Subsidiary File-7 (Electric Potential - Updated) PDF

IU
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Lecture on
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Electric Potential
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By Md Asaduzzaman Asad
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INS, United International University
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Ref book: Fundamentals of Physics - D. Halliday, R. Resnick & J. Walker (10th Ed.)
Ref https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpVxj3XrLgk to understand
Electric Potential
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Ref: google image

Electric Potential and
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Electric Potential Energy
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Electric Potential & Electric Potential Energy
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The electric force is conservative; therefore,
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there must be a potential energy associated
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with it.
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It takes work to move an electric charge
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perpendicular to an electric field:
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As usual, the change in potential energy is
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the negative of the work:
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Just as it was useful to define the electric field,
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it is useful to define the electric potential (NOT
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potential energy):
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The electron volt is a unit of energy:
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The electric field is related to how fast the potential is changing:
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In general, for a mass moving from A to B due
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to a conservative force,
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For the electric force,
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so that
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Since the force on a negative charge is
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opposite to the field direction,
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Positive charges accelerate in the direction of
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decreasing electric potential;
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Negative charges accelerate in the direction of
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increasing electric potential.
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In both cases, the charge moves to a region of
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lower potential energy.

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Electric Potential
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Electric Potential: An electric potential (also called the electric field potential,
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potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a
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unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without
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producing an acceleration.
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Electric potential around
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two spheres at opposite
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potential. The color coding
runs from cyan (negative)
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through yellow (neutral) to
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pink (positive).
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Ref: wikipedia
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Electric Potential Energy: Electric potential energy, or electrostatic potential energy,
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is a potential energy (measured in joules) that results from conservative Coulomb
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forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point charges
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within a defined system.
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When an electrostatic force acts between two or more charged particles within a
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system of particles, we can assign an electric potential energy U to the system. If the
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system changes its configuration from an initial state i to a different final state f, the
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electrostatic force does work W on the particles.
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ΔU = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖 = −𝑊
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Ref: Ref book, wikipedia

The difference in Electric potential energy between points A
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and B is
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Electric Potential
Electric potential difference between points A and B
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Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
Differences between Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy:
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The potential energy per unit charge at a point in an electric field is called the electric
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𝑈
potential V (or simply the potential) at that point. Thus, 𝑉 = .
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𝑞
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An electric potential (also called the electric field potential or the electrostatic potential) is
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the amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific
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point inside the field without producing any acceleration. Typically, the reference point is
Earth or a point at Infinity, although any point beyond the influence of the electric field charge
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can be used.
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According to theoretical electromagnetics, electric potential is a scalar quantity denoted by V,
equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location (measured in
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joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured in coulombs). By dividing out the
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charge on the particle a remainder is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself.
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Electric potential energy, or electrostatic potential energy, is a potential energy (measured in
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joules) that results from conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration
of a particular set of point charges within a defined system. An object may have electric
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potential energy by virtue of two key elements: its own electric charge and its relative position
to other electrically charged objects.
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The term "electric potential energy" is used to describe the potential energy in systems with
time-variant electric fields, while the term "electrostatic potential energy" is used to describe
the potential energy in systems with time-invariant
Ref: Ref book, google,electric
wikipedia fields.
Electric Field : Review
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It is convenient to say that there is field there equal to the
force per unit positive charge. E=F/q0.
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The direction of the electric field is along r and points in
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r the direction a positive test charge would move. This idea
was proposed by Michael Faraday in the 1830’s. The idea
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q1 + q0 of the field replaces the charges as defining the situation.
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Consider two point charges:
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The Coulomb force is F= kq1q0/r2
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q1 q0
The force per unit charge is E = F/q0
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Then the electric field at r is E = kq1/r2 due to the point charge q1 .
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The units are Newton/Coulomb. The electric field has direction and is a vector.
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How do we find the direction.? The direction is the direction a unit positive test
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charge would move. This is called a field line.

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r E
If q1 were positive
q1
Electric Field : Review
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Methods of evaluating electric fields:
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• Direct evaluation from Coulombs Law for a single point charge
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kq1
E
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r12
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• For a group of point charges, perform the vector sum
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kqi
E
ri 2 uz
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• This is a vector equation and can be complex and messy to evaluate and we may have to resort to
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a computer. The principle of superposition guarantees the result.

