Tutorial 01 (Fundamentals of Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Relations)

1. To affect a bond between two metal plates, 2.5 cm and 15cm thick, heat is uniformly applied through
the thinner plate by a radiant heat source. The bonding epoxy must be held at 320 K for a short time.
When the heat source is adjusted to have a steady value of 43.5 kW/m 2, a thermocouple installed on
the side of the thinner plate next to source indicates a temperature of 345 K. Calculate the
temperature gradient for heat conduction through thinner plate and thermal conductivity of its
material. (Ans: -1000 oC/m; 43.5W/m oC)
2. A 5 cm diameter steel pipe maintained at a temperature of 60 oC is kept in a large room where the air
and wall temperatures are 25oC. If the surface emissivity of the steel is 0.7, calculate the total heat loss
per unit length of pipe if convective heat transfer coefficient is 6.5 W/m 2 oC. (Ans: 69.44 W)
3. A cylindrical resistor element on a circuit board dissipates 0.6 W of power. The resistor is 1.5 cm long,
and has a diameter of 0.4 cm. Assuming heat to be transferred uniformly from all surfaces, determine
a. The amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-hour period, (Ans: 14.4 W hr.)
b. The heat flux, and (Ans: 0.2809W/cm2)
c. The fraction of heat dissipated from the top and bottom surfaces. (Ans: 11.8 %)
4. A 15 cm diameter aluminum ball is to be heated from 80°C to an average temperature of 200°C.
Taking the average density and specific heat of aluminum in this temperature range to be 2700 kg/m 3
and 0.90 kJ/kg °C, respectively, determine the amount of energy that needs to be transferred to the
aluminum ball. (Ans: 515 kJ)
5. Consider a house with a floor space of 200 m 2 and an average height of 3 m at sea level, where the
standard atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. Initially the house is at a uniform temperature of 10°C.
Now the electric heater is turned on, and the heater runs until the air temperature in the house rises
to an average value of 22°C. Determine how much heat is absorbed by the air assuming some air
escapes through the cracks as the heated air in the house expands at constant pressure. Also,
determine the cost of this heat if the unit cost of electricity in that area is $0.075/kWh. Assume gas
constant R=0.287 kPa m3/kg.K. (Ans: 9038kJ; $0.19)
6. Two 800 kg cars moving at a velocity of 90 km/h have a head-on collision on a road. Both cars come
to a complete rest after the crash. Assuming all the kinetic energy of cars is converted to thermal
energy, determine the average temperature rise of the remains of the cars immediately after the
crash. Take the average specific heat of the cars to be 0.45 kJ/kg · °C. (Ans: 0.69oC)
7. A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned using window air conditioning
units of 5-kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of 360 kJ/h.
There are 10 lightbulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 W. The rate of heat transfers to the
 classroom through the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15,000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be
maintained at a constant temperature of 21°C, determine the number of window air conditioning
units required. (Ans: 2 units)
8. A 1 m3 rigid tank contains hydrogen at 250 kPa and 420 K. The gas is now cooled until its temperature
drops to 300 K. Determine
a. The final pressure in the tank and (Ans: 178.6 kPa)
b. The amount of heat transfers from the tank. (Ans: 180.0 kJ)
9. Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant temperatures of T 1=290 K
and T2=150 K that are L=2 cm apart. Assuming the surfaces to be black (emissivity=1), determine the
rate of heat transfer between the plates per unit surface area assuming the gap between the plates is
(a) filled with atmospheric air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with fiberglass insulation, and (d) filled with
superinsulation having an apparent thermal conductivity of 0.00015 W/m · °C. (Ans: 511 W; 372 W;
252 W; 1.05 W)
10.The roof of a house consists of a 15 cm-thick concrete slab (k = 2 W/m °C) that is 15 m wide and 20 m
long. The emissivity of the outer surface of the roof is 0.9, and the convection heat transfer coefficient
on that surface is estimated to be 15 W/m 2 °C. The inner surface of the roof is maintained at 15°C. On
a clear winter night, the ambient air is reported to be at 10°C while the night sky temperature for
radiation heat transfer is 255 K. Considering both radiation and convection heat transfer, determine
the rate of heat transfer through the roof at outer surface temperature 8.64 oC. If the house is heated
by a furnace burning natural gas with an efficiency of 85 percent, and the unit cost of natural gas is
$0.60/therm. (1 therm.=105,500 kJ of energy content), determine the money lost through the roof
that night during a 14-hour period. (Ans: 25450 W; $8.580)
 Tutorial 02 (Heat Transfer by Conduction)

1. A wall with an area of 25 m 2 is made up of 4 layers. On the inside is plaster 15 mm thick, then there is
brick 100 mm thick, then insulation 60 mm thick and finally brick 100 mm thick. The thermal
conductivity of plaster is 0.1 W/m.K, brick is 0.6 W/m.K and the insulation is 0.08 W/m.K. If the inner
surface temperature of the wall is 18oC and the outer is -2 oC, calculate
a. The heat loss
b. The temperature at interface between plaster and the brick
2. Calculate the heat transfer between a fluid with bulk temperature of 160 oC and another fluid with
bulk temperature 15 oC with a wall between them made of two layers A and B both 50 mm thick. The
surface heat transfer coefficient for hot fluid is 5 W/m 2K, and cold fluid is 3 W/m 2K. The thermal
conductivity of layer A and B are 20 W/. K and 0.5 W/m.K, respectively. Also calculate the heat
transfer coefficient.
3. The following data pertains to a hollow cylinder and a hollow sphere made of the same material and
having the same temperature drop over the wall thickness. Inside radius = 0.1 m and outside surface
area = 1 m2 If the outside radius of both the geometrics is the same, calculate the ratio of heat flow in
the cylinder to that in the sphere.
4. A cable of 10 mm outside diameter is to be laid in an atmosphere of 25 oC (ho = 12.5 W/m2 oC) and its
surface temperature is likely to be 75 oC due to heat generated within it. How would the heat flow
from the cable be affected if it is insulated with rubber having thermal conductivity k =0.15 W/m oC.
5. Find the heat flow rate through the composite wall as shown in figure below. Assume one dimensional
flow and take ka =150W/m oC; kb =30 W/m oC; kc =65 W/m oC; kd =50 W/m oC.

