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1. Given Wt. No. of molecules Vgas
Moles = = =
Molar mass NA 22.4
2. No. of moles
stoichiometric
coefficient

Lowest ratio is identified

as Limiting reagent
If 1021 molecules are removed from 200mg of CO2,
then the number of moles of CO2 left are
[IIT 1983]

2.8×10−3

28.8×10−3

0.288×10−3

1.68×10−2
If 1021 molecules are removed from 200mg of CO2,
then the number of moles of CO2 left are
[IIT 1983]

2.8×10−3

28.8×10−3

0.288×10−3

1.68×10−2
Solut!on
Solut!on
If 2.5 moles of zinc react with 6.0 moles of
hydrochloric acid in the equation Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2,
what is the limiting reactant?

Zn

HCl

ZnCl2

H2
If 2.5 moles of zinc react with 6.0 moles of
hydrochloric acid in the equation Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2,
what is the limiting reactant?

Zn

HCl

ZnCl2

H2
Solut!on
 - speed of light - 3x108 m/s
1.a) E = h𝝼 = hc
- Wave length
𝝺 - Planck’s constant (6.6 x 10-34 Js)
Energy

Z2
b) En = -13.6
n2
Energy
of nth - atomic No.
orbit - Shell No.
- Rydberg’s constant in eV
2. 1 1 1
ṽ= RH 2
ṽ=
2
ni nf 𝝺
Wave
number initial orbit Final
orbit
Rydberg’s
constant
1.09677 x 107
3. h planck’s
𝝺= constant
m ev
Wave velocity of
length electron
mass of
electron
The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H
atom is −13.6eV. The possible energy value(s) of the
excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits to hydrogen
is(are) [IIT 1998; Orissa JEE 2005]

−3.4eV

−4.2eV

−6.8eV

+6.8eV
The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H
atom is −13.6eV. The possible energy value(s) of the
excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits to hydrogen
is(are) [IIT 1998; Orissa JEE 2005]

−3.4eV

−4.2eV

−6.8eV

+6.8eV
Solut!on
The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass
1gm and velocity 100m/sec is
[CBSE PMT 1999; EAMCET 1997; AFMC 1999;
AIIMS 2000]

6.63×10−33m

6.63×10−34m

6.63×10−35m

6.65×10−35m
The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass
1gm and velocity 100m/sec is
[CBSE PMT 1999; EAMCET 1997; AFMC 1999;
AIIMS 2000]

6.63×10−33m

6.63×10−34m

6.63×10−35m

6.65×10−35m
Solut!on
 - Gas constant - 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
1. pV = nRT - Temperature

pressure moles

Volume
2. P+
an2
(V-nb) = nRT
2
V Correction factor for
including size of atoms
Correction factor for
including intermolecular
forces
 High pressure
3.
Z = compressibility factor
pb a,b = Correction factor
Z=1+ p = pressure
RT R = gas constant
V=volume
Low pressure T = temperature
a
Z=1–
VRT
If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupy a
volume of 44.8 litres, the pressure must be [NCERT
1981; JIPMER 1991]

2 atm

3 atm

4 atm

1 atm
If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupy a
volume of 44.8 litres, the pressure must be [NCERT
1981; JIPMER 1991]

2 atm

3 atm

4 atm

1 atm
Solut!on
Pressure exerted by 1 mole of methane in a 0.25 litre
container at 300K using vander Waal's equation (given
a =2.253 atm L2mol−2,b=0.0428 L mol−1) is
[Orissa JEE 2005]

82.82 atm

152.51 atm

190.52 atm

70.52 atm
Pressure exerted by 1 mole of methane in a 0.25 litre
container at 300K using vander Waal's equation (given
a =2.253 atm L2mol−2,b=0.0428 L mol−1) is
[Orissa JEE 2005]

82.82 atm

152.51 atm

190.52 atm

70.52 atm
Solut!on
 - Gas constant - 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
1. 𝚫H =𝚫U + 𝚫ng RT - Temperature

Enthalpy Moles of
change gas
Internal
energy
change
2. 𝚫S =
Q 𝚫S = entropy change
𝚫H = enthalpy change
T T = temperature
 V1 & V2 = volume
V2
T2 T1 & T2 = Temperature
ΔS = nCv ln + nR ln
T1 V1 n = no. of moles
Cv & Cp= heat capacity at
constant V an P
T2 P1
ΔS = nCp ln + nR ln
T1 P2
Isochoric Process
T2
ΔS = nCv ln
T1
Isobaric Process
T2
ΔS = nCp ln
T1
Isothermal Process