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Electric Potential: Problems
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• Problem-1: Electrons are continually being knocked out of air
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molecules in the atmosphere by cosmic-ray particles coming in from
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space. An electron in the atmosphere is moved upward through
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displacement 𝑑 by an electric force 𝐹 causes it to move vertically
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upward due to an electric field 𝐸 with field strength 150 N/C which is
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directed downward and the displacement of electron is 520 m.
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Calculate the change in electric potential energy and change in
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electric potential for which the electron moved.
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• Soln: Steps to be followed:
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Electric Potential: Equation
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The electric potential created by a charge Q is V=Q/(4πεor). Different values of Q will make
different values of electric potential V (shown in the image).
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Ref: google, Ref book

Therefore, the electric potential of a point charge is:
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shown here for a positive and
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negative charge, respectively
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The electric potential of a group of point charges
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is the algebraic sum of the potentials of each
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charge.
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Electric Potential: Due to a point charge
The expression for the electric potential V relative to the zero
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potential at infinity. In an arbitrary electric field E a positive test
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charge q0 that moves from point i to a point f has an electrostatic
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force q0 E. The potential difference between these two points
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along surface ds
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Consider a point P at distance R from a fixed particle of positive
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charge q. To move a positive test charge q0 from point P to
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infinity the dot product becomes
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Hence,
Ref: Ref book

Electric Potential: Due to a point charge
The the magnitude of the electric field at the site of the test charge
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is
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We use
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to have
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that gives A computer-generated plot of

the electric potential V(r) due to
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a positive point charge located at

the origin of an xy plane.
Ref: Ref book

Electric Potential: Due to a group of point charges
The potential due to ‘n’ charges
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Problem 2: What is the electric potential at point P, located at the center
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of the square of point charges shown in figure below? The distance d is
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1.3 m, and the charges are q1=12nC, q2=-24nC, q3=31nC, and q4=17nC.
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Ans: 350V
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Ref: Ref book

Electric Potential Energy: Due to a System of
Charged Particles
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We start with particle 2 fixed in place and particle 1 infinitely far away, with an initial potential energy Ui for the two-
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particle system. Next we bring particle 1 to its final position, and then the system’s potential energy is Uf. Our work
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changes the system’s potential energy by
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∴
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we can relate ∆𝑈 to the change in potential through which we move particle 1:
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The initial potential energy is Ui=0 because the particles are in the reference configuration. The potentials due to
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particle 2 is given by
Ref: Ref book

Electric Potential Energy: Due to a System of
Charged Particles
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This tells us that when particle 1 is initially at distance r=∞, the potential at its location is Vi=0. When we move it to the
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final position at distance r, the potential at its location is
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Substituting the above equation to and dropping the subscript f, we find that the final
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configuration has a potential energy
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If the two charges have the same sign, U is positive. If they have opposite signs, U is negative.
Ref: Ref book

Electric Dipole and Electric Dipole Moment
q1
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Example of field lines for a point negative
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r
charge: Place a unit positive test charge at every
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point r and draw the direction that it would move.
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The blue lines are the field lines. The magnitude of the electric
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field is
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E= kq1/r2
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The direction of the field is given by the line itself.
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ad q1
Important E=F/q, E=F/q0, F= Eq0 , then ma=q0E,
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and then a = q0E/m

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Electric Dipole and Electric Dipole Moment
Electric Field Lines
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Like charges (++) Opposite charges (+ -)
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This is called an electric dipole.

Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field
Electric Dipole: A pair of equal and opposite charges q separated by a
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displacement (L or d) is called electric dipole. It has an electric dipole moment p=qL.
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P r kp
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Enet ; 3 when r is large compared to L
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p=qL = the electric dipole moment
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-q + +q
-
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Note inverse cube law
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Electric Dipole Moment: The product of magnitude of any charge (from a pair of
equal and opposite charges) q to the distance (L or d) among the charges is called
electric dipole moment. It has an electric dipole moment p=qxL=qL.
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An electric dipole consists of two charges +q and -q, equal in magnitude
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but opposite in sign, separated by a fixed distance d. q is the “charge on
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the dipole.”
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The electric field along the perpendicular bisector (horizontal alignment) of
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a dipole (this equation gives the magnitude only) is
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qd
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E . Caution! This is not the general expression
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ad 3 for the electric field of a dipole!
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The electric field depends on the product qd. This is true in general. For
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vertical alignment, sometimes it can be represented as E = 𝑞𝑑 3 where z is

2𝜋𝜀0 𝑧
the distance from dipole midpoint to the considered electric field point.
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r kp
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P
Enet ; 3 when r is large compared to L
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r
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p=qL = the electric dipole moment
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-q
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- + +q
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Fig: Horizontal alignment (Perpendicular bisector)