6. A hollow sphere of inner radius 30 mm and outer radius 50 mm is electrically heated at the inner
surface at a rate of 105 W/m2. At the outer surface, it dissipates heat by convection into a fluid at
100oC and a heat transfer coefficient of 400 W/m 2 K. Determine the temperature at the inside and
 outside surfaces of the sphere. It may be presumed that there is no energy generation and the thermal
conductivity of the material is constant at 15 W/m.K.
7. “Addition of insulating material does not always bring about a decrease in the heat transfer rate for
geometrics with non-constant cross-section area.” Comment upon the validity of this statement.

A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with asbestos which has a mean thermal
conductivity of 0.1 W/moC. The local coefficient of convective heat to the surroundings is 5 W/m 2 oC.
Comment upon the utility of asbestos as the insulating material. What should be the minimum value
of thermal conductivity of insulating material to reduce heat transfer?
 Tutorial 03 (Convective Heat Transfer)

1. A refrigerator stands in a room, where air temperature is 21 oC. The surface temperature on the
outside of the refrigerator is 16 oC. The sides are 30 mm thick and has an equivalent thermal
conductivity of 0.10 W/m.K. The heat transfer coefficient on the outside is 10 W/m 2K. Assume one
dimensional conduction through the sides, calculate the net heat flow rate and the inside surface
temperature of the refrigerator. (Ans: 50 W/m2, 1oC)

2. A hot plate is exposed to an environment at 100 oC. The temperature profile of the environment fluid is
given as T(oC) = 60 + 40y + 0.1 y2. The thermal conductivity of the plate material is 40W/m.K.
Calculate the heat transfer coefficient. (Ans: 40 W/m2K)

3. The inside temperature of a furnace walls (k = 1.35 W/m.K), 200 mm thick, is 1400oC. The heat
transfer coefficient at the outside surface is a function of temperature difference and is given by h =
7.85 + 0.08 ∆T (W/m2K), where ∆T is the temperature difference between outside wall surface and
surroundings. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit area, if the surrounding temperature us
40oC. (Ans: 7427.88 W)
4. The temperature distribution across a wall, 1 m thick at a certain instant of time is given as: T(x) =
900 - 300x + 50x2 where T is in degree Celsius and x is in meters. The uniform heat generation of 1000
W/m3 is present in wall of area 10 m2 having the properties ρ = 1600 kg/m 3, k = 40 W/m.K and C = 4
kJ/kg.K.
a. Determine the rate of heat transfer entering the wall (x=0) and leaving the wall (x=1 m). (Ans:
120 kW, 160kW)
b. Determine the rate of change of internal energy of the wall. (Ans: -30kW)
c. Determine the time rate of temperature change at x = 0.05 m (Ans: -4.69×10-4oC/s)
5. At a certain time, the temperature distribution in a long cylindrical tube with an inner radius of 250
mm and outside radius of 400 mm is given by T(r) = 750 + 1000r – 5000r 2 (oC) where r in meters.
Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the tube material are 58 W/m.K and 0.0004 m 2/h,
respectively. Calculate:
a. Rate of heat flow at inside and outside surfaces per unit length. (Ans: 13.66×104 W/m,
4.37×105 W/m)
b. Rate of heat storage per unit length, and (Ans: -3.0×105 W/m)
c. Rate of Change of Temperature at inner and outer surfaces. (Ans: -64oC/h, -70oC/h)
6. The temperature distribution in a plate of thickness 20 mm is given by T( oC) = 6x2 + 10x + 4. Assume
no heat generation in the plate, calculate heat flux on two sides of the plate. Also calculate rate of
temperature change with respect to time, if k = 300 W/m.K, ρ = 580 kg/m 3 and C = 420 J/kg.K. (Ans:
0.147 oC/s, -3000 W/m2, -3072 W/m2)
7. A cylindrical nuclear fuel rod of 50 mm diameter has uniform heat generation of 5 × 10 7 W/m3. Under
steady state conditions, the temperature distribution in the rod is given by: T(r) = 800 – 4.2 × 10 5 r2,
where T in deg. Celsius and r in meters. The fuel rod properties are: k = 30 W/m.K, ρ = 1100
kg/m3 and C = 800 J/kg.K.
a. What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of rod at its center and outer surface?  (Ans: 0
W/m, 98960.2 W/m)
b. If reactor power is suddenly increased to 2 × 10 8 W/m3, what is the initial time rate of
temperature change at its center and its outer surface? (Ans: 198.63oC/s, 170oC/s)
8. A long conducting rod of diameter D and electrical resistance per unit length R e, is initially in thermal
equilibrium with the ambient air and its surroundings. The equilibrium is disturbed, when an electric
current ‘I’ is passed through the rod. Develop an expression that could be used to compute the
variation of rod temperature during passage of electric current. Consider all possible types of heat
transfer. (Ans: dT/dt = [ 4 (I2 Re – π D h (T - T∞) – ε σ π D (T4 - T∞4))] / [ ρ C (π D2)])

9. A 3m high and 5m wide wall consists of 16cm × 22 cm cross-section horizontal bricks (k = 0.72
W/m.K). The brick wall also consists of 2 cm thick plaster (k = 0.22 W/m.K) layers on each side of
brick and 3 cm thick rigid foam (k = 0.026 W/m.K) on the inner side of the wall as shown in Figure
below. The indoor and outdoor temperature are 55 and 25 oC and convection heat transfer coefficients
on inner and outer sides 10 W/m 2K and 25 W/m2K, respectively. Assume one dimensional heat
transfer and disregard radiation, determine the rate of heat transfer through wall. (Ans: 262 W)

10. Two large aluminum plates (k = 240 W/m.K), each 1 cm thick 10 µm surface roughness are placed in
contact under pressure of 1 bar in air (k = 0.026 W/m.K). The temperature at inside and outside
surfaces are 400oC and 150oC. Calculate
a. The heat flux, and (Ans: 2.79×104 W/m2)
b. Temperature drop due to contact resistance. (Ans: 7.67oC)
 Tutorial 04 (Heat Transfer from Extended Surface)

1. A very long 25 mm diameter copper (k = 380 W/m.K) rod extends from a surface at 120 oC. The
temperature of surrounding air is 25oC and the heat transfer coefficient over the rod is 10 W/m 2K.
Calculate
a. Heat loss from the rod. (Ans: 36.35 W)
b. How long the rod should be in order to be considered infinite? (Ans: 1.29 m)

