4.

Pigments ( The Basis of Watercolor Paint )

Watercolor paints are the least important aspect of watercolor. Technically the artist isn’t even
working with paint like in other mediums, but directly with pigment and water. Watercolor paint
is generally made from Binders and other additives. To this is added a variety of raw pigments,
which are substances ground into a fine powder that carry the color used in paint. These
range from natural earths and Lapis Lazuli, to modern chemicals like the Quinacridones. Once
deposited on the page, the pigments are exposed directly to the pollution and UV light which if
they aren’t chemically inert can lead to fading. The pigment used is the most important factor in
whether a given paint is lightfast, but also determines how it behaves.

Binder ( Gum Arabic ) Dispersant ( Ox Gall )

Gum Arabic is the main binder for watercolor
paints. It is actually the gum from the Acacia
tree. The finest is made in Sudan and is called Pigment
Kordofan Gum Arabic. This is what lets water-
colors stick ( or bind ) to the page, but unlike Brightener
other types of paint, this is mostly absorbed Water
into the paper leaving the pigment alone. It’s
Plasticizer
water soluable which means you can later Honey or
Humectant
rewet it after it has dried. Corn Syrup
Extender
Some brands use something called Ox Gall Dispersant
Synthetic Glycol instead, which is a Preservative
man made version of Gum Arabic. Binder
Gum Arabic,
QoR is a new brand which is using Synthetic Glycol
or Aquazol®
a new binder called Aquazol which
is water resoluable, but also can be
used thickly like acrylics. Water
Adding additional gum arabic will Water is of course the basis
make the paint dry slower, increase watercolor, and is used to dissolve
the gloss, brilliance, and make col- the paint, and is part of tube
ors seem more transparent. How- Pan colors will have been
ever adding too much can make the awaiting the user to add water and it from cracking as it dries. Brands
paint brittle. activate the pigment.
Preservatives ( Fungicide )
Since watercolors are very wet, and
Humectant ( Honey/Syrups ) are designed to dry slowly, they are
In addition to Gum Arabic, some a tempting home for fungus and
form of sugar is used to slow the bacteria. Honey or a fungicide like Used both to cut costs, as well as
speed at which the paint dries. Tra- Formaldyhyde are used to prevent improve handling, these aren’t nec-
ditionally this was honey, which is our paints from getting moldy.
still used in many brands, which has
Brightener
the added benefit of being a natural
Used both make the color bright-
fungicide, but corn syrup and other
er, which are transparent or white
glucose derivatives are often used.
crystals which lighten the dried
paint.
A dispersant controls how well the pigment
stays where you put it, normally you want some
interaction with two different pigments where
they naturally will blend together.
Ox Gall is an extract made from dried bo-
vine gall bladders. There are also synthetic
surfactents which are used, generally
Glycerin
most artist grade lines use Ox Gall while
Dextrene
student grade lines do not.
Some brands the paint will tend to
Honey or
Fungicide just stay where you put it and not
diffuse into other colors - for exam-
ple Holbein ( which does not use Ox
Gall ), and QoR are relatively inert
wet into wet. Adding Ox Gall to your
mixtures will help with this issue.
of
Plasticizer ( Glycerin )
colors. This is used to improve the re-
dried out wetablity of the paint, and prevents
and pigments which have less of
this tend to dry as hard as a rock.
Adding a few drops of this makes it
much easier to activate dried paint.
Fillers ( Dextrin/Kaolin )
essarily bad as without them many
pigments like cadmium would be
unusable. These chalks, seaweed
derivatives and starches used to
bulk up the paint.
 Brands and Lines of Paint
Brand Name Line Name Formula Pigment Info Headquarters Sold As
Art Spectrum Artists Watercolors Gum Arabic Yes Australia Tubes
Blockx Extra-Fine Watercolors Gum Arabic and Honey Yes Belgium Tubes, Pans
Stephen Quiller Watercolors ( most likely is made by Blockx but this is still speculation ) USA ( Wisconsin ) Tubes
Da Vinci Artists Permament Watercolors Gum Arabic ( No Ox Gall ) Yes USA Tubes
American Journey (Cheap Joes House Brand) Yes Tubes
Daler-Rowney Artists Watercolors Gum Arabic Yes England Tubes
Aquafine Gum Arabic Yes Tubes
Simply (Walmart) Gum Arabic - Fillers No Tubes
Daniel Smith Watercolor Paints Gum Arabic Solution Yes USA ( Washington ) Tubes, Pans, Pigments, Sticks
Dr. Ph Martin Hydrous Fine Art Gum Arabic - USA ( Colorado ) Bottles
Golden QoR® Modern Watercolors Aquazol® ( No Ox Gall ) Yes USA ( New York ) Tubes
Grumbacher Finest Gum Arabic Yes USA Tubes, Pans
Academy ( Student ) Gum Arabic Yes USA Tubes
Blick Artist ( House Brand ) Gum Arabic Yes Tubes
Holbein ( of Japan ) Artists Watercolor (Vegan) Gum Arabic ( No Ox Gall ) Yes Japan Tubes, Pans
Irodori Antique Watercolor Tubes
Kremer Pigmente Watercolors Gum Arabic and Honey yes USA ( New York ) Tubes, Pans, Pigments
Lascaux Sirius Aquacryl Artists’ Watercolors Aquacryl ( Water soluable Acrylic ) - Germany Bottles
Primary Watercolors Aquacryl - Bottles
Lukas Aquarell Gum Arabic, Dextrine, Glucose Derivative Yes Germany Tubes
Maimeri Blu Artist Watercolor Kordofan Gum Arabic - Italy Tubes
Venezia Watercolors (Student) Kordofan Gum Arabic - Italy Tubes
M. Graham & Co. Watercolor Paints Gum Arabic and Blackberry Honey Yes USA ( Oregon ) Tubes
Mijello Mission Gold Watercolors Gum Arabic and Honey Yes Korea Tubes, Pans
Old Holland Classic/Early Watercolors Gum Arabic Yes Netherlands Tubes
Pebeo Fragonard Extra-Fine Artists Watercolors Gum Arabic and Honey Yes France Tubes
Fine Watercolors ( Student ) Gum Arabic and Honey Yes France Tubes
Pip Seymour Artist Watercolors Kordofan Gum Arabic and Honey Yes England Pans
Vintage Watercolors Kordofan Gum Arabic and Honey Yes England Tubes
Reeves ( Budget ) Unknown - has Fillers No England Tubes
Robert Doak & Associates Concentrated Watercolors - Fillers - USA ( Brooklyn ) Bottles, Pigments
Royal Talens Rembrandt Professional Gum Arabic - Netherlands Tubes, Pans
Van Gogh ( Student ) (Vegan) Gum Arabic ( No Ox Gall ) - Netherlands Tubes, Pans
Rublev Gum Arabic and Sugar Syrup - USA ( California ) Tubes, Pans, Pigment
Sakura Koi ( Budget Student ) Gum Arabic No Japan Pans
Schmincke Horadam Aquarell Gum Arabic, Ox Gall - Germany Tubes, Pans
Akademie Aquarell - - Germany Tubes, Pans
Sennelier Artist Watercolors Kordofan Gum Arabic, Ox Gall and Honey Yes France Tubes, Pans, Pigments
Jackson’s Professional ( House Brand ) ( probably made by Sennelier ) - England Tubes
Shin Han Premium Watercolors Gum Arabic Yes Korea Tubes
Turner ( of Japan ) Artists Watercolor Gum Arabic Yes Japan Tubes
Utrecht Artists Watercolors Gum Arabic and Honey ( No Ox Gall ) - USA ( Brooklyn ) Tubes
White Nights (St. Petersburg) Artists Watercolors - Yes Russia Pans
Winsor Newton Artists’ Watercolors Gum Arabic Yes England Tubes, Pans, Pens, Sticks
Cotman ( Student ) (Vegan) Gum Arabic ( No Ox Gall ) ( Tube paints lack enough Glycerin )
 A Partial Listing of Some Important Pigments
This is a listing of some of the better pigments, not by name or by brand, but by the basic powders used to make the paints.
This is meant as a starting point in selecting colors for your palette, and you should check other sources. Included are some