Fig: Vertical alignment
q and d are parameters that characterize the dipole; we define
the "dipole moment" of a dipole to be the vector
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p  qd, caution: this p is not momentum!
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where the direction of p (as well as d) is from negative to
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positive (NOT away from +).
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+q -q
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p
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To help you remember the direction of p, this is on your
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equation sheet:
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p  q d, from  to plus
Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field (Uniform Electric Field)
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Example of field lines for a
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uniform distribution of positive
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charge on one side of a very large
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non-conducting sheet.
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This is called a uniform electric field.
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A dipole in a uniform electric field experiences no net force, but
probably experiences a torque…
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F+
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+q
p
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
-q
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F-
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There is no net force on the dipole:
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F  F
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  F  qE  qE  0.
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E
F+
+q
p ½ d sin
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½ d sin -q

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If we choose the midpoint of the dipole as the origin for
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calculating the torque, we find
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d sin  d sin 
       2 qE  2 qE  qdE sin ,
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and in this case the direction is into the plane of the figure.
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Expressed as a vector,
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  p  E. Recall that the unit of torque is

N·m, which is not a joule!
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F+
+q
p ½ d sin
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½ d sin -q

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The torque’s magnitude is 𝜏=p E sin and the direction is given
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by the right-hand rule.
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What is the maximum torque magnitude? For
what angle  is the torque a maximum?
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Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field (Alternative Method)
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 exert torque
A uniform external electric field exerts no net force on a dipole, but it does
that tends to rotate the dipole in the direction of the field (align p with E ext )
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Torque about the com = 
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
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F1
 Fx sin  F(L  x)sin  FL sin
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x
 qEL sin  pE sin  p  E
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
F2
  
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So,   pE
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
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When the dipole rotates through d,the electric field does work:
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Why do Electric Dipoles align with Electric fields ?
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Work done equals dW  d  pE sind
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The minus sign arises because the torque opposes any increase in .
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Setting the negative of this work equal to the change in the potential energy, we
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have
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dU  dW  pE sin d
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Integrating,
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U   dU    dW    pE sin d   pE cos   U0
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We choose U  0 when   90
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 U  pE cos   p  E
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Potential Energy
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So, U  -p  E
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
The energy is minimum when p aligns with E
Why do Electric Dipoles align with Electric fields ?
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
The potential energy is greatest (U=pE) whenθ=1800 , which is when p and E are in opposite directions.
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
The energy is least (U=-pE) when θ=00 , which is when p and E are in same directions.
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When a dipole rotates from an initial orientation 𝜃𝑖 to another orientation 𝜃𝑓 , the work W done on the dipole

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by the electric field is

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where Uf and Ui are calculated with the equation If the change in orientation is
caused by an applied torque (commonly said to be due to an external agent), then the work Wa done on the
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dipole by the applied torque is the negative of the work done on the dipole by the field; that is,
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Electric Potential: Due to an electric dipole
The potential due to an electric dipole at an arbitrary point P in the can
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be calculated using
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for n=2. That gives for the figures
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Here,
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Finally,
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Electric Potential: Due to an electric dipole
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For a dipole moment p=qd, we have
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For continuous charge distribution:
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Here r is the distance between P and a differential element of charge dq.

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Ref: Ref book

Electric Potential: Equipotential Surfaces
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Adjacent points that have the same electric potential form an
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equipotential surface, which can be either an imaginary surface or a real,
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physical surface.
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No net work W is done on a charged particle by an electric field.
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The electric field is zero parallel to

an equipotential surface.
Electric Potential: Equipotential Surfaces
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Examples:
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Electric field lines (purple) and cross sections of equipotential surfaces

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(gold) for (a) a uniform electric field, (b) the field due to an electric dipole,
and (c) the field due to a point charge
Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field
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On a contour map, the curves mark constant elevation;
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the steepest slope is perpendicular to the curves. The
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closer together the curves, the steeper the slope.
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Electric potential and the
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electric field have the same
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relationship – there are lines
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(or, in three dimensions,
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surfaces) of constant
an
potential. The electric field
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is perpendicular to these
equipotential lines, and uz
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strongest where the lines
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are closest together.

