Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series

Volume 1 Basic Structure of the Language

- Work Book

Editor : Medhā Michika, AVG, Anaikatti

Published by:

Arsha Avinash Foundation

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 Volume 1
Basic Structure of the Language

Workbook

Name:
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Table of Contents
Prayers 1
Topic I - Letters/Sounds 2
Topic II - Structure of the Sanskrit Language 4
Topic III - Factors of action (01203)4 6
4
Topic IV - The Concept of Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam]) 8
Topic V - Conjugation in AB 4 (present tense) 12
Topic VI - Conjugation in other A012s 47
F
Topic VII - The Concept of Nouns (EG;3 4
[subantam]) 58
Topic VIII - Meanings of case endings (8IJKL1M [vibhaktyarthāO]) 60
Topic IX - Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns 62

i
 Prayer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1
 Topic I – Letters/Sounds

Topic I
Letters/Sounds

Diphthongs:

Special letters/sounds which come after vowel: UV W , U O

What is the name for short vowel in Sanskrit?

What is the name for long vowel in Sanskrit?

F [gu[a] letters?
What are YZ

What are I\8] [v^ddhi] letters?

2
 Topic I – Letters/Sounds

Vowels:
There are 9 vowels in Sanskrit:
• 5 simple vowels – short form:

(long form:

• 4 diphthongs - long

Consonants:
There are 33 consonants in Sanskrit.
• 25 consonants = 5 categories x 5 classes

• 4 Semivowels

• 4 Sibilants

3
 Topic II – Structure of Sanskrit Language

Topic II
Structure of the Sanskrit Language

Building Blocks of the Sanskrit Language

( [ ]) is a unit of expression to communicate an idea.

A consists of ( [ ]) or ( [ ]).

[ ] (sentence)

[ ] [ ] [ ]
(word) (word) (word)

[ ] (words)

In the Sanskrit language, there are only two types of words:

1. Verb [ ]

2. Noun [ ]

4
 Topic II – Structure of Sanskrit Language

Every word in Sanskrit is comprised of two basic constituents:

( [ ]) + ( [ ])

[ ] [ ] [ ]
= +
(word) (original entity) (suffix)

4
1. Verb (89:;V fg3 [ti=antaW padam]) :

[ ] = [ ] + [ ]
(verb) (root) (verbal suffix)

2. Noun (EG;V 4
F fg3 [subantaW padam]):

[ ] = [ ] + [ ]
(noun) (nominal (nominal suffix)

4
There are two types of suffix (hij [pratyayaO]) to make a word (fg3 [padam]).

1. Verbal suffix ( [ ])

2. Nominal suffix ( [ ])

In every sentence there is one verb ( [ ]), written or implied.

5
 Topic III – Factors of action (01203)4

Topic III
Factors of action
01203 4

What is 0120?

0120s are 6 in number.

1. [ ] ( )

2. [ ] ( )

3. [ ] ( )

4. [ ] ( )

5. [ ] ( )

6. [ ] ( )

6
 Topic III – Factors of action (01203)4

Original forms of 89:-4 hijs

4
Original forms of EfF -hijs

7
 4
Topic IV – The Concept of Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam])

Topic IV

The Concept of
4
Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam])

4
2. Constituents of verb (89:;3 [ti=antam])

( [ ])

= ( [ ]) + ( [ ])

3. Classifications of l19 F [dhātu] (Verbal root)

i. groups of conjugations ( to )

ii. types ( , , and )

4. Ten A012s [lakāra]s

1. [ ] 6. [ ]

2. [ ] 7. [ ]

3. [ ] 8. [ ]

4. [ ] 9. [ ]

5. [ ] 10. [ ]

8
 4
Topic IV – The Concept of Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam])

A012 [lakāra] represents two things.

i. Voice (hjmY [prayogaO])

There are three voices for verb. They are:

a) ( [ ])

b) ( [ ])

c) ( [ ])

ii. Tense and mood

1. can be used in .

2. can be used in .

3. can be used in .

4. can be used in .

5. can be used in .

6. can be used in .

7. can be used in .

8. can be used in .

9. can be used in .

10. can be used in .

9
 4
Topic IV – The Concept of Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam])

5. Verbal suffix (89:-4 hij [ti=-pratyayaO])

89:-4 hjjs further denote two more things.

i. Person ( [ ])

ii. Number ( [ ])

F [purupaO])
i. Person (fno

There are three persons, as described in the chart below.

Person In Sanskrit Who? Examples

4
ii. Number (Iqr3 [vacanam])

There are three numbers, as described in the matrix with persons in the chart below.

Number Singular Dual Plural

Person

10
 4
Topic IV – The Concept of Verbs (89:;3 [ti=antam])

Two fgs [pada]s

There are eighteen 89:-4 hijs. As seen in the chart below, they are divided into two
sets of nine. They are:

[ ]

[ ]

11
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

Topic V

Conjugation in AB 4 (present tense)

1. AB 4 (Present Tense) in 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

with f2s tfg l19 F (Parasmaipadī dhātuO)

f2s tfg of 89:-4 hijs modified for AB 4 (present tense)

Final forms
• l19 F (root): Jv ( )

• A012 (tense/mood):

• hjmY (voice):

• 4
wx3 (stem):

12
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• l19 F (root): 0y o (4 )
• A012 (tense/mood):
• hjmY (voice):
• 4
wx3 (stem):

• l19 F (root): Y3 (4 )
• A012 (tense/mood):
• hjmY (voice):
• 4
wx3 (stem):

13
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : q2 4( )
• :
• :
• :

• : z I (4 )
• :
• :
• :

14
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : {| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : r3 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

15
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : r ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : f} 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

16
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : f9 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : GlF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

17
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : IE (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : ~1 ( )
• :
• :
• :

18
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : sy ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : wE (4 )
• :
• :
• :

19
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : r| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 9oF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

20
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : ry9 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : foF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

21
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 3•F 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : |oF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

22
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : €o (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 8g| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

23
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : h• 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : F (4
3q )
• :
• :
• :

24
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 8Ig 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : ‚y| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

25
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 8Aƒ (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 8I| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