2. One end of a long rod 3 cm in diameter is inserted into a furnace with the outer end projecting into
the outside air. Once the steady state is reached the temperature of the rod is measured at two points,
15 cm apart and found to be 140 oC and 100oC, when the atmospheric air is at 30 oC with convection
coefficient of 20 W/m2K. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod material. (Ans: 293.74
W/m.K)

3. The two long rods A and B, equivalent in every respect except that one is fabricated from material of
known thermal conductivity of kA while other of material of unknown thermal conductivity k B, are
attached to a surface of fixed temperature T 0, and are exposed to a fluid at T ∞, with convection
coefficient h. These rods are instrumented with thermocouples to measure the temperature at a fixed
distance x1 from the heat source. If the standard material is of aluminum. K A = 200 W/m.K and
measurements reveal TA = 75oC and TB = 60oC at x1 when T0 is 100oC and T∞ is 25oC. What is the
thermal conductivity of the test material? (Ans: 56.5 W/m.K)
4. It is required to heat the oil to 300 oC for frying purpose. A long ladle is used in a frying pan. The
section of the ladle is 5 mm × 18 mm. The surrounding air is 30 oC. The thermal conductivity of the
material is 205 W/m.K. If the temperature at a distance of 380 mm from the oil should not exceed
40oC, determine convective heat transfer coefficient. (Ans: 30.17 W/m2K)

5. Two long rods of the same diameter, one made of brass (k = 85 W/m.K) and the other made of copper
(k = 375 W/m.K) have one of their ends inserted into a furnace. Both the rods are exposed to same
environment. At a distance of 105 mm away from the furnace, the temperature of brass rod is 120 oC.
At what distance from the furnace, the same temperature would be reached in the copper rod? (Ans:
220.5 mm)

6. Three rods of copper, aluminum and stainless steel are coated with wax all around and are dipped
vertically in a water bath at 85 oC. The length of each rod projecting outside the bath is 300 mm.
Diameter of each rod is 20 mm and length are 400 mm. Convective heat transfer coefficient at the
surface of each rod is 11 W/m2K. Thermal conductivity of

Copper rod = 380 W/m.K

Aluminum rod = 206 W/m.K

Steel rod = 17 W/m.K

 Calculate the ratio of lengths of rod up to which wax melting occurs due to transfer of heat. (Ans:
4.727:3.481:1)

7. An electric motor is to be connected by a horizontal steel shaft (k = 42.56 W/m.K), 25 mm in diameter

to an impeller of a pump, circulating liquid metal at a temperature of 540 oC. If the temperature of
electric motor is limited to a maximum value of 52 oC with the ambient air at 27 oC and heat transfer
coefficient of 40.7 W/m2K, what length of shaft should be specified between the motor and pump?
(Ans: 30 cm)

8. A steel fin (k = 54 W/m.K) with a cross section of an equilateral triangle, 5 mm in side is 80 mm long.
It is attached to a plane wall maintained at 400 oC. The ambient air temperature is 50 oC and unit
surface conductance is 90 W/m2K. Calculate the heat dissipation rate from the rod. (Ans: 9.82 W)

9. Calculate the temperature distribution, temperature at the middle and rate of heat flow at the root of
a turbine blade with 80 mm long, 600 mm 2 in cross section and 150 mm in perimeter. The blade is
made of stainless steel (k = 23.3 W/m.K) and is exposed to steam at 1000 oC, while its root is
maintained at 600oC. The heat transfer coefficient between the blade surface and steam is 500
W/m2K. (Ans: T(x) – 1000 = - 0.489 [cosh (5.86 – 73.245x) + 3.662 sinh (5.86 – 73.245x)], 978.68oC,
-409.58 W)
10. An aluminum alloy fin (k = 200 W/m.K), 3.5 mm thick and 2.5 cm long protrudes from a wall. The
base is at 420oC and ambient air temperature is 30 oC. The heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 11
W/m2K. Find the heat loss and fin efficiency, if the heat loss from the fin tip is negligible. (Ans: 213 W,
99.35%)

11. It is better to use 10 fins of 5 cm length than 5 fins of 10 cm length. State and prove correctness of the
statement. Take properties as follows:

Diameter of fin = 10 mm

Thermal Conductivity = 45 W/m.K

Heat Transfer coefficient = 95 W/m2K.

12. Three identical straight fins, 10 mm in diameter and 120 mm long are exposed to an ambient with
convective heat transfer coefficient of 32 W/m 2K. Compare their efficiency and relative heat flow
performance. The three fin materials and their thermal conductivities are:

Copper: 380 W/m.K (Ans: 86 %, 100 %)

 Aluminum: 210 W/m.K (Ans: 77.6 %, 90.2 %)

Mild steel: 45 W/m.K (Ans: 46.5 %, 54.5 %)

13. An electronic semiconductor device has a rating of 60 W. In order to keep its proper operation, the
inside temperature should not exceed 70 oC. The device can dissipate about 20 mW of heat on its own
when placed in an environment at 40 oC with heat transfer coefficient of 12.5 W/m 2K. To avoid
overheating of the device, it is proposed to install aluminum (k = 190 W/m.K) square fins 0.6 mm
side, 10 mm long, to provide additional cooling. Find the number of fins required. Assume no heat loss
from the tip of the fins. (Ans: ~ 5 fins)
14. A 1 m long, 5 cm diameter, cylinder placed in an atmosphere of 40 oC is provided with 12 longitudinal
straight fins (k = 75 W/m.K), 0.75 mm thick. The fins protrude 2.5 cm from the cylinder surface. The
heat transfer coefficient is 23.3 W/m 2K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer, if the surface temperature
of cylinder is at 150oC. (Ans: 1711.5 W)

15. An aluminum heat sink for electronics components has a base of length 50 mm and width 70 mm. The
eight aluminum (k = 180 W/m.K) fins are attached in such a way that their width is 70 mm. The fins
are 12 mm long, and 3 mm thick. The fins cooled by air at 25 oC with a convective heat transfer
coefficient of h = 10 W/m2K. Assuming that the same value of heat transfer coefficient acts on the tip
of the fins as along the rest of the external surface, determine:
a. The heat flow through the heat sink for a base temperature of 50 oC, (Ans: 4.4 W)
b. The fin effectiveness, (Ans: 9.32)
c. The fin efficiency, (Ans: 99.8 %)
 d. The length of the fin such that the heat flow is 95 % of the heat flow for an infinite long fin, (Ans:
296 mm)
e. The percentage increase in heat transfer with fins. (Ans: 406 %)