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The electric field is zero parallel to an

equipotential surface.
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For two point charges:
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An ideal conductor is an equipotential surface.
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Therefore, if two conductors are at the same
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potential, the one that is more curved will have a
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larger electric field around it. This is also true for
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different parts of the same conductor.
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There are electric fields inside the human body;
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the body is not a perfect conductor, so there are
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also potential differences.
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An electrocardiograph
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plots the heart’s
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electrical activity:
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IU
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An electroencephalograph measures the
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electrical activity of the brain:
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Electric Potential: From electric field
We consider an arbitrary electric field vector E, represented by the field
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lines, and the potential difference between any two points i and f can be
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calculated from the work done on a positive test charge q0 by the field as
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the charge moves from i to f.
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The differential work dW done on a particle by a force F during a
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displacement ds is given by
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or,
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To find the total work W done on the particle
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by the field as the particle moves from point i
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to point f, we integrate the works done on

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the charge

Electric Potential: From electric field
Hence, the potential becomes
IU
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If we set Vi=0, then we have
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in which we have dropped the subscript f. And, moving the test charge
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along the displacement gives
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This results:
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Or, uz
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Where the integral is simply the length d of the path.

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Electric Potential: Gradient
We start from for the equipotential surface.
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The work the electric field does on the test charge
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during the move is q0dV. Equating the two works:
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which results
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m
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Since E cosθ is the component of E vector, along the
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displacement vector, the above equation becomes
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Electric Potential: Gradient
The electric field is related to how fast the potential is changing:
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U
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The component of 𝐸 in any direction (say, in the direction of 𝑑𝑠 ) is the
negative of the rate at which the potential changes with distance in that
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direction
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When 𝐸 is uniform, all this reduces to
m
za
where s is perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces.
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The x, y, and z components of 𝐸 at any point may be found from
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Electric Potential Gradient : Application
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U
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• When a dipole is an electric field that varies with position, then the magnitude of
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the electric force will be different for the two charges. The dipole can be permanent
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like NaCl or water or induced as seen in the hanging pith ball. Induced dipoles are
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always attracted to the region of higher field. Explains why wood is attracted to the
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teflon rod and how a smoke remover or microwave oven works.
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• Show smoke remover demo.
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Electric Potential Gradient: Application
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Smoke Remover
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Negatively charged central wire has electric field that varies as 1/r (strong electric field gradient). Field
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induces a dipole moment on the smoke particles. The positive end gets attracted more to the wire.
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In the meantime a corona discharge is created. This just means that induced dipole moments in the
air molecules cause them to be attracted towards the wire where they receive an electron and get
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repelled producing a cloud of ions around the wire.
m
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When the smoke particle hits the wire it receives an electron and then is repelled to the side of the can
where it sticks. However, it only has to enter the cloud of ions before it is repelled.
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It would also work if the polarity of the wire is reversed.
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Electric Potential Gradient: Application
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Motion of point charges in electric fields
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S,
• When a point charge such as an electron is placed in an electric
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field E, it is accelerated according to Newton’s Law:
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a = F/m = qE/m for uniform electric fields
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m
a = F/m = mg/m = g for uniform gravitational fields
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If the field is uniform, we now have a projectile motion problem-
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constant acceleration in one direction. So we have parabolic
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motion just as in hitting a baseball, etc except the magnitudes of

velocities and accelerations are different.
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Replace g by qE/m in all equations;

For example, In y =1/2at2 we get y =1/2(qE/m)t2
Electric Field: Review
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Back to computing Electric Fields
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• Electric field due to an arc of a circle of uniform charge.
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• Electric field due to a ring of uniform charge
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• Electric field of a uniform charged disk
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• Next time we will go on to another simpler method to calculate
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electric fields that works for highly symmetric situations using

Gauss’s Law.
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# What is the field at the center due to arc of charge?
L /2
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Ey   dE 0
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y
L / 2
S,
dEx= k dq cos /r2
N
,I
dEx= k ds cos /r2 s=r 
ad
 0 ds=r d
As
L /2
E x  k  rd cos /r 2
 k /r  d cos
an
L / 2  0
m
za
2k
Ex  sin 0
r uz
ad

As
M
# What is the field at the center

 of a circle of charge? 0=180
# Find the electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring with linear charge density Q/2R.
Ez   dE cos ds
IU
dq
dE  k 2  k 2
U
r r
S,
N
k cos 2 2
 ds  ds   Rd  R  d  2R
,I
Ez 
ad
 r2 0 0