26
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : Eyz (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : wE (4 )
• :
• :
• :

27
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 0y ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : „1 ( )
• :
• :
• :

28
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : …f (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 8Ig 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

29
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

F
2. Consulting l190m| [dhātukośaO]

Manners of modification of simple vowels

Original
Modification € ‡ ˆ

3. ‡fEY1M [upasargāO] (Verbal prefixes)

1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [ ] 5. [ ]

6. [ ] 7. [ ] 8. [ ] 9. [ ] 10. [ ]

11. [ ] 12. [ ] 13. [ ] 14. [ ] 15. [ ]

16. [ ] 17. [ ] 18. [ ] 19. [ ] 20. [ ]

21. [ ] 22. [ ]

30
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

4. AB 4 (Present Tense) in 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

with …‰r Šfg l19 F (Ātmanepadī root)

…‰r Šfg of 89:-4 hijs modified for AB 4 (present tense)

• : Œ• (4 )
• :
• :
• :

31
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 01| (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : G1l (4 )
• :
• :
• :

32
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : J1o (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 3gF 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

33
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : j9 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 23 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

34
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : AJ (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : Iy9 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

35
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : 4 4( )
|:0
• :
• :
• :

• : |JF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

36
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : E• 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

• : EŠI (4 )
• :
• :
• :

37
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : zr (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : fg 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

38
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : GlF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 3r (4 )
• :
• :
• :

39
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : jlF (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : 8Ig 4 ( )
• :
• :
• :

40
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : Eyz (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : EŠI (4 )
• :
• :
• :

41
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

5. AB 4 (Present Tense) in 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice) with common l19sF

4 be (2P) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)

F – wE to
wEŽ J8I

4
•F0y• 02ZŠ – 0y to do (8U) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)
Since 0y is type U, ‡Jjfg l19 F , two sets of forms are seen; one with f2s tfg suffixes
and the other with …‰rfŠ g suffixes.

42
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

„1 wIGmlr Š – „1 to know (9P) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)

4 pervade (5P) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)

…f “Ž ”1•– – …f to

8IgŽ „1r Š – 8Ig 4 to know (2P) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)
There are two forms for each person and number.

43
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

4
—v• ”˜1j1V I18q – —v to say (2U) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)
When the first five f2s tfg suffixes follow, there are two forms.

4 Š – g1 to give (3U) in AB 4 (Present Tense) – 09M82-hjmY (Active Voice)

•Fg1• g1r

44
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

6. AB 4 (Present Tense) – 03M8Z hjmY (Passive Voice)

• : {| (4 )
• :
• hjmY (voice): 09M82-hjmY (passive voice)
• :

• : Y3 (4 )
• :
• :
• :

45
 Topic V – Conjugation in AB 4 (Present tense)

• : €o (4 )
• :
• :
• :

• : „1 ( )
• :
• :
• :

46
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

Topic VI

Conjugation in other A012s

1. 8AB 4 (Perfect Past Tense)

4 be (2P) in 8AB 4 (Perfect Past Tense) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in 8AB 4.

|JF 4

47
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

2. œB 4 (First Future Tense)

4 be (2P) in œB 4 (First Future Tense) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in œB 4.

f} 4

3gF 4

48
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

3. AyB 4 (Second Future Tense)

4 be (2P) in œB 4 (First Future Tense) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in œB 4.

Y3 4

3gF 4

49
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

4. AmB 4 (Imperative Mood)

Jv E•1j13 –4 Jv to be (1P) in AmB 4 (Imperative Mood) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

wE 4

{| 4

50
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

sy

3gF 4

Y3 4 – 03M8Z hjmY (Passive Voice)

51
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

5. A: 4 (Simple Past Tense)

Jv E•1j13 –4 Jv to be (1P) in A: 4 (Simple Past Tense) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

wE 4

Y3 4

52
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

Ig 4

zr 4

Y3 4 – 03M8Z hjmY (Passive Voice)

53
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

6. 8I8l8A: 4 (Potential Mood)

Jv E•1j13 –4 Jv to be (1P) in 8I8l8A: 4 (Potential Mood – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

wE 4

Y3 4

54
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

Ig 4

Iy9 4

Y3 4 – 03M8Z hjmY (Passive Voice)

55
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

7. …| 8AM: 4 (Benedictive Mood)

4 be (2P) in …| 8AM: 4 (Benedictive Mood) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in …| 8AM:.4

8. œ: 4 (General Past Tense)

4 be (2P) in œ: 4 (General Past Tense) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in …| 8AM:.4

56
 Topic VI – Conjugation in other A012s

9. Ay: 4 (Conditional Mood)

4 be (2P) in Ay: 4 (Conditional Mood) – 09M82 hjmY (Active Voice)

Jv to be (1P) and wE to
4
* wE becomes “Jv” in Ay:.4

0y

With f2s tfg-hijs

With …‰r Šfg-hijs

57
 F
Topic VII – The Concept of Nouns (EG;3 4
[subantam])

Topic VII

The Concept of
F
Nouns (EG;3 4
[subantam])

F
2. Constituents of noun (EG;3 4
[subantam])

Noun ( [ ])

= Nominal base ( [ ]) + Nominal suffix ( [ ])

3. Classification of h189f8g0 [prātipadika]

h189f8g0s are classified in two ways:

i.

ii.

i. Genders

In Sanskrit language, there are three genders for nouns.

o Masculine ( [ ])

o Feminine ( [ ])

o Neuter ( [ ])

58
 F
Topic VII – The Concept of Nouns (EG;3 4
[subantam])

4
4. Nominal suffix (EfF -hij [sup-pratyayaO])
4
EfF -hjjs indicate two things.
i. Case ( [ ])

ii. Number ( [ ])

There are three numbers (Iqrs):

singular ( [ ])
dual ( [ ])
plural ( [ ])

4
By these two factors (case and number), every suffix of twenty-one EfF -hijs is
unique, as seen in the chart below.

Number
Case

4
EfF -hijs are suffixed to h189f8g0 to convey:
i.

ii.

