The Swedish cavity experiments:

How dentists rotted the teeth of the

mentally handicapped to study
candy's effect
 By Sandee LaMotte, CNN

 Oct 30, 2019 Updated 2 min ago

 Facebook
 Twitter
 Email

1 of 2
 Models of teeth used to rank levels of decay.
 ACTA Odontologica Scandinavia
 Today it sounds like a Halloween horror story, concocted to scare children out of eating too much candy. But in the late
1940s in Sweden, children and adults with mental disabilities were deliberately fed sticky candies to see what would
happen to their teeth.
 The Living History Forum

 Facebook
 Twitter
 Email
 Print
 Save

Today it sounds like a Halloween horror story, concocted to scare children out of eating too much
candy.

But in the late 1940s in Sweden, children and adults with mental disabilities were deliberately fed
sticky candies to see what would happen to their teeth.

"I've seen dental records of this. Every tooth was black," said Swedish journalist Thomas Kanger,
who has written about the children. "I'm talking about every tooth damaged and it went on for
years."

An epidemic of cavities
In Sweden in the 1930s, studies found even 3-year-old children had cavities in 83% of their teeth.
Such extensive decay wasn't unusual; dental care was very poor in most countries.

Treatment was basically non-existent and rotting teeth were typically pulled. Toothlessness was
so prevalent in the United States that the military restricted recruits for World War I and World
War II to men who had six intact opposing teeth.

It sounds curious now, but in the early 20th century dentists were divided on the cause of dental
decay. Was it due to an underlying disease? Was it due to overall diet? Or was it due just to
sweets?

Clues pointed to the role of sweets: Orphans in childrens' homes too poor to provide sweets had
fewer cavities than the general population; dental decay among conscripts declined during sugar
rationing in WWI.

Facing a national epidemic of tooth repair too expensive to undertake, the Swedish government
decided to focus on prevention, and commissioned a study on the role of diet and sweets. It was
funded by the sugar industry.

A mental institution
The perfect place to perform such a study, they decided, was the Vipeholm Mental Institution, a
large facility just outside Lund, Sweden. In 1935 it had been turned into a home for people with
severe intellectual and developmental disabilities.

"These 'idiots,' which was a medical classification at the time, were gathered from smaller wards
all over the country," Kanger explained. "In the beginning they had 650 people and it grew up to
over a thousand."

In medical terms at the time, an "idiot" was a person with an IQ below 25, who functioned at the
level of a normal toddler. An "imbecile" had a IQ of between 26 and 50, whose intelligence was
about that of a child of seven. "Morons" functioned at about the intellectual level of a child of 12.

These "children" typically ranged in age from 15 to 70, Kanger said. Average life expectancy was
low.

"There were big, big halls where they actually were just running around, with no activities at all at
the start," Kanger said. "They were bathed in cold water if they were too troublesome. Some of
them lay in beds all the time.

"In the beginning, it was actually a terrible place for most people. It became better over the years,
with more therapies," he said.

Hugo Fröderberg was the only physician for the hospital until 1942. He kept copious notes on
each of the patients and he had his own zero to six ranking for the mental capacities of each,
Kanger said.

"He rated the zero group as 'biologically lower standing than most animal species,' considering
them vegetables," Kanger said. "He thought groups one to three may have a certain spiritual life,
but were otherwise 'unimaginable.' "

Two-thirds of Vipeholm's patients during WWII were from these four lowest groups, Kanger said.

Those at mental levels equivalent to elementary or pre-teen children were allowed to work at jobs
"no other people would like to undertake" such as laundry, cleaning and growing a garden,
Kanger said.

It was these patients, who could chew and feed themselves, who were typically recruited for the
dental study.
"The lower functioning groups just swallowed their food," Kanger said. "I can see in the journals
they were not subjected to the cavity tests, because they had to chew the toffees. That was the
whole point of it."

Three phases
At the beginning of the study, the children's teeth were closely examined. It was noted that their
teeth were in much better shape than the Swedish population as a whole.

During the first two years of the experiment, the children were given little starch and half the
average consumption of sugar in a typical Swedish diet. Vitamins A, C and D, along with fluoride
tablets were given, and no food was allowed between meals.

At the end of this period, 78% of the children had no new cavities.

Over the next two years the children were given twice the amount of sugar typically consumed in
Sweden, administered in several ways. One group ate sweet, sticky bread made with extra sugar
with their meals, another group drank beverages with 1½ cups of added sugar at meals, and a
third group ate chocolates, caramels or sticky toffees between meals.

The sticky candy group was further divided into children who ate 8 or 24 pieces of toffee between
meals. The toffee was developed specifically to stick better to the teeth.

The results? "The [tooth decay] was high in groups which received sugar in sticky form between
meals. In the Control, Sucrose and Bread Groups the activity was still low and of the same order
as during the Vitamin Study," the study authors wrote.

In both toffee groups and the caramel group, the increase in cavities occurred immediately after
the children began eating them, the study added.

"They were given toffees or caramels that stuck in their teeth," Kanger said. "The teeth were
destroyed. And after they were ruined, these people were in terrible pain. It was actually
horrible."

Kanger said records show researchers decided not to fix the teeth for "those who could not
cooperate with the fixing procedures (like being scared of the drill). They also chose not to fix the
teeth among many of the 'lower' categories of patients."

They did fix the teeth among many of the "higher" categories, he said. But in many cases the
teeth were pulled out instead of being fixed.
Experimentation was common
Today, the thought of ruining anyone's teeth for an experiment is unthinkable. But it wasn't long
ago that people with disabilities were considered subhuman by many, making experimentation
morally acceptable to some.

"Anyone with disabilities were seen as not fully human at the time, so they had fewer rights," said
Art Caplan, the founding director of the Division of Medical Ethics at New York University
Langone Medical Center.

"They were also seen as owing the state for their care," he said. "The attitude was: We're taking
care of you, so you have an obligation back to the community. And one way to discharge that
debt is by being in this kind of experiment."

In a paper written 50 years after the study, one of the authors defended the work. The study was
planned before the Declaration of Helsinki, wrote retired professor of cariology Bo Krasse, at a
time "when information in society was far more limited than it is today." The Helsinki Declaration
is a document adopted by the international medical community on the ethics of experimentation,
first written in 1964.

"We dentists did not see any ethical problems with the study itself," he wrote, disagreeing with
Kanger's view of the level of destruction of the teeth. "Many of the new cavities which developed
during the carbohydrate periods were only early enamel lesions, which today are remineralized
by topical fluoride applications."

As a result of what was learned from these patients, Krasse wrote, research began on sugar
substitutes, including artificial sweeteners. The study has been used to prevent cavities in many
school children and has been cited numerous times by other reviewers, he said.

In Sweden it also jump-started a national campaign to reduce the amount of sweets eaten by
children. It soon became a tradition in Sweden to encourage children to only eat candy at home
on Saturday nights while listening to a popular radio program, wrote Krasse.

"The recommendation 'All the sweets you like, but only once a week' also spread to other
countries," he continued.

"My reflection now is that the Vipeholm Study illustrates two well-known sayings: One, the end
sometimes justifies the means, and two, it is easy to be wise after the event."