As
k cos s  R
an
Ez  2
2R
m
r
 
za
uz
r2 =z2+R2
kQz 
ad
dq = ds Ez  2 cos z/r
(z  R 2 ) 3 / 2
As

M
=0 at z=0
=0 at z=infinity
=max at z=0.7R

Electric Field: Review: Continuous
Distribution of Charges
IU
U
Continuous distribution of charges
S,
Instead of summing the charge we can imagine a continuous distribution and integrate it. This
N
distribution may be over a volume, a surface or just a line.
,I
ad
As
E   dE   kdq / r 2
an
m
dq  dV volume
za
dq   dA area uz
ad
dq  dl line
As
M
Electric Field: Review: Continuous Distribution of Charges
# Find electric field due to a line of uniform + charge of length L with linear charge density equal to .
IU
y dE = k dq /r2
U
L /2
 dE
dE
Ex  0
S,
x
dEy dEy= dE cos 
N
L / 2
,I
dEx r
 y 
ad
-x +x
As
-L/2 x dq = dx
0 L/2
dq 
an
m
dEy= k dx cos /r2 Ey= k q cos /r2 for a point charge
za
uz
x= y tan dx = y sec2 d
E y  k L / 2cos dx /r
L /2 2
ad
r =y sec r2y2sec2 
As
dx/r2 = d/y
M
 cos d
0
E y  k / y 2k sin 0 
L /2
 Ey  sin 0
0
y y 2  L2 /4
# Example of two opposite charges on the x axis. What is the Electric field on the y axis?
IU
Electric field at point P at a distance r due to the two point charges L distance across is the
U
sum of the electric fields due to +q and –q (superposition principle).
S,
Electric field due to the +q is
N
E1 E1y
,I
k(q)
E1 
ad
a12 E2x E1x
As
Electric field due to the -q is E2
an
k(- q) E2y
E2 = a1
a2
m
a2 2
r
za
2
r 2     a2  a
Now, a1  L
2
uz
ad
Notice that the magnitude of E1 and E2 are equal. Also
As
we can see that the y-component of both the fields

are equal and in opposite direction, so they cancel
M
out. The x-component of both the fields are equal and

are in the same direction, so they add up.
  
E1  E2  E and Enet  (E1x  E2 x ) î  (E1y  E2 y ) ĵ Electric Field: Review
But E1y  E2 y  0
E1 E1y
IU
E1x  E2 x  2E cos 
U
 kq 
E 2 E2x E1x
So, Enet  2E cos  î Now,
S,
a
N
 kq E2
So, Enet  2 2 cos  î E2y
,I
a1
ad
a L a2
L r
cos   
As
But 2
a 2a 

an
kq L
So, Enet  2 2 î
m
a 2a
za
 2
Enet  3 (  î ) as a  r 2   L  and p  qL
kqL
a 2 uz
ad
3 2
 L  0
As
 p   2
p 1  Now when r>>L, the term  2r 
Enet  k k 3 
r  
L 2 
r  (1  ( 2r ) 
 
M
3
2 L 2 2
2 r kp
Enet ; 3
r
• Problem-3: A charge of -1.0 μC is located on the y-axis 1.0 m from the
IU
origin at the coordinates (0,1) while a second charge of +1.0 μC is
U
S,
located on the x-axis 1.0 m from the origin at the coordinates (1,0).
N
Determine the value of the following quantities at the origin…the
,I
ad
magnitude of the electric field,
As
• the direction of the electric field,
an
• the electric potential (assuming the potential is zero at infinite
m
distance), and
za
uz
• the energy needed to bring a +1.0 μC charge to this position from
ad
infinitely far away.
As
M
https://physics.info/electric-potential/practice.shtml
• Soln-3: Since the charges are identical in magnitude and equally far from
the origin, we can do one computation for both charges.
IU
U
E=
kq E=9000 N/C
S,
r2
N
Electric field lines come out of positive charges and go into negative charges.
,I
At the origin, this results in an electric field that points "left" (away from the
ad
positive change) and "up" (toward the negative charge). These two vectors
As
form the legs of a 45°–45°–90° triangle whose sides are in the ratio 1:1:√2.
an
∑E = √2 × 9,000 N/C
m
• Moving "up" and to the "left" in equal amounts results in a 135° standard
za
angle.
uz
• Once again, since the charges are identical in magnitude and equally far
ad
from the origin, we only need to compute one number.
As
kq V = 9,000 V
M
V=
r
Electric potential is a scalar quantity. It doesn't have direction, but it
IU
does have sign. The positive charge contributes a positive potential and
U
the negative charge contributes a negative potential. Add them up and
S,
watch them cancel.
N
,I
∑V = 9,000 V − 9,000 V
ad
As
• The electric potential at a point in space is defined as the work per
an
unit charge required to move a test charge to that location from
m
infinitely far away. ΔV = ΔUE
za
q
uz
ad
Algebra shows that work is charge times potential difference. Since the
As
potential at the origin is zero, no work is required to move a charge to