WN = Winsor Newton MG = M. Graham DV = Da Vinci CDM = Caran D’Ache Museum

= Opaque to Transparent
DS = Daniel Smith RB = Rembrandt AJ = Amercian Journey Student Grade
SN = Sennelier OH = Old Holland UT = Utrect VG = Van Gogh = Liftable to Staining
QoR = Golden QoR MB = MaimerBlu DB = Dick Blick CT= WN Cotman
HB = Holbein BL = Blockx AS = Art Spectrum Green = Largest Size 37 mL
= Granulating to Flat
SH = Schmicke LU = Lukas RA = Rowney Artists Red = Warning
Blue Pigments
WN 667 Ultramarine (Green Shade) DS 106 Ultramarine Blue Semi-Transparent
PB29 Ultramarine Blue GS (Sulfer) CT 660 Ultramarine
QoR 310 Ultramarine Blue
DV 283 Ultramarine (Green Shade)
DV 284 Ultramarine Blue
Staining
Granulating
VIOLET BLUE

VG Ultramarine Deep AJ 1139 Ultramarine Blue Semi Stain

WN 263 French Ultramarine RA 123 French Ultramarine
Transparent
PB29 French Ultramarine Blue (Sulfer) QoR 315 French Ultramarine Blue
DS 34 French Ultramarine
DS 68 French Ultramarine
UT 159 French Ultramarine Blue
Granulating
Liftable to Semi Stain
DV 238-3 French Ultramarine RB 503 French Ultramarine Blue
WN 321 Indanthrene Blue SN 395 Blue Indanthrene Heavy Staining
PB60 Indathrone Blue (Anthraquinone) QoR 335 Indanthrone Blue
DS 43 Indanthrone Blue
SH 498 Dark Blue Indigo
RB 585 Indanthrene Blue
Semi-Transparent
Flat
DV 245F Indanthrene Blue RA 107 Indanthrene Blue Varied Permamence
WN 709 Winsor Blue RS AJ 1067 Joe’s Blue (Phthalo) Heavy Staining
PB15:1 Phthalo Blue Red Shade CT 327 Intense Blue SH 484 Phthalo Blue Transparent
(Phthalo Copper) DS 119 Phthalo Blue RS RB 583 Phthalo Blue Red Strong Mixer
DV 267-1 Phthalo Blue (Red Shade) RA 139 Phthalo Blue (Rs) Flat
WN 707 Winsor Blue GS DV 267 Phthalo Blue Heavy Staining
Phthalo Blue Green QoR 345 Phthalo Blue GS UT 154 Phthalocyanine Blue Transparent
PB15:3 VG Phthalo Blue SN 326 Phthalocyanine Blue Strong Mixer
Shade (Phthalo Copper)
DS 77 Phthalo Blue GS SH 479 Helio Cerulean Flat
MID BLUE