V2 P1
ΔS = nR ln or nR ln P2
V1
Standard enthalpy of vaporization for water at 100∘C is
40.63 kJmol−1. The internal energy of Vaporization of
water at 100∘C (in kJ mol−1) is [CBSE AIPMT 2012]

+37.53

- 43.76

+ 43.76

+ 40.66
Standard enthalpy of vaporization for water at 100∘C is
40.63 kJmol−1. The internal energy of Vaporization of
water at 100∘C (in kJ mol−1) is [CBSE AIPMT 2012]

+37.53

- 43.76

+ 43.76

+ 40.66
Solut!on
If the enthalpy of vaporization for water is 186.5 kJ
mol−1, the entropy of its vaporization will be [CPMT
1988; DCE 2000]

0.5 JK−1mol−1

1.0 JK−1mol−1

1.5 JK−1mol−1

2.0 JK−1mol−1
If the enthalpy of vaporization for water is 186.5 kJ
mol−1, the entropy of its vaporization will be [CPMT
1988; DCE 2000]

0.5 JK−1mol−1

1.0 JK−1mol−1

1.5 JK−1mol−1

2.0 JK−1mol−1
Solut!on
 1.
Salt of strong acid+weak base (Ex: NH4Cl)

pH = ½ [pKw - pKb - log C]

Salt of weak acid+strong base (Ex: CH3COONa)

pH = ½ [pKw + pKa - log C]

Salt of weak acid+weak base (Ex: CH3COONH4)

pH = ½ [pKw + pKa - pKb]

2. Acidic buffer
[A-]
pH = pKa + log10
[HA]

Basic buffer
[B+]
pH = 14 - pKb + log10
[BOH]
pKa of acetic acid is 4.74. The concentration of CH3
COONa is 0.01M. The pH of CH3COONa solution is?
[Orissa JEE 2004]

8.37

4.37

4.74

0.474
pKa of acetic acid is 4.74. The concentration of CH3
COONa is 0.01M. The pH of CH3COONa solution is?
[Orissa JEE 2004]

8.37

4.37

4.74

0.474
Solut!on
The pKb value of NH4OH is 4.75. An aqueous solution of
NH4OH is titrated with HCl. The pH of the solution at the
point where half of the NH4OH has been neutralized will be

9.25

8.25

7.50

4.75
The pKb value of NH4OH is 4.75. An aqueous solution of
NH4OH is titrated with HCl. The pH of the solution at the
point where half of the NH4OH has been neutralized will be

9.25

8.25

7.50

4.75
Solut!on
1. Molar mass
ZxM
d= g/cm3
a3 x N A
density Avogadro’s
No.
Edge length
No. of
atoms in
unit cell
2.
The number of atoms in 100g of an fcc crystal with
density d=10g/cm3 and cell edge equal to 100pm,is
equal to [CBSE PMT 1994; KCET 2002]

4×1025

3×1025

2×1025

1×1025
The number of atoms in 100g of an fcc crystal with
density d=10g/cm3 and cell edge equal to 100pm,is
equal to [CBSE PMT 1994; KCET 2002]

4×1025

3×1025

2×1025

1×1025
Solut!on F.C.C ½ x 6 =3
⅛ ⅛x8=1
½ total = 4
Sodium metal crystallizes as a body centred cubic
lattice with the cell edge 4.29 Å. What is the radius
of sodium atom [AIIMS 1999]

1.857×10−8 cm

2.371×10−7 cm

3.817×10−8 cm

9.312×10−7 cm
Sodium metal crystallizes as a body centred cubic
lattice with the cell edge 4.29 Å. What is the radius
of sodium atom [AIIMS 1999]

1.857×10−8 cm

2.371×10−7 cm

3.817×10−8 cm

9.312×10−7 cm
 B.C.C
Solut!on
a. Boiling point elevation 𝚫T = temp. change
kb = elevation constant
𝚫Tb = kb m i
kf = depression constant
b. freezing point depression P = pressure
𝚫Tf = kf m i Po = pressure of pure solvent
m = molality
c. Vapour pressure lowering M = Molarity
PA = i X A PO A i = vant hoff factor
X = mole fraction
d. Osmotic Pressure
𝝥= M R T i
2.
i = 1 - 𝛼 + n𝛼 i = 1-𝛼+ (𝛼 )
For dissociation i > 1 For association i < 1

n = No. of ions
𝛼 = Degree of dissociation
The molal elevation constant of water =0.52oC. The boiling
point of 1.0 molal aqueous KCl solution (assuming
complete dissociation of KCl), therefore, should be [BHU
1987]