M
this point. ΔUE = qΔV = 0 J

• Prob-4: A proton (mass m, charge +e) and an alpha particle (mass 4m,
IU
charge +2e) approach one another with the same initial speed v from
U
an initially large distance. How close will these two particles get to
S,
one another before turning around?
N
,I
• Soln: The kinetic energy of the moving particles is completely
ad
transformed into electric potential energy at the point of closest
As
approach.
an
m
Ue = K
za
k(e)(2e) 1 1
uz
2
= (m)v + (4m)v2
ad
r 2 2
As
4ke2
r=
5mv2
M
• Prob-5: An electron in the atmosphere is moved upward through the
IU
displacement by an electrostatic force due to a downward electric
U
field E. Find the potential energy of the electron.
S,
N
Soln: Sample problem in Fig. 24-1
,I
ad
• Prob-6:
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
Soln: P.T.O.
M
IU
Soln-6:
U
S,
N
,I
ad
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
M
IU
Soln-6:
U
S,
N
,I
ad
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
M
IU
U
Prob-7: Point P is at 1 cm away from 1 nC of negative charge. What is the electric field?
S,
Soln:
N
r
.
,I
P
ad
As
-q
E
an
m
1010 Nm 2   10 -9 C
za
kq1  C 2
 5 N
E 2   10
r
uz 10 - 4 m2 C
ad
As
M
IU
N
U
Prob-8: Fair weather atmospheric electricity =100 is acting downward 100 km high
S,
C
in the ionosphere. What is the ionosphere voltage required?
N
,I
Soln: Try Yourself
ad
As
++++++++++
an
+++++++++
m
za
E
uz
ad
As
M
Earth
IU
Problem-9: Calculate the Electric Field due to a proton at the
U
S,
location of the electron in the H atom. The radius of the electron
N
orbit is 0.5  10 10 m.
,I
ad
Soln:
As
1010 Nm 2   1.6  10 -19 C
an
kq1  C 2
 11 N
E 2   4  10
m
r (0.5  10 -10 m) 2 C
za
uz -
ad
r
As
Hydrogen atom + N Volt


M
Note :
C meter
Problem-10: Water (H2O) is a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment is
6.2 x 10 - 30 C m. What is the dipole distance of water molecule?
IU
- 30
Soln: Here, we have to find ‘What is d’? Given p = 6.2 x 10 C m and q = -10 e and q = +10e
U
d = p / 10e = 6.2 x 10 -30 C m / 10*1.6 x 10 -19 C = 3.9 x 10 -12 m
S,
N
,I
ad
Very small distance but still is responsible
As
for the conductivity of water.
an
m
When a dipole is an electric field, the dipole
za
moment wants to rotate to line up with
uz the electric field. It experiences a torque.
ad
As
Leads to how microwave ovens heat up food