59
 Topic VIII – Meanings of Case Endings (8IJKL1M [vibhaktyarthāO])

Topic VIII
Meanings of case endings
(8IJKL1M [vibhaktyarthāO])

0. Basic concepts of 8IJ8˜ (Case endings)

7 8IJ8˜s are:

8IJ8˜ Case English term

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

60
 Topic VIII – Meanings of Case Endings (8IJKL1M [vibhaktyarthāO])

8.Summary table of 8IJKL1M

Case / 8IJ8˜ Meaning of the case / 8IJKL1M

st
1 case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
hL31 8IJ8˜ • 09M82 (agent) hL31 in active voice (09M82 hjmYŠ)
• 03M8Z (object) hL31 in passive voice (03M8Z hjmYŠ)
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• E mlr3 4
2nd case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
8¡9 j1 8IJ8˜ • 03M8Z (object) 8¡9 j1 in active voice (09M82 hjmYŠ)
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• h89, wr,F w;2ŠZ, etc.
3rd case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
9y9 j1 8IJ8˜ • 09M82 (agent) 9y9 j1 in passive voice (03M8Z hjmYŠ)
• 02ZŠ (instrument) 9y9 j1
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• •Š9– (reason) 9y9 j1
• €¢VJ9v Š (in the form of ~) 9y9 j1
• E• (with) 9y9 j1
th
4 case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
q9LF ¤ 8IJ8˜ • E¥g1r Š (recipient) q9LF ¤
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• r3 , ¦8§, ¦1•1, etc.
th
5 case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
f¨3 8IJ8˜ • wf1g1r Š (origin) f¨3
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• •Š9– f¨3
• 8IJ˜Š f¨3
• 8g©jmYŠ f¨3
• wª, €92, 8J«, ˆ9Š, etc.
• fyL0,4 8Ir1, etc. (also take 8¡9 j1 and 9y9 j1)
6th case B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
o¬ 8IJ8˜ • E --o¬
th
7 case A. 0120-8IJ8˜
E•3 8IJ8˜ • w8l02ZŠ (locus) E•3
B. ‡ffg-8IJ8˜
• E89 E•3

61
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

Topic IX
Declension of
Vowel-ending Nominal bases
and Pronouns

1. w-ending in f8V F Ax (masculine) – 213 [rāma]

4
Declension of h189f8g03 “213” (Rāma), w0121;-f8V F Ax-|®

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 1/1 213– 1/2 2131 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 2/1 213– 2/2 2131r 4 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 3/1 2131±13 4 3/2 213t 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 4/1 2131±13 4 4/2 213Š± 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 5/1 2131±13 4 5/2 213Š± 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 213² 6/1 213jm 6/2 2131Z13 4 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 213Š 7/1 213jm 7/2 213Šo F 7/3

4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 8/1 •Š 213– 8/2 •Š 2131 8/3

62
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

w-ending masculine (w0121;-f8V F Ax-|® – gŠI ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

F
– f2o ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

63
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– Am0 ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– IŠg ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

64
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

2. w-ending Pronouns in f8V F Ax (masculine) – EIM [sarva]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – EIM (all) in f8V F Ax (Masculine)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EIM EI³ EI´ 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

EIM3 4 EI³ EI1Mr 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EI´Z EI1M±13 4 EI
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 EI1M±13 4
EIMs t EI´±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIMs19 4 5/1 EI1M±13 4 EI´±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM² EIMjm EI´o13 4 6/3

E•3 (7th case)

EIM8sr 4 7/1 EIMjm EI´o F
E mlr3 4
•Š EIM •Š EI³ •Š EI´ 8/3
(Vocative)

– wª ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EIM EI³ EI´
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
EIM3 4 EI³ EI1Mr 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EI´Z EI1M±13 4 EI
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
EIMs t EI1M±13 4 EI´±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIMs19 4 EI1M±13 4 EI´±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM² EIMjm EI´o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
EIM8sr 4 EIMjm EI´o F
E mlr3 4
•Š EIM •Š EI³ •Š EI´
(Vocative)

65
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– ¯0 ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EIM EI³ EI´
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
EIM3 4 EI³ EI1Mr 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EI´Z EI1M±13 4 EI
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
EIMs t EI1M±13 4 EI´±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIMs19 4 EI1M±13 4 EI´±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM² EIMjm EI´o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
EIM8sr 4 EIMjm EI´o F
E mlr3 4
•Š EIM •Š EI³ •Š EI´
(Vocative)

– f2 ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EIM EI³ EI´
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
EIM3 4 EI³ EI1Mr 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EI´Z EI1M±13 4 EI
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
EIMs t EI1M±13 4 EI´±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIMs19 4 EI1M±13 4 EI´±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM² EIMjm EI´o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
EIM8sr 4 EIMjm EI´o F
E mlr3 4
•Š EIM •Š EI³ •Š EI´
(Vocative)

66
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

3. Other Pronouns in f8V F Ax (masculine) – 9g 4, jg 4, ¯9g 4, 803 4

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 9g 4 (that) in f8V F Ax (Masculine)
9g 4 declines as ‘9”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
E 1/1 9– 9Š
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
93 4 9– 91r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
9Šr 91±13 4 9t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
9s t 91±13 4 9Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
9s19 4 91±13 4 9Š±
o¬ (6th case)
9² 9jm 9Šo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
98sr 4 9jm 9Šo F
The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – jg 4 (that which) in f8V F Ax (Masculine)
jg 4 declines as ‘j”, w-ending EIMr13, like EIM.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
j j– jŠ
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
j3 4 j– j1r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
jŠr j1±13 4 jt
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
js t j1±13 4 jŠ±
f¨3 (5th case)
js19 4 j1±13 4 jŠ±
o¬ (6th case)
j² jjm jŠo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
j8sr 4 jjm jŠo F
It declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

67
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – ¯9g 4 (this) in f8V F Ax (Masculine)
¯9g 4 declines as ‘¯9”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
¯o 1/1 ¯9– ¯9Š
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
¯93 4 ¯9– ¯91r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
¯9Šr ¯91±13 4 ¯9 t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
¯9s t ¯91±13 4 ¯9Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
¯9s19 4 ¯91±13 4 ¯9Š±
o¬ (6th case)
¯9² ¯9jm ¯9Šo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
¯98sr 4 ¯9jm ¯9Šo F

The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 803 4 (what, interrogative pronoun) in f8V F Ax
4
803 declines as ‘0”, w-ending EIMr13, like EIM.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
0 0– 0Š
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
03 4 0– 01r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
0Š r 01±13 4 0t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
0s t 01±13 4 0Š ±
f¨3 (5th case)
0s19 4 01±13 4 0Š ±
o¬ (6th case)
0² 0jm 0Š o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
08sr 4 0jm 0Š o F
It declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.
4
When jg 4 and 803.are used together, it means “whatever”.