WN 538 Prussian Blue DS 82 Prussian Blue Transparent to Semi

QoR 340 Prussian Blue
PB27 Iron Blue (Iron) CT 538 Prussian Blue
VG Prussian Blue
WN 178 Cobalt Blue
QoR 320 Cobalt Blue
PB28 Cobalt Blue (Cobalt) DS 25 Cobalt Blue
DV 234 Cobalt Blue
WN 137 Cerulean Blue
WN 140 Cerulean Blue RS
PB35 Cerulean Blue (Cobalt) AJ 1037 Cerulean Blue
DS 206 Cerulean Blue
GREEN BLUE
DV 271 Prussian Blue Heavy Staining
AJ 1097 Prussian Blue Flat to Granulating
UT 158 Prussian Blue Varied Permamence
DV 234-1 Cobalt Blue Deep
Transparent
AJ 1040 Cobalt Blue
UT 155 Cobalt Blue
Granulating
Liftable
SN 305 Cerulean Blue RS
MG 80 Cerulean Blue Opaque to Semi
MG 81 Cerulean Blue Deep Liftable
MB 368 Cerulean Blue Granulating

DS 021 Cerulean Blue, Chromium UT 157 Cerulean Blue Chromium

Opaque to Semi
QoR 350 French Cerulean Blue SN 856 Cobalt Green
PB36 Cerulean Blue (Cobalt) QoR 330 Cerulean Blue, Chromium SH 499 Cobalt Cerulean
Staining
Granulating
DV 229 Cerulean Blue Genuine RA 155 Cobalt Turquoise (Rs)

Liftable
OH 41 Manganese Blue Semi Opaque
PB33 Manganese Blue (Manganese) LU 1119 Manganese Blue Granulating
( Discontinued ??? )

WN 526 Phthalo Turquoise Heavy Staining

MB 350 Turquoise Green
UT 9 Turquoise Green Semi-Transparent
PB16 Phthalo Turquoise (Phthalo) SH 475 Helio Turquoise
HB 302 Marine Blue
Strong Mixer
CDM 185 Ice Blue
TURQUOISE

OH 232 Caribbean Blue Flat

WN 191 Cobalt Turquoise Light
QoR 360 Cobalt Teal
PG50 Cobalt Teal Blue (Cobalt) DS 28 Cobalt Teal Blue
UT 166 Cobalt Teal
WN 190 Cobalt Turquoise
QoR 370 Cobalt Turquoise
PB36 Cobalt Turquoise (Cobalt) DS 29 Cobalt Turquoise
DV 238 Cobalt Turquoise
SN 843 Turquoise Green
Staining
SH 509 Cobalt Turquoise
DS 78 Cobalt Teal Blue
Semi-Transparent
Granulating
DB Cobalt Turquoise
Staining
DV 238 Cobalt Turquoise
RA 155 Cobalt Turquoise (Rs)
Semi-Transparent
Granulating
RA 156 Cobalt Turquoise (Gs)
 Green Pigments
WN 692 Viridian AJ 1142 Viridian
Granulating
QoR 380 Viridian Green UT 164 Viridian
PG18 Viridian (Chromium) DS 112 Viridian RB 616 Viridian
Liftable
Transparent
DV 290 Viridian Green RA 381 Viridian
WN 184 Cobalt Green DS 67 Cobalt Green [YS]
BLUE GREEN

DS 26 Cobalt Green [YS] CDM 182 Cobalt Green Staining

PG50 Cobalt Green (Cobalt) SH 535 Cobalt Green Pure MB 316 Cobalt Green Light Granulating
MG 95 Cobalt Green MB 317 Cobalt Green Deep

Opaque
PG26 Cobalt Green Dark (Cobalt) QoR 390 Cobalt Green
Staining to Liftable

WN 719 Winsor Green BS DS 78 Phthalo Green BS Heavy Staining

PG7 Phthalo Green Blue Shade QoR 375 Phthalo Green BS DV 268 Phthalo Green Transparent
(Phthalo Copper) VG Phthalo Green AJ 1070 Joe’s Green (Phthalo) Strong Mixer
VG Viridian UT 167 Phthalocyanine Green Flat

WN 721 Winsor Green YS SH 533 Cobalt Green Dark Heavy Staining

MID GREEN

Phthalo Green Yellow CT 329 Intense Green OH 267 Cobalt Green Deep Transparent
PG36 Shade (Phthalo Copper) DS 79 Phthalo Green YS RB 615 Bright Green Strong Mixer
DV 269 Phthalo Green (Yellow Shade) MG 151 Phthalocyanine Green Flat
SN 817 Sennelier Green Yellow Shade
SN 847 Emerald Green MG 151 Phthalo Green Yellow
SH 510 Cobalt Green Turquoise Shade
SH 514 Helio Green MB 322 Cupric Green Light

WN 459 Oxide Of Chromium RA 367 Oxide Of Chromium Green Opaque

YELLOW GREEN

PG17 Oxide of Chromium (Chromium) QoR 410 Chromium Oxide Green
DS 24 Chromium Green Oxide
DV 232 Chromium Oxide Green
SN 815 Chromium Oxide Green
SH 512 Chromium Oxide Green
RB 668 Chromium Oxide Green
WN 638 Terre Verte (YS)
QoR 405 Terre Verte
PG23 Terra Verte (Celadonite) DS 7 Bohemian Green Earth
RB 629 Green Earth
MB 331 Olive Green Liftable
DV 232 Chromium Oxide Green Flat
DS Chromium Green Oxide
DB 01728-7650 Chromium Oxide
Green
CDM 212 Chromium Oxyde Green
DS 104 Bohemian Green Earth Liftable
DS Rare Green Earth Transparent to Semi
BL 161 Terre Verte Granulating

them yourself. It is a good idea to use pigments you are already using in other parts of your composition as ingredients.
WN 311 Hooker’s Green ( PG36+PO49 ) HB 262 Hooker’s Green ( PY83+PG36 )
CONVENIENCE GREEN