16. The steam at 300oC is passing through a steel tube. A thermometer pocket of steel (k = 45 W/m.K) of
inside diameter 14 mm, and 1 mm thick is used to measure the temperature. Calculate the length of
thermometer pocket needed to measure the temperature within 1.8 % permissible error. The
diameter of steam tube is 95 mm. Take heat transfer coefficient as 93 W/m 2K and tube wall
temperature as 100oC. (Ans: 91.78 mm)
 Tutorial 05 (Convective Heat Transfers and Dimensionless Numbers)

1. Experimental results for local heat transfer coefficient h x for flow over a plate with an extremely
rough surface were found as hx = ax-0.1 where a is a constant and x is a distance from the leading
edge of the plate. Develop an expression for ratio of average heat transfer coefficient h for a plate
of length x to the local heat transfer coefficient hx at x. (Ans: 1.11 hx)

2. Experimental results for heat transfer over a flat plate with an extremely rough surface were
found to be correlated by an expression of the form Nu x = 0.04Re0.9Pr1/3 where Nux is the local
value of Nusselt number at a position x measured from the leading edge of the plate. Derive an
expression for ratio of average heat transfer coefficient to local heat transfer coefficient h x. (Ans:
1:0.9)
3. The velocity profile u (x, y) for a boundary layer flow over a flat plate is given by

where the boundary layer thickness δ(x) is the function of x and is given by

a. Develop an expression for local drag coefficient Cfx. (Ans: 0.646/Rex1/2)

b. Develop an expression for average drag coefficient C f over a distance x = L from the leading
edge of the plate. (Ans: 2 Cfx|x=L)
4. The temperature profile in a thermal boundary layer for flow over a flat plate is given by

and the thickness of thermal boundary layer δ th is the function of x

and is given by where, and . Develop the
expression for local and average heat transfer coefficients. (Ans: 0.332 (Kf/x). Rex1/2. Pr1/3, 2Nux)
5. Experimental test on a portion of a turbine blade as shown in figure indicates a heat flux of 95000
W/m2. The blade is cooled at inside in order to maintain its temperature constant at 800 oC.

a. Determine the heat flux to the blade if its temperature is reduced to 700 oC by increasing the
coolant flow.
b. Calculate the heat flux at same dimensionless location for a similar turbine blade having a
chord length of 80 mm when the blade operates in an air flow at T ∞ = 1150OC and u∞ = 80 m/s
with Ts = 800oC.

6. Calculate the approximate Grashof number and state if the flow is laminar or turbulent for the
following:

a. A central heating radiator, 0.6 m high with a surface temperature of 75 oC in a room at 18oC, (ρ
= 1.2 kg/m3, Pr = 0.72, and µ = 1.8 × 10-5 kg/ms) (Ans: 1.68 × 109, turbulent)
b. A horizontal oil sump with a surface temperature of 40 oC, 0.4 m long and 0.2 m wide
containing oil at 75oC. Take ρ = 854 kg/m3, Pr = 546, β = 0.7 × 10-3 K-1 and µ = 3.56 × 10-2 kg/ms.
(Ans: 4.1 × 104, laminar)
c. Air at 20oC (ρ = 1.2 kg/m3, Pr = 0.72, and µ = 1.8 × 10 -5 kg/ms) adjacent to a 60 mm diameter
horizontal light bulb, with a surface temperature of 90 oC. (Ans: 2.0 × 106, Laminar)

7. Calculate the Nusselt number in following cases:

a. A horizontal electronic component with a surface temperature of 35 oC, 5 mm wide and 10 mm

long, dissipating 0.1 W heat by free convection from its one side into air at 20 oC. Take for air k
= 0.026 W/m.K. (Ans:8.54)
b. A 1 kW central heating radiator 1.5 m long and 0.6 m high with a surface temperature of 80 oC,
dissipating heat by radiation and convection into room at 20 oC (K = 0.026 W/m.K, assume
black body radiation and σ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4). (Ans: 249.4)
 c. Air at 6oC (K = 0.024 W/m.K) adjacent to a wall 3 m high and 0.15 m thick made of brick with K
= 0.3 W/m.K, the inside temperature of the wall is 18 oC, the outside wall temperature is 12 oC.
(Ans: 125, 250)

8. The crank case of an automobile is approximated as 0.6 m long, 0.2 m wide, and 0.1 m deep.
Assuming that the surface temperature of the crank case is 350K. Estimate the rate of heat flow
from the crank case to atmosphere at 276 K at a road speed of 30 m/s. Assume that the vibration
of the engine and chassis induce the transmission from laminar to turbulent flow very near to
leading edge that for practical purposes the boundary layer is turbulent over the entire surface.
Neglect the radiation and use for the front and rear surfaces, same heat transfer coefficient as for
bottom and sides. (Ans: 1898 W)

Use relation NUL = 0.036 ReL0.8Pr1/3 ρ = 1.092 kg/m3

µ = 19.123 × 10-6 Ns/m2 Kf = 0.0265 W/m.K Pr = 0.71

9. Air at 10oC and at a pressure of 100 kPa is flowing over a plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is
30 cm wide and at a temperature of 60 oC. Calculate the following quantities at x = 0.3 m. The
properties of air at 35oC is listed as: ρ = 1.1373 kg/m3 µ = 19 × 10-6 kg/ms.