68
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

V F 08Ax (neuter) – „1r [j[āna]

4. w-ending in rfE

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – „1r (knowledge)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
„1r3 4 1/1 „1r Š 1/2 „1r18r 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

„1r3 4 2/1 „1r Š 2/2 „1r18r 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case)

„1r Šr „1r1±13 4 „1r t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
„1r1j „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
„1r19 4 „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
o¬ (6th case)
„1r² „1rjm „1r1r13 4
E•3 (7th case)
„1r Š „1rjm „1r Šo F
E mlr3 4 8/1 •Š „1r Š
•Š „1r 8/2 •Š „1r18r 8/3
(Vocative)

– ·A ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
„1r Šr „1r1±13 4 „1r t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
„1r1j „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
„1r19 4 „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
o¬ (6th case)
„1r² „1rjm „1r1r13 4
E•3 (7th case)
„1r Š „1rjm „1r Šo F
E mlr3 4
•Š „1r •Š „1r Š •Š „1r18r
(Vocative)

69
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

V F 08Ax (neuter) – EIM [sarva]

5. w-ending Pronouns in rfE

4
h189f8g03 (nominal V F 08Ax (Neuter)
base) – EIM (all) in rfE

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EIM3 4 1/1 EI´ 1/2 EI1M8Z 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

EIM3 4 2/1 EI´ 2/2 EI1M8Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case)

EI´Z EI1M±13 4 EI
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
EIMs t EI1M±13 4 EI´±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIMs19 4 EI1M±13 4 EI´±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM² EIMjm EI´o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
EIM8sr 4 EIMjm EI´o F
E mlr3 4
•Š EIM 8/1 •Š EI´ 8/2 •Š EI1M8Z 8/3
(Vocative)

– f2 ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
„1r Šr „1r1±13 4 „1r t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
„1r1j „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
„1r19 4 „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
o¬ (6th case)
„1r² „1rjm „1r1r13 4
E•3 (7th case)
„1r Š „1rjm „1r Šo F
E mlr3 4
•Š „1r •Š „1r Š •Š „1r18r
(Vocative)

70
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– fvI M ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
„1r Šr „1r1±13 4 „1r t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
„1r1j „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
„1r19 4 „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
o¬ (6th case)
„1r² „1rjm „1r1r13 4
E•3 (7th case)
„1r Š „1rjm „1r Šo F
E mlr3 4
•Š „1r •Š „1r Š •Š „1r18r
(Vocative)

– wª ( ) in ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
„1r3 4 „1r Š „1r18r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
„1r Šr „1r1±13 4 „1r t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
„1r1j „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
„1r19 4 „1r1±13 4 „1r Š±
o¬ (6th case)
„1r² „1rjm „1r1r13 4
E•3 (7th case)
„1r Š „1rjm „1r Šo F
E mlr3 4
•Š „1r •Š „1r Š •Š „1r18r
(Vocative)

71
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

V F 08Ax (neuter) – 9g 4, jg 4, ¯9g 4, 803 4

6. Other Pronouns in rfE

4
h189f8g03 (nominal V F 08Ax (Neuter)
base) – 9g 4 (that) in rfE
9g 4 declines as ‘9”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1 and 2/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4 4
99/9g 1/1 9Š 918r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4 4
99/9g 2/1 9Š 918r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
9Šr 91±13 4 9t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
9s t 91±13 4 9Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
9s19 4 91±13 4 9Š±
o¬ (6th case)
9² 9jm 9Šo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
98sr 4 9jm 9Šo F
The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal V F 08Ax (Neuter)
base) – jg 4 (that which) in rfE
jg 4 declines as ‘j”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1 and 2/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4 4
j9/jg 1/1 jŠ j18r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4 4
j9/jg 2/1 jŠ j18r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
jŠr j1±13 4 jt
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
js t j1±13 4 jŠ±
f¨3 (5th case)
js19 4 j1±13 4 jŠ±
o¬ (6th case)
j² jjm jŠo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
j8sr 4 jjm jŠo F
The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

72
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal V F 08Ax (Neuter)
base) – ¯9g 4 (this) in rfE
¯9g 4 declines as ‘¯9”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1 and 2/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
¯99/¯9g 4 1/1 ¯9Š ¯918r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4
¯99/¯9g 4 2/1 ¯9Š ¯918r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
¯9Šr ¯91±13 4 ¯9 t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
¯9s t ¯91±13 4 ¯9Š±
f¨3 (5th case)
¯9s19 4 ¯91±13 4 ¯9Š±
o¬ (6th case)
¯9² ¯9jm ¯9Šo13 4
E•3 (7th case)
¯98sr 4 ¯9jm ¯9Šo F

The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 803 4 (what, interrogative pronoun) in rfE
V F 08Ax
4
803 declines as ‘0”, w-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1 and 2/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
803 4 1/1 0Š 018r
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
803 4 2/1 0Š 018r
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
0Š r 01±13 4 0t
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
0s t 01±13 4 0Š ±
f¨3 (5th case)
0s19 4 01±13 4 0Š ±
o¬ (6th case)
0² 0jm 0Š o13 4
E•3 (7th case)
08sr 4 0jm 0Š o F
The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

73
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

7. €/‡-ending in f8V F Ax (masculine) – •82 [hari]/YnF [guru]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – •82 (Hari)

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– ˆ8o ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

74
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– j89 ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– 8Y82 ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

