Nadeem Ahmed

SP09-MBA-003
Submitted By
Reg No.
September 30, 2010
Mr. Muhammad Raza Ullah Khan Niazi
Demographic Groups in
Pakistan
Age

Total Rural Urban

Age Group

All Area 129175948 * 86235017 * 42950931*

(100) (100) (100)
0–4 14.80 15.7 13.00
5–9 15.65 16.48 13.98
10 – 14 12.95 12.88 13.11
15 – 19 10.37 9.92 11.28
20 – 24 8.97 8.58 9.75
25 – 29 7.37 7.06 7.98
30 – 34 6.22 5.89 6.88
35 – 39 4.77 4.46 5.40
40 – 44 4.44 4.24 4.86
45 – 49 3.53 3.47 3.65
50 – 54 3.21 3.22 3.20
55 – 59 2.15 2.16 2.12
60 – 64 2.04 2.13 1.86
65 - 69 1.20 1.25 1.11
70 – 74 1.09 1.21 0.90
75 + 1.21 1.35 0.93
Gender

 Sex ratio at birth: 1.00 male(s)/female

 under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
 15–64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
 Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Family life cycle

Stage One: Single young adults leave home

Here the emotional change is from the reliance on the family to acceptance of
emotional and financial responsibility for our selves. Second-order changes (see sidebar)
include differentiation of self in relation to family of origin. This means we neither blindly
accept what our parents believe or want us to do, nor do we automatically respond
negatively to their requests. Our beliefs and behaviors are now part of our own identity,
though we will change and refine what we believe throughout our lives. Also, during this
period we develop intimate peer relationships on a deeper level than we had previously and
become financially independent.
Stage Two: The new couple joins their families through marriage or living
together
The major emotional transition during this phase is through commitment to the new
system. Second-order change involves the formation of a marital system and realignment of
relationships with extended families and friends that includes our spouses.

Stage Three: Families with young children

Emotionally we must now accept new members into the system. This isn't hard
initially because babies come to us in sweet innocent packages that open our hearts.
Unfortunately, in the middle of the night we may wonder what we've gotten ourselves into.
Nevertheless, we adjust the marital system to make space for our children, juggling child
rearing, financial and household tasks. Second-order change also occurs with the
realignment of relationships with extended family as it opens to include the parenting and
grand parenting roles.

Stage Four: Families with adolescents

Emotional transitions are hard here for the whole family because we need to
increase the flexibility of a family's boundaries to include children's independence and
grandparents' frailties. As noted above, second-order change is required in order for the
shifting of the parent-child relationship to permit adolescents to move in and out of the
system. Now there is a new focus on midlife marital and career issues and the beginning
shift toward joint caring for the older generation when both children and aging parents
demand our attention, creating what is now called the sandwich generation.

Stage Five: Launching children and moving on

This is one of the transitions that can be most emotionally difficult for parents as
they now need to accept a multitude of exits from and entries into the family system. If the
choices of the children leaving the nest are compatible with the values and expectations of
the parents, the transition can be relatively easy and enjoyable, especially if the parents
successfully navigate their second-order changes, such as renegotiation of the marital
system as a couple rather than as simply parents. Other developmental changes include
development of adult-to-adult relationships between us and our grown children, inclusion
of in-laws and grandchildren, and dealing with the disabilities and death of our own parents.
(See Letting Go of Our Adult Children: When What We Do is Never Enough for what can
happen when transitions in this stage become particularly bumpy.)

Stage Six: Families in later life

 When Erik Erikson discusses this stage, he focuses on how we as individuals either
review our lives with acceptance and a sense of accomplishment or with bitterness and
regret. A family systems approach, however, is interested in how the family as a unit
responds and sees the key emotional principle as accepting the shifting of generational
roles. Second-order changes require us to maintain our own interests and functioning as a
couple in face of physiological decline. We shift our focus onto the middle generation (the
children who are still in stage five) and support them as they launch their own children. In
this process the younger generation needs to make room for the wisdom and experience of
the elderly, supporting the older generation without over functioning for them. Other
second-order change includes dealing with the loss of our spouse, siblings, and peers and
the preparation for our own death and the end of our generation.