Kf = 0.0272 W/m.K Pr = 0.7 Cp = 1.006 kJ/kg.K

a. Boundary layer thickness, (Ans: 6.46 mm)

b. Local friction coefficient, (Ans: 2.783 × 10-3)
c. Local shearing stress, (Ans: 0.0142 N/m2)
d. Total drag force, (Ans: 2.564 × 10-2 N)
e. Thermal boundary layer thickness, (Ans: 7.091 mm)
f. Local convective heat transfer coefficient, (Ans: 6.2 W/m2.K)
g. The heat transfer from the plate. (Ans: 55.8 W)

10. A 2.5 kW plate heater of size 10 cm × 20 cm is held vertical with 20 cm side in a water bath at
40oC. Assuming the properties of water remains constant and the heat transfer takes place by
convection only, find the steady state temperature attained by the heater. Use relation Nu = 0.13
(Gr.Pr)1/3

The properties of water are (Ans: Option 3)

 Temp oC Cp, J/kg.K Kf, W/m.K v, m2/s Pr Β, K-1

60 4179 0.659 0.478 × 10-6 2.98 5.11 × 10-4

70 4187 0.668 0.415 × 10-6 2.55 5.7 × 10-4

80 4195 0.675 0.365 × 10-6 2.21 6.32 × 10-4

11. The pipe carrying steam runs in a large room and is exposed to air at a temperature of 30 oC. The
pipe surface temperature is 200 oC. The pipe diameter is 20 cm. If total heat loss rate from the pipe
per meter length is 1.9193 kW/m, determine the pipe surface emissivity. Use correlation: Nu
=0.53 (Gr.Pr)1/4 and the properties of air at 115 oC, Kf = 0.03306 W/m2K, v = 24.93 × 10 -6 m2/s, Pr =
0.687. (Ans: 0.798)
12. The air at a temperature of T ∞, flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of u ∞. The plate is
maintained at a constant temperature of T s. The velocity u and temperature T of air at any location

U πy T −T s y y 2
are given by
U∞
=sin sin
2δ
and
T ∞ −T s
=2
( ) ( ) where y is the distance measured from the
δ th
−
δ th

plate along its normal, and δ and δth are the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness,
respectively. Find the ratio of heat transfer coefficient to shear stress at the plate surface using
following data:

u∞ = 10 m/s µ(air) = 2.5 × 10-5 kg/ms δ/δth = Pr1/3 Ts = 200oC

K(air) = 0.04 W/m.K Cp(air) = 1000 J/kg.K T∞ = 50oC. (Ans: 174.18 m/s K)
 Tutorial 06 (Boiling & Condensation and Heat Exchangers)

1. The outer surface of a vertical tube 80 mm in outer diameter and 1 m long is exposed to saturated
steam at atmospheric pressure. The tube surface is maintained at 50 oC by flow of water through
the tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant and the rate of condensation of steam? (Ans:
60.723 kW, 0.269 kg/s)
2. A horizontal tube 50 mm in diameter with a surface temperature of 34 oC is exposed to steam at 0.2
bar. Estimate the condensation rate, film temperature and heat transfer rate per unit length of the
tube. (Ans: 13.56 kg/h, 8888.1 W)
3. A nickel wire of 1 mm diameter and 400 mm length, carrying current is submerged in a water bath
open to atmospheric air. Calculate the voltage at the burnout point, if at this point the wire carries
a current of 190 A. (Ans: 8.32 V)
4. Water is boiled at a rate of 30 kg/h in a copper pan, 30 cm in diameter, at atmospheric pressure.
Estimate the temperature of bottom surface of the pan, assuming nucleate boiling conditions. Also
determine peak heat flux. (Ans: 112.47oC, 1.258 MW/m2)
5. A double pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a stainless steel (k = 15.1 W/m.K) inner tube of
inner diameter of 1.5 cm and outer diameter of 1.9 cm. It is concentric to an outer tube of diameter
3.2 cm. The inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 800 and 1200 W/m 2K, respectively.
Due to continuous operation of the heat exchanger, the inner and outer surfaces of tube are fouled
and respective fouling factors are 0.0004 m2K/W and 0.0001 m2K/W. Calculate
a. Thermal resistance of heat exchanger per unit length, and (Ans: 0.0532 k/W)
b. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner and outer surface areas of the tube. (Ans: 399
W/m2K, 314.85 W/m2K)
6. A heat exchanger is required to cool 55000 kg/h of alcohol from 66 oC to 40oC using 40000 kg/h of
water entering at 5oC. Taking overall heat transfer coefficient U = 580 W/m 2K, Cp (alcohol) = 3760
J/kg.K, Cp (water) = 4180 J/kg.K. Calculate
a. Exit temperature of water (Ans: 37.15oC)
b. Heat Transfer rate (Ans: 1493.55 W)
c. Surface area needed for parallel flow type & counter flow type exchanger (Ans: 135.66m2,
80.91m2)
7. In a balanced counter flow heat exchanger, where m cCp,c = mhCp,h. Show that ∆T1 = ∆T2 = ∆T, at any
section, and the temperature profile of two fluids are parallel and linear. Also prove that ∆T lm = ∆T1
= ∆T2.
8. Steam enters a counter flow heat exchanger, dry saturated at 10 bar and leaves at 350 oC. The mass
flow rate of the steam is 720 kg/min. The hot gas enters the exchanger at 650 oC with mass flow
rate of 1320 kg/min. If the tubes are 30 mm in diameter and 3 m long, determine the number of
tubes required. Neglect the resistance offered by metallic tubes. Use following data:

For steam Tsat = 180oC (at 10 bar) Cp,s = 2.71 kJ/kg.K hi = 600 W/m2K

For steam Cp,g = 1 kJ/kg.K ho = 250 W/m2K (Ans: 431 tubes)

9. Assume the condenser of a large power plant to be shell and tube type heat exchanger consisting
of a single shell and 30000 tubes, each executing two passes. The tubes are of thin wall
constructed with 25 mm in diameter, and steam condenses on their outer surface with an
associated convection coefficient of 11000 W/m 2K. The heat transfer rate that must be affected by
exchanger is 2000 MW and this is accomplished by cooling water through the tubes at the rate of
30000 kg/s. The water enters at 20 oC, while the steam condenses at 50 oC. What is the temperature
of cooling water coming out the condenser? What is the required tube length per pass? (Ans:
36oC, 4.51 m)
10. A two-shell pass & four tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20 oC to 50oC by
hot water, which enters thin walled 20 mm diameter tube at 80 oC and leaves at 40oC. The total
length of the tube in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection coefficient on shell side is 25
W/m2K and that on water (tube) side is 160 W/m 2K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger. (Correction factor F=0.88)
a. For clean surfaces of tubes, (Ans: 1768.7 W)
b. After fouling with fouling factor of 0.0006 m2K/W on outer surface of tubes. (Ans: 1746.2 m2)
11. An automotive radiator has 40 tubes of inner diameter of 0.5 cm & 60 cm long in a closely spaced
plate finned matrix, so both fluids unmixed. Hot water enters the tubes at 90 oC at a rate of 0.6 kg/s
& leaves at 65oC. Air flows across the radiator through the inter fin spaces & is heated from 20 oC to
40oC. Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner surface. (Correction factor F = 0.97)
(Ans: 3615.5 W/m2K)
12. Consider the following parallel flow heat exchanger specification