75
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – YnF (teacher)

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– 33F •
F F ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

76
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– •Š9 F ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– l19 F ( )

4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

77
Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

Modifications of €/‡ of €/‡-ending h189f8g0s

Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

hL31 (1st case)

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

9y9 j1 (3rd case)

q9LF ¤ (4th case)

f¨3 (5th case)

o¬ (6th case)

E•3 (7th case)

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)

78
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

8. ˆ-ending in f8V F Ax (masculine) – 09y M [kart^]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 09y M (doer)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 091M 091M2– 091M2

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 091M23 4 091M2– 09\rM 4

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 0¸1M M 13 4

09y± 09y8M J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 0¸´ M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
f¨3 (5th case) 09 MF M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
o¬ (6th case) 09 MF 0¸¹ M 13 4
09\Z
E•3 (7th case) 09M82 0¸¹ 09yoM F

E mlr3 4 •Š 09M •Š 091M2– •Š 091M2

(Vocative)

– „19y ( )
Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 091M 091M2– 091M2

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 091M23 4 091M2– 09\rM 4

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 0¸1M M 13 4

09y± 09y8M J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 0¸´ M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
f¨3 (5th case) 09 MF M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
o¬ (6th case) 09 MF 0¸¹ M 13 4
09\Z
E•3 (7th case) 09M82 0¸¹ 09yoM F

E mlr3 4 •Š 09M •Š 091M2– •Š 091M2

(Vocative)

79
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– h319y ( )
Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 091M 091M2– 091M2

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 091M23 4 091M2– 09\rM 4

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 0¸1M M 13 4

09y± 09y8M J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 0¸´ M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
f¨3 (5th case) 09 MF M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
o¬ (6th case) 09 MF 0¸¹ M 13 4
09\Z
E•3 (7th case) 09M82 0¸¹ 09yoM F

E mlr3 4 •Š 09M •Š 091M2– •Š 091M2

(Vocative)

– •;y ( )
Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 091M 091M2– 091M2

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 091M23 4 091M2– 09\rM 4

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 0¸1M M 13 4

09y± 09y8M J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 0¸´ M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
f¨3 (5th case) 09 MF M 13 4
09y± M
09y±
o¬ (6th case) 09 MF 0¸¹ M 13 4
09\Z
E•3 (7th case) 09M82 0¸¹ 09yoM F

E mlr3 4 •Š 09M •Š 091M2– •Š 091M2

(Vocative)

80
Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
EfF -hijs 4
(nominal suffixes) without €9 (indicatory) letters
Singular Dual Plural

1st case

2nd case

3rd case

4th case

5th case

6th case

7th case

Three sections in masculine and feminine

Singular Dual Plural

1st case 4
E [s] º [au] 4
wE [as]

2nd case 4
w3 [am] º [au]

3rd case

4th case

5th case

6th case

7th case

The hij in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

The wx in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

The wx in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

81
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

9. …-ending in » 8Ax (feminine) – Yx1 [ga=gā]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – Yx1 (ga=gā)
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

F (
– Y•1 )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

82
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– wI~1 ( )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– 8¼j1 ( )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

83
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

10. …-ending Pronouns in » 8Ax (feminine) – EI1M [sarvā]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – EI1M (all)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EI1M EI´ EI1M
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
EI1M3 4 EI´ EI1M
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EIMj1 EI1M±13 4 EI1M8J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 EI1M±13 4
EIM² t EI1M±
f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 EI1M±13 4
EIM²1 EI1M±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM²1 6/1 EIMjm EI1ME13 4 6/3

E•3 (7th case)

EIM²13 4 7/1 EIMjm EI1ME F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š EI´ •Š EI´ •Š EI1M

– wª1 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
EI1M EI´ EI1M
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
EI1M3 4 EI´ EI1M
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
EIMj1 EI1M±13 4 EI1M8J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
EIM² t EI1M±13 4 EI1M±
f¨3 (5th case)
EIM²1 EI1M±13 4 EI1M±
o¬ (6th case)
EIM²1 EIMjm EI1ME13 4
E•3 (7th case)
EIM²13 4 EIMjm EI1ME F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š EI´ •Š EI´ •Š EI1M

84
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

11. Other Pronouns in » 8Ax (feminine) – 9g 4, jg 4, ¯9g 4, 803 4

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 9g 4 (that)
9g 4 declines as ‘91”, …-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
E1 1/1 9Š 91
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
913 4 9Š 91
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
9j1 91±13 4 918J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
9² t 91±13 4 91±
f¨3 (5th case)
9²1 91±13 4 91±
o¬ (6th case)
9²1 9jm 91E13 4
E•3 (7th case)
9²13 4 9jm 91E F
The rest declines like EI1M. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – jg 4 (that which)
jg 4 declines as ‘j1”, …-ending EIMr13, like EI1M.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
j1 jŠ j1
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
j13 4 jŠ j1
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
jj1 j1±13 4 j18J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
j² t j1±13 4 j1±
f¨3 (5th case)
j²1 j1±13 4 j1±
o¬ (6th case)
j²1 jjm j1E13 4
E•3 (7th case)
j²13 4 jjm j1E F
It declines like EI1M. * There is no vocative.

85
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – ¯9g 4 (this)
¯9g 4 declines as ‘¯91”, …-ending EIMr13, except for 1/1.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
¯o1 1/1 ¯9Š ¯91
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
¯913 4 ¯9Š ¯91
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
¯9j1 ¯91±13 4 ¯918J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
¯9² t ¯91±13 4 ¯91±
f¨3 (5th case)
¯9²1 ¯91±13 4 ¯91±
o¬ (6th case)
¯9²1 ¯9jm ¯91E13 4
E•3 (7th case)
¯9²13 4 ¯9jm ¯91E F

The rest declines like EI1M. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 803 4 (what, interrogative pronoun)
4
803 declines as ‘01”, …-ending EIMr13, like EI1M.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
01 0Š 01
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
013 4 0Š 01
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
0j1 01±13 4 018J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
0² t 01±13 4 01±
f¨3 (5th case)
0²1 01±13 4 01±
o¬ (6th case)
0²1 0jm 01E13 4
E•3 (7th case)
0²13 4 0jm 01E F
It declines like EI1M. * There is no vocative.