Occupation

Occupational Groups Pakistan Urban Rural

1. Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers 11.48 20.99 7.12

2. Professionals 1.98 3.77 1.16

3. Technicians and Associate professionals 4.88 8.41 3.27

4. Clerical workers 1.64 3.50 0.79

5. Service Workers and shop, Market Sales 5.16 9.19 3.31

6. Agricultural and Fishery Workers 34.92 4.53 48.83

7. Craft and related Trades Workers 15.88 26.44 11.04

8. Plant and Machine Operators ,Assemblers 3.75 5.51 2.94

9. Others 20.32 17.66 21.54

Education

Literacy by Specific Age-groups

Age Group 1998 Percentage

Male 25,702,575 54.81

10----14 years 5,423,268 60.87
15----19 years 4,627,527 66.98
20----24 years 3,706,742 63.74
25----and over 11,945,038 47.30
Female 13,755,642 32.02
10----14 years 949,163 47.66
15----19 years 3,007,141 46.33
20----24 years 2,138,517 37.04
25----and over 4,881,632 21.35

Literacy By Education Level

Census Year 1998
Male
Without Formal Attainment 181,424
Primary Schools 11,733,464
Middle & Secondary Schools 5,626,594
Matriculates 4,645,015
Intermediate 1,671,014
Degree 1,148,395
Higher Degree 456,185
Others 240,484
Female
Without Formal Attainment 191,382
Primary Schools 7,198,630
Middle & Secondary Schools 2,541,361
Matriculates 2,113,674
Intermediate 893,554
Degree 563,913
Higher Degree 162,752
Others 90,376
Ethnicity

Though most Pakistanis speak Indo-Iranic, Pakistan's diversity is more visible along
cultural differences and less along linguistic, religious or genetic lines. Almost all Pakistanis
belong to the Indo-Iranic ancestral group. There are many ethnic groups: Pakistan's census
and rough estimates vary, but the consensus is that the Punjabis are the largest ethnic
group. Though it is worth mentioning that Punjab province in Pakistan is extremely diverse
with many ethnic groups dwelling within Punjab as well such as Seraikis, Punjabi Pathans,
Hindkowans, Potohari etc. Furthermore, specific regions within Punjab that are highlighted
as Punjabi regions have a majority Pashtun or Pathan populations (e.g. district of Mianwali
in Punjab). Pashtuns make up the second largest and Sindhi are the third largest ethnic
group. Saraikis, (a group seen as transitional between Punjabis and Sindhis or Punjabis and
Hindkowans/Pashtuns), make up 10.53% of the population. The remaining groups that
comprise large percentages include the Muhajirs (migrants from different parts of South
Asia - Bangladesh, Burma, India etc.) at 7.57% and the Baloch people at 3.57%. The other
main ethnic groups include Hindkowans and the Brahui, and the various peoples of the
Northern Areas, who all together total roughly 4.66% of the total population, while
significant Shia Muslims of Pakistan are of Ethnic Persian descent. The Pakhtun and Baloch
represent two of the major populations that are linguistically Iranic, while the majority
Punjabis, Hindkowans, Sindhis and Saraikis are the major linguistically Indo-Aryan groups.
Note that, due to thousands of years of shared history, migrations and conquests many
Punjabi, Hindkowans and Seraikis, though linguistically Indo-Aryan, are racially and
ethnically of (recent) Persian, Turk or Afghan descent. Present Prime Minister of Pakistan,
Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani is one such example who hails from southern Punjab's Saraiki belt,
but whose family is originally from Gilan in Iran.