CT 312 Hooker’s Green Dark ( PB15+PG7+PO49 ) SH 521 Hooker’s Green

Hookers Green CT 314 Hooker’s Green Light ( PB15+PO49+PG7 ) VG Hooker Green Deep ( PG7+PY154 )
SN 809 Hooker’s Green ( PY83+PG36 ) DV 243 Hooker’s Green Dark ( PG7+PY42 )
DS 110 Hooker’s Green ( PG36+PO49+PY3 ) DV 244 Hooker’s Green Light ( PY42+PG7 )

WN 503 Permanent Sap Green ( PG36+PY110 ) HB 275 Sap Green ( PY17+PG8+PG36 )

CT 599 Sap Green ( PG36+PO49 ) SH 530 Sap Green ( PY153+PG7 )
Sap Green SN 819 Sap Green ( PB29+PY153 ) VG Sap Green ( PY129+PG7 )
DS 43 Sap Green ( PG7+PO49 ) DV 277 Sap Green ( PG7+PY42 )
DS Deep Sap Green ( PO48+PY3+PB27 ) RA 375 Sap Green ( PG7+PY153+PR101 )

WN 447 Olive Green ( PY42+PG7 ) SH 534 Permanent Green Olive ( PO62+PG7 )

SN 813 Olive Green ( PY150+PG36+PBr23 )
DS Olive Green ( PY53+PB29+PBr7 )
Olive Green HB 274 Olive Green ( PY17+PG36 )
SH 515 Green Olive ( PG8+PB15 )
SH 525 Olive Green Yellowish ( PO62+PG36 )
VG Olive Green ( PG7+PY154 )
DV 260-2 Olive Green ( PG7+PY42 )
RA 363 Olive Green ( PG7+PY153+PR264 )
RA 397 T.H. Country Olive ( PY138+PR101+PG7 )
WN 33 Olive Green ( PG7+PY42 )

Purple It is important to remember with green that

Blue it actually is constantly varied in nature and
Base Green you should also constantly vary it using other
colors. This illustrates mixing my base green (
Yellow which here is Benzimida Yellow PY154 mixed with
Red Phthalo Green PG7 and a touch of Perelene Maroon
Orange PR179 ) with all the other primary and secondary colors
around the color wheel.
The single pigment greens tend to be unnatural, so you
really have to mix things a bit to get a good starting
green, or just use a convenience mix like Sap Green.
 Yellow Pigments
WN 730 Winsor Yellow
SH 216 Pure Yellow Transparent
PY154 Benzimidazolone Yellow (Benzi) VG Azo Yellow Light
RB 268 Azo Yellow Light Staining
or PY151 DS 215 Azo Yellow
HB 250 Imidazolone Yellow Flat
DV 200-6F Da Vinci Yellow
WN 653 Transparent Yellow SN 561 Yellow Lake Transparent
Nickel Azo Yellow (Nickel) QoR 140 Nickel Azo Yellow SH 209 Translucent Yellow Staining
PY150 DS 61 Nickel Azo Yellow QoR 140 Nickel Azo Yellow Flat
MID YELLOW

DV 260-0F Nickel Azo Yellow MG 123 Nickel Azo Yellow

WN 347 Lemon Yellow (Nickel Titanate) SH 206 Titanium Yellow
QoR 100 Nickel Yellow RA 637 Nickel Titanate Yellow Staining to Liftable
PY53 Nickel Yellow (Nickel) DS 62 Nickel Titanate Yellow QoR 100 Nickel Yellow Opaque
DV 260-1 Nickel Titanate Yellow MB 109 Nickel Titanate Yellow Flat

DS 39 Hansa Yellow Medium MB 116 Primary Yellow

Semi-Transparent
DV 203 Arylide Yellow
PY97 Hansa Yellow 97 (Arylide) AJ 1013 Bumblebee Yellow
Staining
Flat
MG 106 Hansa Yellow Deep
WN 16 Aureolin Transparent
RA 601 Aureolin Liftable
DS 6 Aureolin - Cobalt Yellow
PY40 Aureolin Yellow (Cobalt) SN 559 Aureoline
DS 63 Aureolin [Cobalt Yellow] Flat
Fugitive ( use PY175, PY150
AS W32 Aureolin
RB 242 Aureolin or others here )

SN 578 Sennelier Yellow Light Transparent

PY153 Nickel Dioxime Yellow (Nickel) DS 60 New Gamboge
RA 643 Indian Yellow [Hue]
Flat
Red Bias
UT 129 Indian Yellow [Hue] ( Being Discontinued )
WN 731 Winsor Yellow Deep
ORANGE YELLOW

Heavy Staining
DS 40 Hansa Yellow Deep DV 203-1 Arylide Yellow Deep
PY65 Hansa Yellow 65 (Arylide) SH 213 Chrome Yellow Deep DV 242-1F Hansa Yellow Deep
Semi-Transparent
Flat
UT 123 Hansa Yellow Deep
HB 249 Isoindolinone Yellow Deep Transparent
PY110 Isodoline Yellow (Isodoline) DS 133 Permanent Yellow Deep
MG 109 Indian Yellow
Semi-Staining
(or PY139) DS 218 Isoindoline Yellow Flat
MG 190 Indian Yellow [Hue] Non-Toxic
QoR 175 Diarylide Yellow
Semi Opaque
OH 15 Scheveningen
PY83 Diarylide Yellow HR (Diarylide) Yellow Deep
Staining
Flat
CDM 20 Golden Yellow