86
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

12. Œ-ending in » 8Ax (feminine) – rg [nadī]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – rg (river)
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– fyLI ( )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

87
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– 0¸¤ ( )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

– E9 ( )
4
Iqr3 (Number) ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 213 213– 2131

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2133 4 213– 2131r 4
9y9 j1 (3rd case) 213ŠZ 2131±13 4 213t
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 2131j 2131±13 4 213Š±
f¨3 (5th case) 21319 4 2131±13 4 213Š±
o¬ (6th case) 213² 213jm 2131Z13 4
E•3 (7th case) 213Š 213jm 213Šo F
4
E mlr3 (Vocative) •Š 213 •Š 213– •Š 2131

88
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

13. €-ending in » 8Ax (feminine) – 389 [mati]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – 389 (intellect)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
389 39 39j
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
3893 4 39 39 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 389±13 4

3i1 3898J
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 389±13 4
3i t/39jŠ 389±
f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 389±13 4
3i1 /39Š 389±
o¬ (6th case)
3i1 /39Š 6/1 3im 39 r13 4
E•3 (7th case) 4
3i13/39– 7/1 3im 389o F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š 39Š •Š 39 •Š 39j

The rest declines like •82 in f8V F Ax.

– {8½ ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
389 39 39j
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
3893 4 39 39
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
3i1 389±13 4 3898J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
3i t/39jŠ 389±13 4 389±
f¨3 (5th case)
3i1 /39Š 389±13 4 389±
o¬ (6th case)
3i1 /39Š 3im 39 r13 4
E•3 (7th case) 4
3i13/39– 3im 389o F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š 39Š •Š 39 •Š 39j

89
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

– G8F ] ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
389 39 39j
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
3893 4 39 39
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
3i1 389±13 4 3898J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
3i t/39jŠ 389±13 4 389±
f¨3 (5th case)
3i1 /39Š 389±13 4 389±
o¬ (6th case)
3i1 /39Š 3im 39 r13 4
E•3 (7th case) 4
3i13/39– 3im 389o F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š 39Š •Š 39 •Š 39j

– 8F 9 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
389 39 39j
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
3893 4 39 39
9y9 j1 (3rd case)
3i1 389±13 4 3898J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
3i t/39jŠ 389±13 4 389±
f¨3 (5th case)
3i1 /39Š 389±13 4 389±
o¬ (6th case)
3i1 /39Š 3im 39 r13 4
E•3 (7th case) 4
3i13/39– 3im 389o F
E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š 39Š •Š 39 •Š 39j

90
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
14. Pronoun – €g3 [idam]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – €g3 (this) - f8V F AxŠ (in masculine)

4
€g3 declines as ‘w”, except as indicated below in black.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
wj3 4 1/1 €3– 1/2 €3Š 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/2 €31r 4

€33 4 2/1 €3– 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 …±13 4

wr Šr ¯8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case)

ws t …±13 4 ¯±
f¨3 (5th case)
ws19 4 …±13 4 ¯±
o¬ (6th case) 6/2 ¯o13 4
w² wrjm
E•3 (7th case)
w8sr 4 wrjm 7/2 ¯o F

The rest declines like EIM. * There is no vocative.

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – €g3 (this) V F 0Š (in neuter)
- rfE

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
€g3 4 1/1 €3Š 1/2 €318r 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

€g3 4 2/1 €3Š 2/2 €318r 2/3

4 f8V F Ax. * There is no vocative.

The rest declines like €g3 in

91
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – €g3 (this) - » 8AxŠ (in feminine)
4
€g3 declines as ‘…”, except as indicated below in black.

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
€j3 4 1/1 €3Š 1/2 €31 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

€313 4 2/1 €3Š 2/2 €31 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 …±13 4

wrj1 …8J
q9LF ¤ (4th case)
w² t …±13 4 …±
f¨3 (5th case)
w²1 …±13 4 …±
o¬ (6th case) 6/2 …E13 4
w²1 wrjm
E•3 (7th case)
w²13 4 wrjm 7/2 …E F

The rest declines like EI1M.

92
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
15. Pronoun – wgE [adas]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – wgE (that) - f8V F AxŠ (in masculine)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
wE– 1/1 w3v 1/2 w3 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/2 w3vr 4

w33F 4 2/1 w3v 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 w3v±13 4

w3rF 1 3/2 w3 8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F t 4/1 w3v±13 4 4/2 w3 ±

w3¾ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) F 19 4 5/1 w3v±13 4

w3¾ 5/2 w3 ± 5/3

o¬ (6th case) F F m 6/2 w3 o13 4

w3¿ 6/1 w3j 6/3

E•3 (7th case)

w38F ¾r 4 F m
7/1 w3j 7/2 w3 o F 7/3

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – wgE (that) V F 0Š (in neuter)
- rfE

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
wg 1/1 w3v 1/2 w3v8r 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

wg 2/1 w3v 2/2 w3v8r 2/3

4 f8V F Ax. * There is no vocative.

The rest declines like wgE in

93
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – wgE (that) - » 8AxŠ (in feminine)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
wE– 1/1 w3v 1/2 w3v 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

w3v3 4 2/1 w3v 2/2 w3v 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 w3v±13 4

w3jF 1 3/2 w3v8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F t 4/1 w3v±13 4 4/2 w3v± 4/3

w3¿
f¨3 (5th case) F 1 5/1 w3v±13 4 5/2 w3v± 5/3
w3¿
o¬ (6th case) F 1 F m
6/1 w3j 6/2 w3vo13 4 6/3
w3¿
E•3 (7th case) F 13 4 7/1 w3jF m 7/2 w3vo F 7/3
w3¿

94
 Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

F 4 [yupmad], wsg 4 [asmad]

16. Pronouns – j¾g

F g 4 (you) and wsg 4 (I, we) have the same forms in all 3 8Axs (genders).
j¾

4
h189f8g03 (nominal F g 4 (you)
base) – j¾
Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
Á3 4 1/1 jIF 13 4 1/2 jvj3 4 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4 4