The Muhajir population is a multi-ethnical group principally of Indian origin but also
is believed to have mixed blood lines of people from the rest of South Asia who claim
Afghan, Persian, Turk, Mongol, and Arab admixture such as the Rohilla Pashtun. People of
Black African descent are known in Pakistan as Sheedis.

Approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan, though the exact
number can be higher. Nearly half of this population actually was born and grew up in
Pakistan during the last 30 years, so they have never seen Afghanistan. They are not
counted in the national census, even the ones born in Pakistan, because they are still
considered citizens of Afghanistan. In addition, there are some pockets of other
refugees/migrants including but not limited to Iraqis, Iranians, Tajikistanis, Somalis,
Burmese, and possibly others who can be found living in the major cities of Pakistan.

All major ethnic groups in Pakistan, while categorized as separate entities, have
thousands of years of shared history and inter-mingling. Thus, as can be expected, the
genetic (as well as cultural and linguistic) differences between ethnic groups in Pakistan and
those of its neighbors (Iran, Afghanistan, North-Western India etc.) are insignificant. In
particular, inter-marriages between ethnic groups within Pakistan are becoming quite
common today. The rate of intermarriage between peoples claiming Sindhi, Punjabi, Arabic
or Pashtun origin has reached its peaks in this and the previous century.
Religion

According to the CIA World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University and
others, about 95-97% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 3-5% is
Christian, Hindu and others. Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni Islam while the Shia
Pakistanis make up 5-20%.

The Muslims belong to different Islamic law schools which are called Madhahib
(singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of thought)
in Urdu). Sunnis accept all four of their schools and can pray in each others' mosques
without any problems. The Sunni Hanafi school includes the Barelvis, Deobandis, and others.
These Islamic law schools are not to be confused with sects or divisions. The majority of
Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver branch, while there are some who practice
Ismailism, which insludes Agha Khanis, Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani and others.
Although the Twelvers (Ithnā‘ashariyyah) have their own special mosques, they encourage
their members to pray in all mosques regardless of the associated madhab. While the
Ismailis pray in Jama'at Khanas. The Ahmadiyya sect also has a sizeable minority of about 4
million adherents.

There are small non-Muslim religious groups: Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists,
Sikhs, Parsis, Bahá'ís, Zoroastrians (Parsis) and others 3-5%.

 Islam
o Sunni Muslims: 80-95%
o Shia Muslims: 5-20%
o Ahmadi Muslims: approximately 2.3% or 4 million

 Other religions
o Christians: approx. 1.6% or 2,800,000 people
o Hindus: approx. 1.6% or 2,443,614 people
o Bahá'ís: 79,000
o Sikhs: 20,000
o Zoroastrian/Parsis: 20,000
o Buddhist: Unknown
o Jews: Unknown
Social class

Upper social class Middle social class Working social class

Upper social class

The upper social class which generally have high level of income and belong to be most high paying
profession and they live in most cleanest place of the country and money will be no problem for
them and their size is 2% of the total society and approximately 3.7 million they have 60% to 65% of
money of the country.

They are actually

I. High status leadership

II. Big business man
III. Top management of the company

Middle Social Class

The USC and MSC education are met different like USC study in foreign country like oxford university
and MSC are study in local university of their country but income size will found more different their
houses are different their house are not huge and not think for a huge house of defense and think a
house of Gulshan-e-iqbal their population is 28% out of the total population their population is 53 to
54 million of the total population

They are actually

I. They are small to medium size business man.

II. Middle management
III. Low ranking govt officer

And the big difference in USC and MSC is house concentration they focus more to their house but
USC not so much home focus they are less and MSC lot home focus.

Working Social Class

The WSC are not much more educated they are not in very accurative profession their income is low
and they build one two room poorly houses, electricity not available water etc.Their size is 70% out
total population of Pakistan.

They are actually

I. They are very small size shop owner. Skill, semi skill & unskilled
II. Low grade govt staff ( peons, driver)
III. Poor former
IV. Political worker