ENGINEERING METROLOGY

AND
MEASUREMENTS
Chapter 3. Limits,Fits and Tolerance

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

202028005 CUI YINGHAO

3.1 INTRODUCTION

• In the manufacturing process, in order to meet the fits requirements,

engineers need to set the tolerances and tolerance limits of the parts.
3.2 PRINCIPLE OF INTERCHANGEABILITY

• What is the interchangeability?

• Interchangeability can be divided into two types:

- General interchangeability
- Local interchangeability
3.3 TOLERANCE

• Nowadays, computers are widely being employed in the design and

manufacture of parts. Mostleading design tools such as AEROCADD,

AUTOCAD, and Solid Works

3.3 TOLERANCE

• Manufacturing Cost and Work Tolerance

Fig.1 Relationship between work tolerance and manufacturing cost

3.3 TOLERANCE

• Classification of Tolerance:
- Unilateral tolerance
- Bilateral tolerance
- Compound tolerance
- Geometric tolerance

• Classification of Geometric tolerance:

- Form tolerances
- Orientation tolerances
- Positional tolerances
3.4 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM METAL CONDITIONS

• The maximum metal limit (MML) of the shaft will have the maximum
possible amount of metal. And the least metal limit (LML) of the shaft
will hava the the least possible amount of metal.
• The maximum metal limit(MML) of the hole will have the a
maximum possible amount of metal. And the least metal limit(LML)
of the hole will have the minimum amount of material.

Fig 2. MML and LML

3.5 FITS

• Three basic types of fits can be identified, depending on the actual

limits of the hole or shaft:
1.Clearance fit
2.Interference fit
3.Transition fit

Fig 3. Clearance fit

Fig 4. Interference fit Fig 5. Transition fit

3.5.1 ALLOWANCE

• In order to obtain the matching type of the required machining parts,

it is necessary to calculate the machining allowance:

Allowance = LLH - HLS

• Examples of different types of Fits :
3.5.2 Hole Basis and Shaft Basis Systems

• Hole basis system:In this system, the size of the hole is kept
constant and the shaft size is varied to give various types of fits. In a
hole basis system, the fundamental deviation or lower deviation of
the hole is zero, that is, the lower limit of the hole is the same as the
basic size.

• Shaft basis system: The system in which the dimension of the

shaft is kept constant and the hole size is varied to obtain various
types of fits is referred to as shaft basis system. In this system, the
fundamental deviation or the upper deviation of the shaft is zero,
that is, the HLH equals the basic size.
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