2/1 jIF 13/I13 4 4
F 1r/I
Á13/Á1 2/1 2/2 j¾ 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 jIF 1±13 4 F 18J

Áj1 3/2 j¾ 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4

F 3/9Š 4
4/1 jIF 1±13/I13 4 4/2 j¾ 4
F ±3/I
9± 4/1 4/3

f¨3 (5th case)

Á9 4 5/1 jIF 1±13 4 F 94
5/2 j¾ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/1 jIF jm /I13 4 4

F 103/I
9I/ 9Š 6/2 j¾ 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 jIF jm F 1E F

Á8j 7/2 j¾ 7/3

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – wsg 4 (I, we)
Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case)
w•3 4 1/1 …I13 4 1/2 Ij3 4 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4 4 4

2/2 ws1r/r
313/31 2/1 …I13/r–
2/1 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 …I1±13 4

3j1 3/2 ws18J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4 4 4

3À3/3Š 4/1 …I1±13/r– 4/2 ws±3/r 4/3

f¨3 (5th case)

39 4 5/1 …I1±13 4 5/2 ws9 4 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 4
33/3Š 6/1 …Ijm /r– 6/2 ws103/r 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 ws1E F

38j 7/1 …Ijm 7/3

* There is no vocative.

95
Topic IX – Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns

wÂ1gŠ| (referring again) of “€g3”4 (this) and “¯9g 4” (this) in masculine

¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

hL31 (1st case)

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) ¯r3 4 2/1 ¯r– 2/2 ¯r1r 4 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) ¯rrŠ 3/1

q9LF ¤ (4th case)

f¨3 (5th case)

o¬ (6th case) ¯rjm 6/2

¯rjm 7/2
E•3 (7th case)

The rest declines as usual.

wÂ1gŠ| (referring again) of “€g3”4 (this) and “¯9g 4” (this) in neuter

¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

hL31 (1st case)

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4

¯r9/¯rg 4 2/1 ¯r Š 2/2 ¯r18r 2/3

The rest (excepting 1st case) declines like masculine.

wÂ1gŠ| (referring again) of “€g3”4 (this) and “¯9g 4” (this) in feminine

¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

hL31 (1st case)

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) ¯r1 2/1 ¯r Š 2/2 ¯r1 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) ¯rj1 3/1

q9LF ¤ (4th case)

f¨3 (5th case)

o¬ (6th case) ¯rjm 6/2

¯rjm 7/2
E•3 (7th case)

The rest declines as usual.

96
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

Topic X
Declension of
Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
EfF -hijs 4
(nominal suffixes) without €9 (indicatory) letters

Singular Dual Plural

1st case

2nd case

3rd case

4th case

5th case

6th case

7th case

4
EfF -hijs (nominal suffixes) modified for declension in neuter

Singular Dual Plural

1st case

2nd case

97
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

Three sections in masculine and feminine

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 4

E [s] º [au] 4
wE [as]

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 4

w3 [am] º [au]

9y9 j1 (3rd case)

q9LF ¤ (4th case)

f¨3 (5th case)

o¬ (6th case)

E•3 (7th case)

Three sections in neuter

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) € [i]
8¡9 j1 (2nd case) € [i]

The rest is the same as masculine and feminine.

The hij in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

The wx in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

The wx in this section of the chart is termed [ ].

98
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
1. Z-ending in f8V F Ax (masculine)/» 8Ax (feminine) – EYZ 4
F [suga[]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal base) – EYZ 4
F (counting well)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) F 4 F F
EYZ 1/1 EYZ– 1/2 EYZ 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) F 4 F F

EYZ3 2/1 EYZ– 2/2 EYZ 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) F F 4 3/2 EY8ÃJ

F
EYZ1 3/1 EYñ13 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F F 4 4/2 EYñ

F 4/3
EYZŠ 4/1 EYñ13

f¨3 (5th case) F F 4 5/2 EYñ

F
EYZ 5/1 EYñ13 5/3

o¬ (6th case) F F F 4
EYZ 6/1 EYZm 6/2 EYZ13 6/3

E•3 (7th case) F F F F

EY8Z 7/1 EYZm 7/2 EYÃE 7/3

4
E mlr3 (Vocative) F 4
•Š EYZ F
8/1 •Š EYZ– F
8/2 •Š EYZ 8/3

– jZ 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) F 4 F F
EYZ 1/1 EYZ– 1/2 EYZ 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) F 4 F F

EYZ3 2/1 EYZ– 2/2 EYZ 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) F F 4 3/2 EY8ÃJ

F
EYZ1 3/1 EYñ13 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F F 4 4/2 EYñ

F 4/3
EYZŠ 4/1 EYñ13

f¨3 (5th case) F F 4 5/2 EYñ

F
EYZ 5/1 EYñ13 5/3

o¬ (6th case) F F F 4
EYZ 6/1 EYZm 6/2 EYZ13 6/3

E•3 (7th case) F F F F

EY8Z 7/1 EYZm 7/2 EYÃE 7/3

4
E mlr3 (Vocative) F 4
•Š EYZ F
8/1 •Š EYZ– F
8/2 •Š EYZ 8/3

99
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– •A 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) F 4 F F
EYZ 1/1 EYZ– 1/2 EYZ 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) F 4 F F

EYZ3 2/1 EYZ– 2/2 EYZ 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) F F 4 3/2 EY8ÃJ

F
EYZ1 3/1 EYñ13 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F F 4 4/2 EYñ

F 4/3
EYZŠ 4/1 EYñ13

f¨3 (5th case) F F 4 5/2 EYñ

F
EYZ 5/1 EYñ13 5/3

o¬ (6th case) F F F 4
EYZ 6/1 EYZm 6/2 EYZ13 6/3

E•3 (7th case) F F F F

EY8Z 7/1 EYZm 7/2 EYÃE 7/3

4
E mlr3 (Vocative) F 4
•Š EYZ F
8/1 •Š EYZ– F
8/2 •Š EYZ 8/3

– ¯: 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) F 4 F F
EYZ 1/1 EYZ– 1/2 EYZ 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) F 4 F F