PY73 Arylide Yellow GX (Arylide) QoR 125 Hansa Yellow Medium

WN 722 Winsor Lemon

SH 211 Chrome Yellow Lemon Staining
PY175 Benzimidazolone Lemon (Benzi) CT 346 Lemon Yellow Hue
DS 165 Lemon Yellow
MB 112 Permanent Yellow Lemon Transparent
Flat
HB 251 Imidazolone Lemon
GREEN YELLOW

WN 25 Bismuth Yellow QoR 115 Bismuth Vanadate Yellow

Staining
DS 154 Bismuth Vanadate Yellow RA 629 Bismuth Yellow
PY184 Bismuth Yellow (Bismuth) SH 207 Vanadium Yellow DB Bismuth Yellow
Opaque
Flat
VG Permanent Lemon Yellow RB 254 Permanent Lemon Yellow
WN 294 Green Gold AJ 1225 Green Gold
Staining to Liftable
QoR 425 Green Gold SN 857 Brown Green
PY129 Green Gold (Copper) DS 99 Rich Green Gold RA 373 Green Gold
Semi-Transparent
Granulating
DV 241F Green Gold OH 295 Golden Green
QoR 110 Hansa Yellow Light SN 501 Lemon Yellow Staining
DS 41 Hansa Yellow Light SH 215 Lemon Yellow Semi-Transparent
PY3 Hansa Yellow 10G (Arylide) DV 242 Hansa Yellow Light Lemon RS 651 Lemon Yellow Flat
AJ 1133 Sour Lemon Hansa RA 651 Lemon Yellow Impermament
UT 122 Lemon Yellow MG 107 Hansa Yellow

WN 086 Cadmium Lemon PY35 QoR 170 Cadmium Yellow Deep Toxic
PY35 WN 108 Cadmium Yellow PY35 QoR 120 Cadmium Yellow Light
Cadmium Yellow (Cadmium) Opaque
CADMIUM

or PY37 WN 118 Cadmium Yellow Pale PY35 DV 218 Cadmium Yellow Lemon Flat
QoR 105 Cadmium Yellow Primrose AJ 1031 Cadmium Yellow Medium
QoR 130 Cadmium Yellow Medium AJ 1034 Cadmium Yellow Light

DS 192 Cadmium Yellow Light Hue ( PY53+PY138+PY3 ) Opaque

Cadmium Yellow Hue DS 184 Cadmium Yellow Medium Hue ( PY53+PY151+PY83 ) Flat
(Nickel + Diarylide) Co-Precipitated DS 221 Cadmium Yellow Deep Hue ( PY53+PY83 ) Non-Toxic Replacement
 Orange Pigments
WN 723 Winsor Orange (RS)
MID ORANGE RED ORANGE

RA 633 Warm Orange Semi-Transparent

DS 126 Pyrrol Orange
PO73 Pyrrole Orange (Pyrrole) DV 200-3F Da Vinci Orange
MG 19 Scarlet Pyrrol Heavy Staining
MG 176 Scarlet Pyrrol Flat
SN 641 Sennelier Orange
QoR 185 Transparent Pyrrole Orange Transparent
Flat
DS 187 Transparent Pyrrol Orange
PO71 Transparent Pyrrole Orange (Pyrrole) SH 218 Translucent Orange Staining
Opaque
DB Transparent Orange Impermament

WN 724 Winsor Orange Staining

PO62 Benzimidazolone Orange (Benzi) DS 71 Permanent Orange
SH 214 Chrome Orange
MG 17 Azo Orange Semi-Opaque
AJ 1055 Halloween Orange Flat
DV 204 Benzimida Orange
CDM 30 Orange
LU 1048 Helio Genuine Orange
MB 110 Permanent Orange

QoR 180 Cadmium Orange SH 227 Cadmium Orange Light Heavy Staining
Toxic
PO20 Cadmium Orange (Cadmium) DV 208 Cadmium Orange SH 348 Cadmium Red Orange
CADMIUM

AJ 1022 Cadmium Orange MG 38 Cadmium Orange Flat

UT 133 Cadmium Orange MB 54 Cadmium Orange Semi-Opaque
SH 228 Cadmium Orange Deep BL 312 Cadmium Yellow

Opaque
Cadmium Orange Hue DS 220 Cadmium Orange Hue ( PY53+PO73+PY83 ) Flat
(Nickel + Pyrrole + Diarylide) Co-Precipitated Non-Toxic Replacement
 Red and Magenta Pigments
WN 545 Quinacridone Magenta DV 271-5F Quinacridone Fuchsia
Semi-Transparent
PR122
MAGENTA

Quinacridone Magenta (Quinacridone) QoR 265 Quinacridone Magenta

DS 90 Quinacridone Magenta
(or PR202 )
DS 132 Quinacridone Fuchsia
QoR 235 Quinacridone Red
VG Quinacridone Rose
PV19 Quinacridone Rose (Quinacridone) CT 502 Permanent Rose
DS 91 Quinacridone Red
WN 507 Perylene Maroon
DS 74 Perylene Maroon
PR179 Perelene Maroon (Perylene)
DV 266 Perylene Maroon
SH 366 Deep Red
QoR 165 Quinacridone Burnt Orange
CT 3 Alizarin Crimson Hue
PR206 Quinacridone Burnt Scarlet (Quinacridone) CT 580 Rose Madder Hue
DS 87 Quinacridone Burnt Scarlet
MG 120 Naphthol Red
HB 21 Permanent Red
Staining
Flat
UT 3 Quinacridone Magenta
DS 92 Quinacridone Rose
Staining
AJ 1001 Alizarin Crimson
DV 264 Quinacridone Permanent Rose
Semi Transparent
Flat
DV 202 Quinacridone Alizarin Crimson
SH 354 Madder Red Dark
RA 529 Perylene Red Transparent
Heavy Staining
RA 421 Perylene Maroon
MG 113 Maroon Perylene
SN 699 Alizarin Crimson Deep
AJ 1072 Quinacridone Burnt Scarlet Staining
WN 56 Brown Madder Semi-Transparent
WN 466 Permanent Alizarin Crimson