M
Problem-11: A neutral water molecule (H2O) in its vapor state has an electric dipole moment of
IU
magnitude 6.2 x 10 - 30 C m.
(a) If the molecule is placed in an electric field of 1.5 × 104 N/C, what maximum torque can the
U
field exert on it? (Such a field can easily be set up in the laboratory)
S,
(b) How much work must an external agent do to rotate this molecule by 1800 in this field, starting
N
from its fully aligned position, for which 𝜃 = 0?
,I
Soln: Given p = 6.2 x 10 - 30 C m
ad
As
(a) The torque on a dipole is maximum when the angle 𝜃 between 𝑃 and 𝐸 is 900 .
an
m
za
uz
(b) The work done by an external agent (by means of a torque applied to the
ad
molecule) is equal to the change in the molecule’s potential energy due to the
As
change in orientation.
M
IU
Problem-12: An alpha particle (two protons, two neutrons) moves into a stationary gold atom (79 protons, 118
U
neutrons), passing through the electron region that surrounds the gold nucleus like a shell and headed directly
S,
toward the nucleus (Fig. below). The alpha particle slows until it momentarily stops when its center is at radial
N
distance r =9.23 fm from the nuclear center. Then it moves back along its incoming path. (Because the gold
,I
nucleus is much more massive than the alpha particle, we can assume the gold nucleus does not move.)
ad
What was the kinetic energy Ki of the alpha particle when it was initially far away (hence external to the
As
gold atom)? Assume that the only force acting between the alpha particle and the gold nucleus is the
(electrostatic) Coulomb force and treat each as a single charged particle.
an
m
Soln: Try Yourself
za
uz
Hints: Use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
Initially potential energy is ‘o’. With increasing time, Kinetic
ad
energy is transferred to potential energy.
As
M
Figure: An alpha particle, traveling head-on toward the center of a gold nucleus, comes to a momentary stop
(at which time all its kinetic energy has been transferred to electric potential energy) and then reverses its path.
IU
Problem-13: In Fig-1, 12 electrons (of charge -e) are equally spaced and fixed around a circle of radius R.
U
Imagine the radius is 13 pm. Relative to V= 0 at infinity, (a) what are the electric potential and electric field at the
center C of the circle (imagine an uniform electric field) due to these electrons? (b) The electrons are moved along
S,
the circle until they are non-uniformly spaced over a 120 degree arc (Fig-2). At C, find the electric potential and describe
N
the electric field.
,I
ad
Soln: Try Yourself
As
Hints: (a) Use Electric potential at group of point charges and
an
Electric field symmetric asymmetric distribution, and (b) Use
m
Electric field due to an arc of a circle and Electric potential for
za
group of point charges . For the second case, Electric field can be
uz Ex 
2k
sin 0
ad
r
As
Fig-1 Fig-2
Where 2θ=arc angle, θ0=half of arc angle
M
Figure-1: Twelve electrons uniformly spaced around a circle. and λ= linear charge density
 circle.
Figure-2: The electrons non-uniformly spaced along an arc of the original
Example of finding electric field from two charges lying in a plane
IU
Problem-14: We have q1  10 nC at the origin, q2  15 nC at x  4m . What is the electric field E at
U
S,
y  3m and x  0 (at point P)?
N
,I
ad
P
As
an
m
za
q1  10nC
uz q2  15 nC
ad
As
Soln: Use principle of superposition.

M
Find x and y components of electric field due to both charges and add them up.
Electric Potential: Problems E1
kq
Recall E  2
Example continued
r
 
2
E2
and k  8.99  10 Nm
9
IU
C2
Field due to q1
U
1010 Nm 2   10  10 9 C 
S,
E1   C 2
 N
 11 in the y direction
N
(3m)2 C
,I
N
E1y  11 
ad
C
E1x  0
As
q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc
Field due to q2 E2
an

1010 Nm 2
C 
m
9
2  15  10 C N
at some angle 
za
E2  6
(5m)2 C
uz Now add all components
ad
Resolving it in x and y components :
As
N 3 18 N N N
E 2y  E sin   6    3 .6 E ynet  (11  3.6)  14.6
C 5 5 C C C
M
N  4  24 N E xnet  4.8
N
E 2 x  E cos   6    4.8 C
C 5 5 C
Electric Potential: Problems Enet E y  14 .6
N Example continued
C
1
IU
Magnitude of total electric field is
U
N
E x  4.8
E E E 2 2
S,
x y C
N
,I
14.6  4.8  15.4N /C
2 2
E 
ad

As
Direction of the total electric field is q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc
an
  Ey   14.6 
m
1  tan    tan 1 
1
  107.2 or72.8 (degrees)

za
 
E x 4.8
y
uz
ad
Using unit vector notation we can
also write the electric field vector as:
As

M
  j
E  4.8i14.6 j 
i
Example of two identical charges on the x axis.
IU
U
Problem-15: (a) What is the field on the y axis at P? (b)What is the field on the y axis at P?
S,
N
kq y
,I
E Ey y
ad
r2
P
As
Ex P
5 5
an
3 3

m
x 
4 4 x
za
4 4
q2 = +15 nc q2 =+15 nc q2 = -15 nc q2 = +15 nc
uz
ad
As
E = 1010 N.m2/C2 15 X10-9 C/(5m)2 = 6 N/C

Ey
M
Ey=2*E sin 2*6*3/5 = 7.2 N/C

Ex=2*E cos 2*6*4/5 = - 9.6 N/C
Ex
IU
Problem-16: 4 equal charges symmetrically spaced along a line. What is the field at point P? (y and x = 0)
U
y
S,
Soln: Try Yourself
N
,I
ad
P
As
4 r4
r1
an

r2 2 3 r3
m
1

za
x
q1
uz
q2 q3 q4
ad
As
4 
E y  k  qi cos i / ri2 E y  k  qi cos i /ri2
M
i1 i1
82
Problem-17: What is the electric field from an infinitely long wire with linear charge density of +100
nC/m at a point 10 away from it. What do the lines of flux look like?
IU
U
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
S,
Soln:
N
,I

ad
.
As
y =10 cm 0=90 for an
2k infinitely long wire
sin 0
an
Ey  Ey
y
m
za
2 *1010 Nm 2 *100*109 C /m
Ey 
uz sin90  2 *104 N /C
ad
0.1m

