ETHICS REVIEWER : ATTY.
ALDEN LUNA 
Two (2) Categories of Ethics
- purpose: looking for a universal
system or standard
➔ Teleological
- gauges morality of action based on
consequence/purpose; “telos” means
purpose
➔ Deontological
- gauges the intrinsic validity of the
act itself
- “The end does not justify the means”
Egoism
➔ In philosophy, egoism is the theory
that one’s self is, or should be, the
motivation and the goal of one’s own
action.
➔ Good is based on the pursuit of
self-interest
➔ Ethical egoism claims that I morally
ought to perform some action if and
only if, and because, performing that
action maximizes my self-interest
➔ There is an obligation to make
oneself happy
➔ May be: Individual, Universal, and
Personal
➢ Individual​: “my self-interest,
you should promote;” your
own self-interest is the
DIAZMEAN KYLA G. SOTELO, BEST TITA
standard; “my self-interest
should be yours too”
➢ Universal​: respect for each
other’s self-interest
➢ Personal​: purely
self-interest; you act simply
based on your own interest
Utilitarianism
➔ Utilitarianism is the theory that one’s
action is right if it tends to promote
the greater good for the greater
number
➔ Good is based on making life better
by increasing the amount of good
things and decreasing the amount of
bad things
➔ There is an obligation to make the
greater number happy
➔ Bentham vs Mill:
➢ Bentham​: Good is that which
brings pleasure; associates
pleasure to the same thing for
everyone; criticized for his
idea that simple-minded
pleasures, sensual pleasures
are just as good as more
sophisticated and complex
pleasures
 ETHICS REVIEWER : ATTY. ALDEN LUNA 
 
 
➢ Mill: ​There are pleasures
higher than the other;
existence that will employ the
highest faculties (intellectual
pleasures) are considered as
greater pleasures
Egoism vs Utilitarianism
➔ Both principles consider interests as
the basis of morality.
➔ Both principles fall under
consequentialism
➔ In egoism, emphasis is put on the
interests of an individual as
compared to utilitarianism, where
there is a need to emphasize the
interests of the majority.
➔ Utilitarianism seeks to maximize
good by minimizing harm to all
while egoism seeks to maximize
good by keeping the individual
happy.

DIAZMEAN KYLA G. SOTELO, BEST TITA