QoR 225 Pyrrole Red Deep Staining

MG 129 Permanent Alizarin Crimson
DEEP RED

DS 127 Pyrrol Crimson Semi Transparent

PR264 Pyrrole Red Deep (Pyrrole) VG Madder Lake Deep
HB 206 Pyrrole Rubin
Flat
DS 127 Pyrrol Crimson
WN 725 Winsor Red Deep Impermament

QoR 240 Permanent Alizarin Crimson Staining

Transparent
PR177 Anthraquinone Red (Anthraquinone) DS 5 Anthraquinoid Red
OH 166 Burgundy Wine Red
DS 16 Anthraquinoid Red Flat
Varied Permamence
MB 253 Permanent Red Deep DS is pretty good

QoR 230 Permanent Scarlet Staining

PR168 Anthraquinone Scarlet (Anthraqui- DS 224 Anthraquinoid Scarlet DS Anthraquinoid Scarlet Semi-Transparent
none) OH 151 Old Holland Bright Red CDM 571 Anthraquinoid Pink Flat
MB 251 Permanent Red Light Varied Permamence

WN 4 Alizarin Crimson RB 326 Alizarin Crimson Staining

Transparent
PR83 Alizarin Crimson Genuine DS 4 Alizarin Crimson MG 10 Alizarin Crimson
Flat
(Laked Anthraquinone) SN 695 Aliz Crimson Lake HB 211 Carmine Fugitive ( Use PR179, PR177,
UT 147 Alizarin Crimson HB 212 Rose Madder PR206, PR168 )

WN 548 Quinacridone Red UT 2 Quinacridone Red

Transparent
DS 88 Quinacridone Coral SN 679 Quinacridone Red
PR209 Quinacridone Red (Quinacridone) Staining
MID RED

DV 271-3 Quinacridone Red RA 528 Quinacridone Red

Liftable
AJ 1211 Coral Red MG 155 Quinacridone Red

PR207 Quinacridone Scarlet (Quinacridone) QoR 205 Quinacridone Red Light Transparent

Heavy Staining
PR242 Disazo scarlet (Disazo) SN 675 French Vermillion Semi-Transparent
ORANGE RED

WN 726 Winsor Red DV 200-4F Da Vinci Red

QoR 210 Pyrrole Red Medium
PR254 Pyrrole Red (Pyrrole) VG Permanent Red Light
DS 84 Pyrrol Red
QoR 200 Pyrrole Red Light
DS 85 Pyrrol Scarlet
PR255 Pyrrole Red Light (Pyrrole) SN 691 Rose Dore Madder Lake
SH 365 Vermilion [Hue]
WN 603 Scarlet Lake
SN 612 Scarlet Laquer
PR188 Naphthol AS Scarlet (Napthol) DS 64 Organic Vermilion
DV 265 Permanent Red
QoR 195 Cadmium Red Light
CADMIUM
Heavy Staining
AJ 1207 Joe’s Red
SN 636 Sennelier Red
Semi-Opaque
Flat
SH 363 Scarlet Red
RB 377 Permanent Red Medium
Heavy Staining
RA 588 Vermilion [Hue]
QoR 200 Pyrrole Red Light
Semi-Transparent
Flat
DS 84 Pyrrol Scarlet
DV 265 Red (Permanent) Semi-Transparent
AJ 1096 Poppy Staining
AJ 1118 Red Hot Momma Flat
CDM 560 Light Cadmium Red Varied Permamence ( Use PR254 )
DV 211 Cadmium Red Medium Staining

QoR 220 Cadmium Red Deep

PR108
Cadmium Red Medium Hue
(Nickel + Pyrrole)
Cadmium Red (Cadmium) AJ 1025 Cadmium Red Medium Opaque
QoR 215 Cadmium Red Medium
AJ 1028 Cadmium Scarlet Flat
DV 210 Cadmium Red Deep
DV 213 Cadmium Scarlet Toxic
DV 212 Cadmium Red Light
Opaque
DS 222 Cadmium Red Medium Hue ( PY53+PR254 )
Flat
DS 219 Cadmium Red Scarlet Hue ( PY53+PR254+PY83 )
Non-Toxic Replacement

WN 448 Opera Rose ( PR122+BV10 )

Fugitive
Opera Rose DS 198 Opera-Pink
Semi-Transparent
(Quinacridone + Fluorescents) DV 260-3F Opus (Vivid Pink) ( PR122+? )
Flat
 Violet Pigments
WN 733 Winsor Violet (Dioxazine) AJ 1122 Royal Amethyst Semi-Transparent
MID VIOLET

QoR 295 Dioxazine Purple UT 8 Dioxazine Purple Heavy Staining

PV23 Dioxazine Violet (Dioxazine) CT 231 Dioxazine Violet SN 917 Dioxazine Purple Strong Mixer
DV 200-5F Da Vinci Violet SH 476 Mauve Flat
WN 672 Ultramarine Violet AJ 1140 Ultramarine Violet Semi-Transparent
Staining
QoR 290 Ultramarine Violet SN 903 Blue Violet
PV15 Ultramarine Violet (Sulfer) DS 108 Ultramarine Violet RB 507 Ultramarine Violet
Weak Mixer
Granulating
DV 285 Ultramarine Violet RA 419 Ultramarine Violet Blue Bias