EYZ3 2/1 EYZ– 2/2 EYZ 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) F F 4 3/2 EY8ÃJ

F
EYZ1 3/1 EYñ13 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) F F 4 4/2 EYñ

F 4/3
EYZŠ 4/1 EYñ13

f¨3 (5th case) F F 4 5/2 EYñ

F
EYZ 5/1 EYñ13 5/3

o¬ (6th case) F F F 4
EYZ 6/1 EYZm 6/2 EYZ13 6/3

E•3 (7th case) F F F F

EY8Z 7/1 EYZm 7/2 EYÃE 7/3

4
E mlr3 (Vocative) F 4
•Š EYZ F
8/1 •Š EYZ– F
8/2 •Š EYZ 8/3

100
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

2. 9/g 4 -ending
4 4/l/J 4 4
in f8V F Ax (masculine)/» 8Ax (feminine) – 3n9 [marut]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – 3n9 (the wind god)

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

– w9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

101
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– 8IÆ9F 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

– 3yg 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

102
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– EIM8Ig 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

– ‡f8rog 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

103
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– E83l 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

F 4(
–wr½F J )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

104
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4 -ending
3. q/z 4 4
in f8V F Ax (masculine)/» 8Ax (feminine) – ˆq [^c]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – ˆq (hymn, mantra)

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

–I1q 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

105
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–ˆ8Áz 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

–8Joz 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

106
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
4. €r-ending 4
in f8V F Ax/» 8Ax – jm8Yr [yogin]/jm8Yr [yoginī]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – jm8Yr (one who has jmY)

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

–wl0182r 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

107
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–„18rr 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

–h18Zr 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 4
¯0Iqr3 (Singular) 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4
8IJ8˜ (Dual) (Plural)
hL31 (1st case) 4
3n9/3ng 4 1/1 3n9– 1/2 3n9 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

3n93 4 2/1 3n9– 2/2 3n9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3nı13 4 3/2 3n8ÄJ

3n91 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 3nı13 4 4/2 3nı

3n9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 3nı13 4

3n9 5/2 3nı 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 3n913 4

3n9 6/1 3n9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/1 3n9m 7/2 3nÅ F

3n89 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4
•Š 3n9/3ng 4 8/1 •Š 3n9– 8/2 •Š 3n9 8/3

108
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4 -ending
5. 39/I9 4 4
in f8V F Ax/» 8Ax – JYI9 [bhagavat]/JYI9 [bhagavatī]
4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – JYI9 (one who has JY)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) JYI;3 4 2/1 JYI;– 2/2

JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) JYI91 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) JYI9Š 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4± 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) JYI9 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4± 5/3

o¬ (6th case) JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/2 JYI913 4 6/3

E•3 (7th case) JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/2 JYIÅ F 7/3

E mlr3 4 •Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

(Vocative)

–lrI9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

109
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–JI9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

–G]F 39 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

110
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
6. |9y-Ž ending in f8V F Ax/» 8Ax – E9 [sat]/E9 [satī]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – E9 (being)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

–fq9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

111
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–fÇj9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

–È1j9 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

112
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
7. wr-ending 4
in f8V F Ax (masculine) – …‰r [ātman]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – …‰r (oneself)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

–—Ér 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

113
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–21zr 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

–3•3r 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case)

JYI1r 4 1/1 JYI;– 1/2 JYI; 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case) 2/1 2/2

JYI;3 4 JYI;– JYI9 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 JYIg 4±13 4 3/2 JYIg 48J 3/3
JYI91
q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 JYIg 4±13 4 4/2 JYIg 4±
JYI9Š 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 JYIg 4±13 4 5/2 JYIg 4±

JYI9 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 JYI913 4

JYI9 6/1 JYI9m 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 JYIÅ F

JYI89 7/1 JYI9m 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative)
•Š JYIr 4 8/1 •Š JYI;– 8/2 •Š JYI; 8/3

114
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
8. wr-ending 4
V F 08Ax (neuter) – —Ér [brahman]
in rfE

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – —Ér (brahman)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

–03Mr 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

115
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

–zÊr 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

–r13r 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2

—É —ÉZ —É18Z 1/3

8¡9 j1 (2nd case)

—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

116
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4
9. wE-ending 4
V F 08Ax (neuter) – 3rE [manas]
in rfE

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – 3rE (mind)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– 9ŠzE 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

117
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– 93E 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– jŠ E (4 )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

118
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

4 -ending
10. €o/‡o 4 4
V F 08Ax (neuter) – Ëm89E [jyotis]/q•
in rfE E 4
F [cakpus]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – Ëm89o (light)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– •8Io (4 )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

119
 Topic X – Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases

– q•oF 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– jzoF (4 )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

120
 Exercise

4
11. wE-ending 4
in f8V F Ax (masculine) – qÌ3E [candramas]

4
h189f8g03 (nominal 4
base) – qÌ3E (moon)

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– IŠlE 4 ( )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

121
 Exercise

F
– E3rE (4 )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

– r8q0Š 9E (4 )

Iqr3 4 ¯0Iqr3 4 8¡Iqr3 4 G°Iqr3 4

8IJ8˜ (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)

hL31 (1st case) 1/1 1/2 1/3

—É —ÉZ —É18Z
8¡9 j1 (2nd case)
—É 2/1 —ÉZ 2/2 —É18Z 2/3

9y9 j1 (3rd case) 3/1 3/2

—ÉZ1 —ɱ13 4 —É8J 3/3

q9LF ¤ (4th case) 4/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZŠ 4/2 —ɱ 4/3

f¨3 (5th case) 5/1 —ɱ13 4

—ÉZ 5/2 —ɱ 5/3

o¬ (6th case) 6/2 —ÉZ13 4

—ÉZ 6/1 —ÉZm 6/3

E•3 (7th case) 7/2 —ÉE F

—É8Z 7/1 —ÉZm 7/3

E mlr3 4 (Vocative) 4 8/1 8/2 8/3

•Š —Ér/—É •Š —ÉZ •Š —É18Z

122
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