100.52oC

101.04oC

99.48oC

98.96oC
The molal elevation constant of water =0.52oC. The boiling
point of 1.0 molal aqueous KCl solution (assuming
complete dissociation of KCl), therefore, should be [BHU
1987]

100.52oC

101.04oC

99.48oC

98.96oC
Solut!on
Molal depression constant for water is 1.86oC. The freezing
point of a 0.05 molal solution of a non-electrolyte in water
is [MNR 1990; MP PET 1997]

−1.86oC

−0.93oC

−0.093oC

0.93oC
Molal depression constant for water is 1.86oC. The freezing
point of a 0.05 molal solution of a non-electrolyte in water
is [MNR 1990; MP PET 1997]

−1.86oC

−0.93oC

−0.093oC

0.93oC
Solut!on
If 3 gm of glucose (mol. wt. 180) is dissolved in 60 gm of
water at 15oC. Then the osmotic pressure of this solution
will be [MP PMT 1986]

0.34 atm

0.65 atm

6.57 atm

5.57 atm
If 3 gm of glucose (mol. wt. 180) is dissolved in 60 gm of
water at 15oC. Then the osmotic pressure of this solution
will be [MP PMT 1986]

0.34 atm

0.65 atm

6.57 atm

5.57 atm
Solut!on
1. 0.059 [M]
E = Eo - log10
n [Mn+]

E = Electrode potential
Eo = Standard electrode potential
[M] & [Mn+] = concentration of ions
n = no. of electrons
2. m = Zit time
Current
mass
electrochemical
equivalent

Eq. Wt
Z=
96500
3. Equivalent conductivity
k x 1000
Conductivity
𝝺eq = Normality
N

Molar conductivity

k x 1000 Molarity
𝝺M =
C (or M)
4. For a cell involving one electron E°cell = 0.59 V at 298
K, the equilibrium constant for the cell reaction is :
[Given that 2.303 RT/F = 0.059V at T = 298 K]

1.0 x 102

1.0 x 105

1.0 x 1010

1.0 x 1030
4. For a cell involving one electron E°cell = 0.59 V at 298
K, the equilibrium constant for the cell reaction is :
[Given that 2.303 RT/F = 0.059V at T = 298 K]

1.0 x 102

1.0 x 105

1.0 x 1010

1.0 x 1030
Solut!on
What weight of copper will be deposited by passing 2
Faradays of electricity through a cupric salt (Atomic weight of
Cu = 63.5) [NCERT 1975; CPMT 1977, 79]

2.0 gm

3.175 gm

63.5 gm

127.0 gm
What weight of copper will be deposited by passing 2
Faradays of electricity through a cupric salt (Atomic weight of
Cu = 63.5) [NCERT 1975; CPMT 1977, 79]

2.0 gm

3.175 gm

63.5 gm

127.0 gm
Solut!on
1. [A]t = - kt + [A]0 initial
conc.
Conc. rate
time
at t constant

[A]0
t1/2=
2
half life
2.
ln[A]t = - kt + ln[A]0

0.693
t1/2=
k
half life
In the reaction 2N2O5 →4NO2+O2, initial pressure is
500atm and rate constant K is 3.38×10−5sec−1. After 10
minutes the final pressure of N2O5 is [Orissa JEE
2005]

490 atm

250 atm

480 atm

420 atm
In the reaction 2N2O5 →4NO2+O2, initial pressure is
500atm and rate constant K is 3.38×10−5sec−1. After 10
minutes the final pressure of N2O5 is [Orissa JEE
2005]

490 atm

250 atm

480 atm

420 atm
Solut!on
Decay constant of a reaction is 1.1×10−9/sec, then
the half life of the reaction is

1.2×108

6.3×108

3.3×108

2.1×108
Decay constant of a reaction is 1.1×10−9/sec,
then the half life of the reaction is

1.2×108

6.3×108

3.3×108

2.1×108
Solut!on
 pressure
x
= k p1/n
mass of m
adsorbent constants
mass of gas
For the adsorption of a gas on a solid, the plot of
log (x/m) versus log P is linear with slope equal to
[CBSE PMT 1994]

log k

1/n
For the adsorption of a gas on a solid, the plot of
log (x/m) versus log P is linear with slope equal to
[CBSE PMT 1994]

log k

1/n
Solut!on
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