Cold flow enters at 40oC: Cc = 20000 W/K Hot flow enters at 150oC; Ch = 10000 W/K

A = 30 m2, U = 500 W/m2K

Determine the heat transfer rate and the exit temperatures. (Ans: 655.6 kW, 84.44oC, 72.78oC)
13. A chemical having specific heat of 3.3 kJ/kg.K at a rate of 20000 kg/h enters a parallel flow heat
exchanger at 120oC. The flow rate of cooling water is 50000 kg/h with an inlet temperature of
20oC. The heat transfer area is 10 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1050 W/m 2K. Taking
Cp of water as 4.186 kJ/kg.K find:
a. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger, (Ans: 0.40)
b. Outlet temperature of water and chemical. (Ans: 80oC, 32.6oC)
14. In a heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 180 oC and leaves at 118oC. The cold water enters at 99 oC
and leaves at 119oC. Find the LMTD, and effectiveness in the following cases of heat exchanger:
a. Counter flow (Ans: 36oC, 0.765)
b. One shell pass and multiple tube passes (Ans: 36oC, 0.765)
c. Two shell passes and multiple tube passes (Ans: 31.68oC, 0.765)
d. Cross flow both fluids unmixed, and (Ans: 34.92oC, 0.765)
e. Cross flow, the cold fluid unmixed (Ans: 33.5oC, 0.765)
15. A counter flow heat exchanger operates under the following conditions:

Fluid A, inlet and outlet temperatures 80oC and 40oC and Fluid B, inlet and outlet temperatures
20oC and 40oC. The exchanger is cleaned, causing an increase in overall heat transfer coefficient by
10 % and the inlet temperature of fluid B is changed to 30 oC, what would be the new outlet
temperatures of fluid A & B? Assume heat transfer coefficient and capacity rates are unchanged by
temperature changes. (Ans: 45.5oC, 47.25oC)

16. A counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat water from 20 oC to 80oC at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The
heating is obtained by using geothermal water available at 160 oC at a mass flow rate of 2kg/s. The
inner tube is thin walled, & has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 640
W.m2K. Calculate the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating by using
effectiveness- NTU method. Take Specific heat of geothermal water as 4.31 kJ/kg.K and that of
ground water as 4.18 kJ/kg.K. (Ans:108.6m)
17. An oil is cooled to 100 oC in a concurrent heat exchanger by transferring its heat to cooling water,
that leaves the exchanger at 30oC. However, it is now required that the oil must be cooled down to
75oC by increasing the length of heat exchanger, while oil and water flow rates, their inlet
temperatures and other dimensions of the exchanger keeping constant. The inlet temperatures of
water & oil being 15oC and 150oC, respectively. If the original cooler was 1 m long, calculate
a. Outlet temperature of water in new cooler. (Ans: 37.27oC)
b. Length of new cooler. (Ans: 1.93 m)
18. Hot gases enter a finned tube, cross flow heat exchanger at 300 oC and leave at 100oC, are used to
heat the water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 oC to 125oC. The exhaust gas specific heat is
approximately 1000 J/kg.K and overall heat transfer coefficient based on gas side surface is 100
W/m2K. Calculate the required gas side area using NTU method. (Ans: 52.88 m2)
 Tutorial 07 (Radiation Heat Transfer Properties and Processes)

1. The temperature of a filament of an incandescent light bulb (a black body) is maintained at 2500 K.
Calculate the fraction of radiant energy emitted by the filament is the visible spectrum. Also calculate
the wavelength at which the emission from the filament reaches a maximum value. (Hint: 0.4 ≤ λ ≤
0.76 visible range). (Ans: 5.18 %, 1.16 µm)
2. Solar radiation has approximately same spectral distribution as an ideal radiating body at
temperature of 5800K. Determine the amount of solar radiation, which is in the visible range of 0.4
µm to 0.7 µm, use following data: (Ans: 23.54 × 106 W/m2)

Range Black body radiation function

0 ≤ λ ≤ 0.4 f0-0.4 = 0.1245

0 ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 f0-0.7 = 0.4914

3. A gray, diffuse opaque surface (α = 0.8) is at 100 oC and receives an irradiation 1000 W/m2. If the
surface area is 0.1 m 2. Calculate
a. Radiosity of the surface, (Ans: 1078 W/m2)
b. Net radiative heat transfer rate from the surface (Ans: 7.8 W/m2)
c. Calculate above quantities, if surface is black. (Ans: 1097.5 W/m2, 9.753 W/m2)
4. A plane, gray, diffuse and opaque surface (absorptivity = 0.7) with a surface area of 0.5 m 2, is
maintained at 500oC and receives radiant energy at a rate of 10000 W/m2. Determine per unit time
a. The energy absorbed. (Ans: 3500 W)
b. The radiant energy emitted. (Ans: 7091 W)
c. The total energy leaving the surface per unit area. (Ans: 17182 W/m2)
d. The radiant energy emitted by the surface in the wave band 0.2 µm to 4 µm. (Ans: 2083.13 W)
e. The net radiative heat transfers from the surface. (Ans: 3591 W)
5. A flat plate solar collector with no cover has selective absorber surface with ε = 0.1 and α s = 0.95. At a
particular time of a day, the absorber surface temperature T s is 120oC, when the solar irradiation is
750 W/m2, the effective sky temperature is -10 oC and ambient air temperature T ∞ is 30oC. Assume the
natural convection is given by

q = 0.22 (Ts - T∞)4/3 W/m2K.