WN 192 Cobalt Violet RB 539 Cobalt Violet

Liftable
DS 31 Cobalt Violet Deep RA 417 Cobalt Magenta
PV14 Cobalt Violet (Cobalt) AJ 1043 Cobalt Violet MG 99 Cobalt Violet
Semi-Transparent
Granulating
UT 176 Cobalt Violet Deep HB 310 Cobalt Violet Light
Heavy Staining
Transparent
CT 544 Purple Lake
PR88 Thioindigoid Red (Thioindigo) DS 73 Permanent Violet Flat
Impermament ( use PV19 or
PV29 instead )

QoR 280 Quinacridone Violet AJ 1106 Quinacridone Violet

RED VIOLET

Heavy Staining
VG Permanent Red Violet SN 680 Perm. Magenta
PV19 Quinacridone Violet (Quinacridone) DS 94 Quinacridone Violet WN 489 Permanent Magenta
Semi Transparent
Flat
DV 271-4 Quinacridone Violet RA 409 Permanent Magenta
WN 491 Permanent Mauve OH 196 Manganese Violet - Blue Liftable
PV16 Manganese Violet (Manganese) DV 254 Manganese Violet
SN 905 Red Violet
MG 116 Mineral Violet
MB 460 Mineral Violet
Semi-Transparent
Staining
SH 474 Manganese Violet DV 254 Manganese Violet Granulating

QoR 275 Ultramarine Pink Liftable

DS 107 Ultramarine Red Granulating
PV15 Ultramarine Pink (Sulfer) Transparent

WN 470 Perylene Violet

PV29 Perelene Violet (Perylene) DS 201 Perylene Violet
 Earth Pigments
Staining
WN 285 Gold Ochre
PY42 Gold Ochre (Iron) DS 123 Verona Gold Ochre
Semi-Opaque
Liftable

QoR 445 Transparent Yellow Oxide CT 744 Yellow Ochre

Staining
PY42 Transparent Yellow Oxide (Iron) DS 131 Transparent Yellow Oxide
DS 54 Mars Yellow
DV 273-1 Raw Sienna Deep
AJ 1219 Transparent Oxide Yellow
Opaque
YELLOW EARTHS

Transparent
VG Raw Sienna CDM 36 Raw Sienna
VG Yellow Ochre SH 655 Yellow Ochre
WN 744 Yellow Ochre DV 292 Yellow Ochre
Semi-Transparent
PY43 Yellow Ochre Genuine (Iron) WN 745 Yellow Ochre Light
QoR 440 Yellow Ochre (Natural)
AJ 1148 Yellow Ochre
UT 181 Yellow Ochre Liftable
QoR 450 Raw Sienna (Natural) SN 252 Yellow Ochre
DS 114 Yellow Ochre RB 231 Gold Ochre

Staining
PO49 Quinacridone Gold (Quinacridone) DS 96 Quinacridone Gold
Transparent

DS 96 Raw Sienna SH 660 Raw Sienna

Staining
DS 56 Monte Amiata Natural Sienna RS 667 Raw Sienna
PBr7 Raw Sienna (Iron) DV 273 Raw Sienna SN 208 Raw Sienna
Semi-Granulating
Opaque to Semi
AJ 1112 Raw Sienna MG 160 Raw Sienna
UT 183 Raw Sienna MB 161 Raw Sienna

WN 74 Burnt Sienna CT 362 Light Red

PR101 Transparent Red Oxide (Iron) VG Light Oxide Red AJ 1218 Transparent Oxide Red Transparent
QoR 455 Transparent Red Oxide RB 378 Transparent Oxide Red Liftable
QoR 460 Mars Orange Deep MG 187 Transparent Red Oxide
ORANGE EARTHS

DS 130 Transparent Red Oxide MB 250 Transparent Mars Red

DV 205-1 Burnt Sienna Deep RA 221 Burnt Sienna
CT 74 Burnt Sienna

QoR 470 Burnt Sienna (Natural) MG 20 Burnt Sienna

DS 10 Burnt Sienna
PBr7 Burnt Sienna (Iron) DV 205 Burnt Sienna
UT 184 Burnt Sienna
SN 211 Burnt Sienna
RB 411 Burnt Sienna
MB 278 Burnt Sienna Staining
HB 334 Burnt Sienna Semi-Opaque
DV 205 Burnt Sienna
DS 106 Italian Burnt Sienna
DS 8 Burnt Sienna

QoR 160 Quinacridone Gold Deep MG 124 Nickel Quinacridone Gold

PO48 Quinacridone Orange (Quinacridone) DS 86 Quinacridone Burnt Orange
DV 271-2 Quinacridone Burnt Orange
MG 157 Quinacridone Rust Staining
DV 2712 Quinacridone Burnt Orange Transparent
MG 91 Quinacridone Rust DS 91 Quinacridone Burnt Orange

WN 678 Venetian Red DV 288 Venetian Red

RED EARTHS

QoR 465 Venetian Red UT 5 Venetian Red Staining

PR101 Venetian Red (Iron) DS 111 Venetian Red SN 623 Venetian Red Opaque
DS 122 Italian Venetian Red SH 649 English Venetian Red
WN 317 Indian Red UT 6 Indian Red
Staining
CT 317 Indian Red SH 645 Indian Red
PR101 Indian Red (Iron) DS 44 Indian Red RA 523 Indian Red
Opaque
Flat
DV 246F Indian Red HB 335 Indian Red
AJ 1060 Indian Red DS 44 Indian Red

QoR 485 Raw Umber (Natural) AJ 1115 Raw Umber

WN 554 Raw Umber DV 274-1F Raw Umber Natural Staining
PBr7 Raw Umber (Iron) DS 97 Raw Umber UT 187 Raw Umber Transparent to Semi
DV 274 Raw Umber SN 205 Raw Umber
DARK EARTHS

