Simplified principles used to make decisions

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What are the types of Heuristic Problem

Solving?
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Means-End Analysis, Working Backwards,

Availability Heuristic, and Representativeness
Heuristic
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What is Means-End Analysis Heuristic

Problem Solving?
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The problem solver beings by envisioning the

end, or ultimate foal, and then determines the
best strategy for attaining the goal in his current
situation
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What is Working Backwards Heuristic

Problem Solving?
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A method of problem solving in which an

individual imagines they have already solved the
problem they are trying to solve. By imaging the
problem is solved, they can work backwards in
their mind and eventually visualized a solution to
the problem
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What is Availability Heuristic Problem

Solving?
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Decisions are based on how easily similar

instances can be imagined
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What is Representativeness Heuristic

Problem Solving?
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Categorizing items on the basis of whether they

fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or
representative image of the category
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What are the types of Representative

Heuristic Problem Solving?
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Base Rate Fallacy and Conjunction Fallacy

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What is Base Rate Fallacy?

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Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while

ignoring actual numerical information
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What is Conjunction Fallacy?

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Occurs when it is assumed that specific

conditions are more probable than a single
general one
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What is Intuition Problem Solving?

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The ability to acquire knowledge without proof,

evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without
understanding how the knowledge was acquired
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What is Inductive Reasoning Problem

Solving?
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Seeking to create a theory via generalization

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What are the types of Bias?

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Overconfidence, Belief Perseverance, and

Confirmation Bias
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What is Overconfidence Bias?

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The tendency to erroneously interpret one’s

decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
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What is Belief Perseverance Bias?

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The inability to reject a particular belief despite

clear evidence to the contrary
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What is Confirmation Bias?

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The tendency to focus on information that fits an

individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information
that goes against them
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What is Functional Fixedness?

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Limits a person to using an object in only the

way it is traditionally used
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What is a Type I Error?

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False Positive
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What is a Type II Error?

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False Negative
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What are Framing Effects?

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People react to a particular choice in different

ways depending on how its presented
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What is Fluid Intelligence?

 Cognition

In novel situations, the ability to recognize and

reason relationships between objects or ideas
independent of previous experience
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What does Fluid Intelligence Aid in?

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Helps one see patterns, organize and identify

feature and spatial relationships to solve complex
problems
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What is Crystalized intelligence?

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The ability to retried and acquire knowledge

based upon fact, experience, and prior learning
and accumulates as one ages
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What is Gardener’s Theory of Multiple

Intelligences?
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Gardener proposed eight “modalities: musical-

rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic,
logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic,
interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
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How does Gardener’s Theory of Multiple

Intelligences differentiate from the rest?
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Differentiates intelligence into specific

“modalities”, rather than seeing intelligence as
dominated by a single ability
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What is Spearman’s Theory of Generalized

Intelligence?
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Refers to the existence of a broad mental

capacity that influences performance on
cognitive ability measures, also known as “G
factors”
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What is Galton’s Theory of Hereditary

Genius?
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The belief that intelligence is genetic

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What is Binet’s Theory of Mental Age?

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Refers to the child’s current ability compared to

other children of different ages
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What is Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict?

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A conflict in which one must choose between

two equally unattractive options
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What is Approach-Approach Conflict?

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A conflict in which one must choose between

two equally attractive options
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What is Approach-Avoidance Conflict?

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A conflict in which there are both appealing and

negative aspects to the decision to be made
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What is the Information Processing Model?

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A framework used by cognitive psychologists to

explain and describe the mental process. This
model is similar to the thinking process of a
computer
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What are the assumptions of the Information

Processing Model?
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Information is taken in from the environment and

processed through a series of steps including
attention, perception, and storage into memory
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When does Cognitive Changes in Late

Adulthood occur?
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Age 60+
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What is Recall?
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Involves retrieving information from Memory

without any clues
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What is Recognition?
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Involves retrieving information from Memory

with clues
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What Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood

decline?
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Recall, Episodic Memory, Processing Speed, and

Dividing Attention
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What Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood

remain stable?
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Implicit Memory and Recognition Memory

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What Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood

improve?
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Semantic Memory, Crystallized Intelligence, and

Emotional Reasoning
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What are the two types of problems?

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Well-Defined and Ill-Defined

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What is a Well-Defined Problem?

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A problem that has a clear starting and endpoint

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What is an Ill-Defined Problem?

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A problem that has an ambiguous starting and

endpoint
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What is the role of Culture in Cognitive

Development?
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Culture shapes and determines how an individual

learns and perceives the world
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How does Heredity influence Cognitive

Development?
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Genetic predisposition that affects one’s

Cognitive Development
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How does Environmental Factors influence

Cognitive Development?
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Physical and Behavioral experiences that affects

one’s Cognitive Development
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What is the Nature vs. Nurture concept?

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The cognitive development is a complicated

interaction between genetic predispositions to
certain abilities and disabilities (Nature) and the
environment (nurture)
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What is Nature?
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The Hereditary Influence/Genetics

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What is Nurture?
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The Environmental Influence

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What parts of the Brain are involved in

Cognition?
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Frontal Lobe, Hippocampus, and Amygdala

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How does the Frontal Lobe aid in Cognition?

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Processes involving organization and planning

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How does the Hippocampus aid in Cognition?

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Responsible for forming new memories

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How does the Amygdala aid in Cognition?

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Arouses the necessary emotions, causing

alertness and motivation necessary to complete
tasks
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What is Thurnstone’s Theory of Intelligence?

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There are seven factors of intelligence: Word

Fluency, Verbal Comprehension, Spatial
Reasoning, Perceptual Speed, Numerical Ability,
Inductive Reasoning, and Memory
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What is Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence?

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There are three independent intelligences that

are: Analytical, Creative, and Practical
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What is Sternberg’s Analytical Intelligence?

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Academic abilities and the abilities to solve

problems
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What is Sternberg’s Creative Intelligence?

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Ability to adapt to new situations and generate

novel ideas
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What is Sternberg’s Practical Intelligence?

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Ability to solve Ill-Defined problems

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How does Hereditary influence Intelligence?

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Traits are passed down generations with

variation
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What Environmental Factors influence

Intelligence?
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Trauma, Malnutrition, Isolation, Sensory

Deprivation
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What is an Intellectual Disability?

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A condition characterized by significant

limitations both in intellectual function and in
conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
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What is the definition of Mild Retardation?

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IQs ranging from 55-69 and have the academic

skill of about 6th grade
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What is the definition of Moderate

Retardation?
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IQs ranging from 40-54 and difficult to achieve

academic skills past 2nd grade
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What is the definition of Severe Retardation?

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IQs ranging from 25 to 39 and need constant

supervision and care
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What is the definition of Profound

Retardation?
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IQs that are less than 25 and need constant

supervision and care
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What are the biological causes of Mental

Retardation?
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Down Syndrome, and

Familial Retardation
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What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

 Cognition

The most common cause of mental retardation in

newborns that is caused when the mother uses
alcohol during pregnancy
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What is Down Syndrome?

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A person born with 47 chromosomes instead of

46
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What is Familial Retardation?

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An intellectual disability in which no apparent

biological defect exists but there is a family
history of Mental Retardation
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What is the Full Inclusion Principle?

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Integration of all students, including those with

Mental Retardation, into regular classes
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What is the definition of Intellectually Gifted?

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An IQ of +130