Calculate the useful heat removal rate (W/m2) from the collector for these conditions. What is the
corresponding efficiency of the collector? (Ans: 515.65 W/m2, 68.7 %)
6. An artificial spherical satellite flies around the earth. Calculate the temperature of the satellite surface,
assuming that there is no heat sources and surface temperature is uniform all over the surface. The
solar radiation reflected from the earth and radiation emitted from the earth should also be ignored.
a. If αs = 0.2 and ε = 0.1; (Ans: 66.13oC)
b. If surface of the satellite is gray; (Ans: 12.17oC)
c. Find the ratio αs / ε, when the temperature of the satellite surface becomes 30 oC. (Ans: 1.27)

The incident solar radiation is 1500 W/m2.

7. A flat surface, 1 is completely enclosed by a second surface, 2 as shown in figure. Determine the view
factors F1-2, F2-1 and F2-2. (Ans: [1 – {A1/A2}])

8. Calculate the view factor F1-2 and F2-1 for the following geometries: (Ans: π/6, 0.71, 0.21)

9. Show that the shape factor for cylindrical cavity as shown in the figure with respect to itself is
4L/(D+4L).
10.A spherical liquid oxygen tank 0.3 m in diameter is enclosed concentrically in a spherical container of
0.4 m diameter and the space in between is evacuated. The tank surface is at -183 oC and has an
emissivity of 0.2. The container surface is at 15 oC and has an emissivity of 0.25. Determine the net
radiant heat transfer rate and rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its latent heat is 220 kJ/kg. (Ans:
0.267 kg/h)

11.Two parallel, infinite gray surfaces are maintained at temperature of 127 oC and 227oC respectively. If
the temperature of the hot surface is increased to 327 oC. By what factor is the net radiation exchange
per unit area increased? Assume the emissivity of colder and hotter surfaces to be 0.9 and 0.7,
respectively. (Ans:2.82)
12.A cubical room 4 m by 4 m by 4 m is heated through the ceiling by maintaining it at uniform
temperature of 350K, while walls and the floor are at 300K. Assuming that all the surfaces have an
emissivity of 0.8, determine the rate of heat loss from ceiling by radiation. (Ans: 4815.6 W)

13.Two parallel discs 50 cm in diameter are spaced 40 cm apart with one disc located directly above the
other disc. One disc is maintained at 500 oC and other at 227oC. The emissivities of the discs are 0.2
and 0.4, respectively. The curved cylindrical surface approximates a black body and is maintained at a
temperature of 67oC. Determine the rate of heat loss by radiation from the inside surface of each disc,
and explain how these surfaces can be maintained at specified temperatures. (Ans: 749 W, 139.81
W, -888 W)
14.Two large parallel plates at temperature 1000K and 600K have emissivity of 0.5 and 0.8 respectively.
A radiation shield having emissivity 0.1 on one side and 0.05 on the other side is placed between the
 plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by radiation per square meter with and without radiation
shield. (Ans: 21934 W/m2, 1579.25 W/m2)
15.Two large parallel planes with emissivity 0.6 are at 900 K and 300 K. A radiation shield with one side
polished and having emissivity of 0.05, while the emissivity of other side is 0.4 is proposed to be used.
Which side of the shield to face the hotter plane, if the temperature of shield is to be kept minimum?
Justify your answer.
16.A cylindrical rod (ε = 0.7) of 50 mm diameter is maintained at 1000 oC by an electric resistance heating
and is kept in a room, the walls (ε = 0.6) of which are at 15 oC. Determine the energy which must be
supplied per meter length of the rod. If an insulated half circular reflector of 0.45 m diameter is placed
around the rod, determine the energy supplied to the rod per meter length. (Ans: 16330 W, 15681
W)
 Tutorial 8 (Extra Questions)

1. Heat flow occurs along the axis of a solid which has the shape of a truncated cone with circumferential
surface insulated. The base is at 300oC and the area of the section at distance x measured from the
base of the cone is given by A = 1.2 (1-1.5x) m 2 where x is in meter. If the plane at x= 0.2 m is
maintained at 100oC, determine the heat flow, temperature at x = 0.1 m, and the temperature gradient
at the two faces and at x = 0.1 m. Take thermal conductivity of the solid material as 2.5 W/m oC.
(2523.85 W, 208.86oC, -841.28oC/m, -989.74 oC/m, -1201.83 oC/m)
2. A homogeneous wall of area A and thickness δ has left and right-hand surface temperatures of 0 oC and
40oC respectively. Determine the temperature at the center of the wall.
a. How much material must be added and to which side of the wall if the temperature at the center is
to be raised by 5oC?
b. How much material must be removed and from which side of the wall if the temperature at the
center line of the wall is to be lowered by 5oC?

Express in terms of δ. Presume that surface temperature remains same before and after the change.
(20oC, δ/3, δ/5)

3. Two rods A and B of the same length and diameter protrude from a surface at 120 oC and are exposed
to air at 25oC. The temperatures measured at the end of the rods are 50 oC and 75oC. If the thermal
conductivity of material A is 20W/m oC, calculate the thermal conductivity of material B. Adopt the
condition of an insulated fin tip. (51.13 W/moC)
4. A plate fin of 10 mm thickness and 80 mm length is dissipating heat from a surface at 190 oC. The fin is
exposed to air at 25oC with a convection coefficient of 22W/m 2oC. If thermal conductivity of the fin
material is 200W/moC, determine the heat dissipation. Consider 1m width of fin. To increase the heat
dissipation, the following two alternatives have been suggested with the same material volume. (a)
Split the fins of 5 mm thickness each (b) Single fin 5 mm thick and 160 mm long. Which will be the
better choice? The fins may be considered short with insulated tip. (560.18 W per m width, Case 1 is
better)
5. Calculate the approximate Reynold’s numbers and state if the flow is laminar or turbulent for the
following:
a. A 10m long yacht sailing at 13 km/hr. in seawater, ρ = 1000kg/m 3 and µ = 1.3 × 10 -3 kg/ms. (2.78
× 107)
 b. A compressor disc of radius 0.3m rotating at 15000rpm in air at 5 bar and 400 oC and

3
−6 2
1.46 ×10 T kg/ms; T in kelvin. (2.217 × 107)
μ=
110 +T
3
−6 2
c. 0.05 kg/s of CO2 gas at 400 K flowing at a 20mm diameter pipe and μ= 1.56 ×10 T kg/ms; T in
233+T
kelvin. (1.61 × 105)
6. The temperature profile at a particular location on the surface of plate is prescribed by the identities:

t s−t πy
a. =sin sin
t s−t ∞ 0.015
t s−t 1 y 3
3 y
b. = (
t s−t ∞ 2 0.0075
+ ) (
2 0.0075 )
If thermal conductivity of air is stated to be 0.03 W/m oC, determine the value of convective heat
transfer coefficient in each case. (6.28 W/m2K, 6 W/m2K)

7. Calculate nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient for water boiling on the tube, whose wall
temperature is maintained at 20 oC, above saturation temperature. Assume water to be at 20 bars.
Also, calculate the heat transfer coefficient when,

a. Temperature is reduced by 10oC at 20 bars.

b. Pressure is reduced by 10 bar at 20oC temperature difference.