As
Typical field for the electrostatic smoke remover

M

83
IU
U
Problem-18: An electron is projected perpendicularly to a downward electric field of E= 2000 N/C with
S,
a horizontal velocity v=106 m/s. How much is the electron deflected after traveling 1 cm.
N
,I
ad
As
an
•e
V
m
d
za
uz
ad E E
As
Soln: Since velocity in x direction does not change, t=d/v =10-2/106 = 10-8 sec, so the distance
M
the electron falls upward is

y =1/2at2 = 0.5*eE/m*t2 = 0.5*1.6*10-19*2*103/10 - 30*(10-8)2 = 0.016m
84
IU
Problem-19: Figure below shows the deflecting plates of an ink-jet printer, with superimposed coordinate axes. An ink
drop with a mass m of 1.3× 10−10 kg and a negative charge of magnitude Q= 1.5× 10−13 C enters the
U
region between the plates, initially moving along the x axis with speed 𝑉𝑥 =18 m/s. The length L of each
S,
plate is 1.6 cm. The plates are charged and thus produce an electric field at all points between them.
N
Assume that field 𝐸 is downward directed, is uniform, and has a magnitude of 1.4 × 106 N/C. What is the
,I
vertical deflection of the drop at the far edge of the plates? (The gravitational force on the drop is small
ad
Soln: relative to the electrostatic force acting on the drop and can be neglected)
As
The drop is negatively charged and the electric field is directed downward. A constant
an
electrostatic force of magnitude QE acts upward on the charged drop. Thus, as the
drop travels parallel to the x axis at constant speed 𝑉𝑥 , it accelerates upward with
m
za
some constant acceleration 𝑎𝑦 .
uz
Applying Newton’s second law (F=ma) for components along the y axis, we find that
ad
As
Let t represent the time required for the drop to pass through the region between
M
the plates. During t the vertical and horizontal displacements of the drop are
Figure: An ink drop of mass m and charge magnitude

Q is deflected in the electric field of an ink-jet printer.
IU
Soln: Eliminating t between these two equations and substituting the equation for 𝑎𝑦 , we find the
U
vertical deflection
S,
N
,I
ad
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
M
Problem-20: Soln: Try Yourself
IU
U
S,
N
,I
ad
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
M
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
IU
U
S,
N
,I
ad
As
an
m
za
uz
ad
As
M

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IU

Ref: google image

lower potential energy.

Ref: Ref book, wikipedia

charge would move. This is called a field line.

a computer. The principle of superposition guarantees the result.

Ref: google, Ref book

Ref: Ref book

that gives A computer-generated plot of

a positive point charge located at

Ref: Ref book

Ref: Ref book

Ref: Ref book

Ref: Ref book

and then a = q0E/m

This is called an electric dipole.

vertical alignment, sometimes it can be represented as E = 𝑞𝑑 3 where z is

Fig: Horizontal alignment (Perpendicular bisector)

  p  E. Recall that the unit of torque is

Ref: google, Ref book

Here r is the distance between P and a differential element of charge dq.

Ref: Ref book

The electric field is zero parallel to

Electric field lines (purple) and cross sections of equipotential surfaces

are closest together.

The electric field is zero parallel to an

to point f, we integrate the works done on

Ref: google, Ref book

Where the integral is simply the length d of the path.

Ref: google, Ref book

Ref: google, Ref book

motion just as in hitting a baseball, etc except the magnitudes of

Replace g by qE/m in all equations;

electric fields that works for highly symmetric situations using

# What is the field at the center

we can see that the y-component of both the fields

out. The x-component of both the fields are equal and

potential at the origin is zero, no work is required to move a charge to

this point. ΔUE = qΔV = 0 J

Hydrogen atom + N Volt

Leads to how microwave ovens heat up food

Soln: Use principle of superposition.

E = 1010 N.m2/C2 15 X10-9 C/(5m)2 = 6 N/C

Ey=2*E sin 2*6*3/5 = 7.2 N/C

Typical field for the electrostatic smoke remover

the electron falls upward is

Figure: An ink drop of mass m and charge magnitude

You might also like

Ey=2E sin 26*3/5 = 7.2 N/C