QoR 480 Burnt Umber (Natural) UT 188 Burnt Umber

DS 11 Burnt Umber SN 202 Burnt Umber
PBr7 Burnt Umber (Iron) DV 206 Burnt Umber SH 668 Burnt Umber
Opaque
AJ 1019 Burnt Umber RS 223 Burnt Umber

HB 341 Imidazolone Brown Staining

PBr25 Benzimidazolone Brown (Benzi) DS 68 Permanent Brown Transparent

QoR 475 Transparent Brown Oxide

PR101 Transparent Brown Oxide (Iron) DS 129 Transparent Brown Oxide
AJ 1217 Transparent Oxide Brown
Staining
Transparent
MB 477 Transparent Mars Brown
 Value Range Pigments
WN 331 Ivory Black DV 250F Ivory Black
QoR 505 Ivory Black SN 755 Ivory Black Staining
PBk9 Ivory Black (Carbon) CT 331 Ivory Black SH 780 Ivory Black Transparent
DS 48 Ivory Black RS 34 Ivory Black
DS 3 Lamp Black MG 112 Lamp Black
Heavy Staining
DV 251 Lamp Black MG 128 Payne’s Gray
PBk6 Lamp Black (Carbon) AJ 1071 Lamp Black HB 340 Lamp Black
Opaque
Flat
SH 781 Lamp Black DS 28 Lamp Black
QoR 500 Carbon Black
MB 537 Carbon Black Staining
SH 786 Charcoal Gray
PBk7 Furnace Black (Carbon) DS 3 Lamp Black Opaque to Semi
BLACKS

RS 35 Lamp Black
CDM 9 Black Flat
RA 35 Lamp Black
WN 460 Perylene Green Staining
DS 194 Perylene Green Semi-Transparent
PBk31 Perelene Black (Perylene) DV 265-1F Perylene Green Flat
HB 279 Shadow Green
Staining
WN 386 Mars Black
Magnetic
PBk11 Black Iron Oxide (Iron) DS 49 Lunar Black
Semi-Opaque
MG 115 Mars Black
Granulating

Opaque
PBk10 Powdered Graphite (Graphite) DS 38 Graphite Gray
Heavy Staining

Ultramarine Black Mixture of WN French Ultramarine Blue (PB29) and WN Burnt Sienna ( PR101 ) Granulating
also goes by Botanists
MIXES

Mixture of DS Ultramarine Blue (PB29) and DS Burnt Sienna ( PBr7 ) Liftable

Gray, Janes Gray

RGB Mixture of Staining Colors: Phthalo Green, Phthalo Blue or Indathone Blue and one of Staining
Phthalo Black the many Alizarin Crimson replacements ( PR179, PR177). Transparent

WN 430 Neutral Tint ( PB15+PBk6+PV19 )

Transparent
DS 229 Neutral Tint ( PBk6+PV19+PB15 ) QoR 520 Neutral Tint ( PB15:3+PR122+PY42 )
DARKENING NEUTRALS

Neutral Tint SN 931 Neutral Tint ( PB60+PBk7+PR209 )

Staining
Flat

WN 465 Payne’s Gray ( PB15+PBk6+PV19 )

QoR 510 Paynes Gray ( PBk7+PB15:3+PV19 )
CT 465 Payne’s Gray ( PB29+PBk7+PB15 ) Opaque
Paynes Gray DS 65 Payne’s Gray ( PB29+PBk9+PY42 )
VG Paynes Gray ( PBk6+PV19 )
Flat
SN 703 Payne’s Grey ( PV19+PB15:1+PBk7 )
DV 261 Payne’s Gray ( PBk6+PB27 )
WN 322 Indigo ( PB15+PV19+PBK6 ) QoR 305 Indigo ( PBk7+PB15:3+PV19 )
CT 322 Indigo ( PB15+PBk7+PB29 ) VG Indigo ( PB15+PBk6 ) Opaque
Indigo DS 46 Indigo ( PB60+PBk6 ) SN 308 Indigo ( PB60+PB15:1+PBk7 ) Flat
DV 249 Indigo ( PB27+PV19 ) DS 25 Indigo ( PB60+PBk6 )
WN 609 Sepia ( PBk6+PB101 ) QoR 490 Sepia ( PR101+PY150+PBk7 )
CT 609 Sepia ( PBr7+PBk7 ) SN 440 Warm Sepia ( PBr7+PBk7 ) Opaque
Sepia DS 103 Sepia ( PBr7+PBk9 ) VG Sepia ( PBk7+PR101 ) Flat
DV 278 Sepia ( PBk6+PBr7 )
WN 644 Titanium White (Opaque White) AJ 1138 Titanium White
Liftable
QoR 535 Titanium White SN 116 Titanium White
PW6 Titanium White (Titanium) DS 118 Titanium White SH 101 Titanium-Opaque White
Semi-Opaque
Flat
DV 282 Titanium White RA 9 Titanium White
WN 150 Chinese White VG Chinese White Liftable
Chinese White (Zinc) CT 150 Chinese White DS 11 Chinese White Opaque
WHITES

PW4 DS 23 Chinese White SN 112 Chinese White

Cracks if thick
Zinc White Gets more Opaque with
QoR 530 Chinese White SH 102 Perm. Chinese White Exposure

WN Designers Gouache Permanent White ( PW6 ) Liftable

Gouache White (Titanium) MG 180 Gouache Titanium White Opaque
DV 490 Gouache Titanium White Flat

Avoid areas to create white. Or use tape, frisket or wax

Saved White resists to protect areas. Use Magic eraser, razors, pow-
ered erasers, sand paper to remove pigment.