Comment on the result. Use correlation: h A = 5.56 (∆T)3 W/m2K and hp = hA {p/po}0.4 W/m2K. ‘A’
corresponds to atmospheric pressure; ‘p’ corresponds to fluid pressure. Assume atmospheric
pressure to be 100 kPa. (44480 W/m2K, 5560 W/m2K, 18428.36 W/m2K, 44480 W/m2K,
111728.7 W/m2K)

8. In a gas-fired boiler, water is boiled at 150 oC by hot gases flowing through 50m long, 5cm outer
diameter mechanically polished stainless-steel pipes submerged in water. If the outer surface
temperature of the pipes is 165oC, determine

a. The rate of heat transfer from the hot gases to water, (10865 kW)
b. The rate of evaporation, (5.139 kg/s)
c. The ratio of the critical heat flux to the present heat flux and (1.34)
d. The surface temperature of the pipe at which critical heat flux occurs. (166.5oC)
9. Two slabs, each 100 mm thick and made of materials with thermal conductivities of 16 W/m oC and
1600 W/moC, are placed in contact which is not perfect. Due to roughness of surfaces, only 40% of
area is in contact and air fills 0.02 mm thick gap in the remaining area. If the extreme surfaces of the
arrangement are at temperature of 250 oC and 30oC, determine the heat flow through the composite
system, the contact resistance and temperature drop in contact. Take thermal conductivity of air as
0.032 W/moC and assume that half of the contact (of contact area) is due to either metal. (32392 W,
4.62×10-7oC/W, 0.01503oC)
10. For the configuration shown and conditions specified, determine the temperature t 2 and t3. Thermal
conductivities conform to the following relation: k1 = k4 = k2/2 = k3/3 = k. (853.65oC, 619.51oC)

11. Experimental results for heat transfer over a flat plate with an extremely rough surface were found to
be correlated by an expression of the form Nu x=0.04Re0.9Pr1/3 where Nux is the local value of Nusselt
Number at a position x measured from the leading edge of the plate. Derive an expression for ratio of
average heat transfer coefficient to local heat transfer coefficient hx. (1.11)
12. Water at 25oC and 1.5 m/s enters a long brass (K=110W/m.K) condenser tube with inner diameter of
1.58cm. The heat transfer coefficient for condensation at outer surface of the tube is 12000W/m 2K.
Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface of the tube. [Properties of water at
25oC: ρ = 996 kg/m3, µ = 8.6×10-4kg/ms, kf = 0.614W/m.K, Pr = 5.85]; Nu = 0.023Re 0.8Pr0.4 at Re>2300
and Nu=0.064Re0.4Pr0.8 at Re<2300. (3672W/m2K)
13. In a saucepan 1l of water at atmospheric pressure is to be boiled on an electric heater. The power of
the heater is q=3kW. The diameter of the heater is the same as that of the saucepan, i.e. 0.3m.
a. How long does it take for the water to start boiling if the initial temperature is 20 oC? The heat
losses to the surroundings amount to 30% of the heat input. (154 sec)
b. What is the temperature at the bottom of the saucepan when the water begins to boil? (109.1oC)
c. Estimate the time required for complete vaporization of all the water. (1030 sec)
d. Calculate the maximum heat flux. (1.26 MW/m2)
14. Saturated Freon – 12 at 50 oC condenses on a 3 cm diameter horizontal tube, the outer surface of
which is kept at 40oC. Find the average condensation heat transfer coefficient. (1244 W/m2K)
15. In a vertical annular flow pattern, the thickness of the liquid film on the tube wall is δ. The tube
diameter is D. If δ<<D, what is the expression for the void fraction, ε? (ε = 1-4δ/D)
16. A plate condenser was designed to be kept vertical.
a. How would the condensation coefficient be affected if due to site constraints, it has to be kept at
60o to the horizontal? (3.53% Reduction)
b. A plate condenser of dimension l × b has been designed to be kept with side l in the vertical
position. However due to oversight during erection and installation, it was fixed with side b
vertical. How would this affect the heat transfer? Assume laminar conditions and same thermos-
physical properties in both cases and take l=2b. (hl/hb = 0.8409)
c. Determine the length of a 25cm outer diameter tube if the condensate formed on the surface of
the tube is to be same weather it is kept vertical or horizontal. (71.5cm)
17. Find the length of the tube required for the following heat transfer where air is heated by exhaust
gases. The heat transfer rate is 3350 kJ/hr. Inside and outside diameters of tube are 5 cm and 6 cm
respectively. Heat transfer coefficient for inside air is 100 W/m 2oC and outside gas is 160 W/m 2oC.
Inlet temperature of hot and cold fluid are 350 oC and 50oC respectively and outlet temperatures are
150oC and 100oC, respectively. Neglect the tube resistance and assume that the flow arrangement is
parallel. If the flow arrangement is counter, what percentage is saved in tube length?
18. Calculate the surface area required for a cross flow heat exchanger with one tube pass and one shell
pass and shell side fluid mixed, which has to cool 60×10 3kg/hr. of alcohol (Cp = 4 kJ/kg. K) from 66oC
to 40oC using 50×103 kg/hr. of water entering at 10 oC. Assume that the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the water tube area is 580 W/m2K.
19. A thermocouple with emissivity 0.6 is used to measure the temperature of exhaust gas in a large duct.
The temperature of the duct wall is at 20 oC and temperature measured by thermocouple is 500 oC.
Calculate the true temperature of the gas, if the convection coefficient between gas and thermocouple
bead is 200 W/m2K. To measure the temperature of the gas more correctly, it is enveloped by a thin
radiation shield with emissivity 0.3. Estimate the error between the thermocouple temperature and
gas temperature with the shielded thermocouple arrangement.