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Lung Scintigraphy in Various Lung Pathologies
Lung Scintigraphy in Various Lung Pathologies
Lung Pathologies
NMT631
The Lung
• Capillary endothelium and basement membrane Alveolar Septa
• Pulmonary interstitium (fine elastic fibers, small Ultrastructure
collagen bundles, few fibroblast-like & smooth
muscle cells, mast cells, and rare mononuclear
cells)
• Alveolar epithelium
– type I pneumocytes (continuous layer of flattened,
platelike covering 95% of the alveolar surface, and
– type II pneumocytes (rounded, synthesize pulmonary
surfactant, repair of alveolar epithelium)
• Pores of Kohn –passage of air, bacteria, and
exudates
• Alveolar macrophages (phagocytoses carbon, dust
particles)
N
O C
R
M X
A
L
R
• exposure? costophrenic angles?
Infiltrates? bronchi? hilar vasculature?
• Degenerative
Lung Pathologies •
•
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
+ Pleura
As V/Q scintigraphy suggested the patient’s gaseous exchange was maintained by a single lobe, which notably
increased operative risk, the right-sided pneumonectomy was excluded from possible treatment options.
• Idiopathic
• Repeated cycles of
epithelial activation/injury
• Honeycomb fibrosis (Usual 53 year old with long standing history of pulmonary fibrosis
Interstitial Pneumonia) is evaluated for lung transplantation. VQ scan shows absent
perfusion with preserved ventilation (V-P mismatches)
http://gamma.wustl.edu/vq038te167.html
CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL (RESTRICTIVE, INFILTRATIVE) LUNG DISEASES
Fibrosing Diseases
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
NSIP vs. UIP
• “Trashcan diagnosis”, of any
pneumonia (pneumonitis) of
any known or unknown
etiology – better prognosis
than UIP
• Fibrosis – diffuse (ground
glass)
• Cellular infiltrate (lymphs &
plasma cells)
Parenchymal honeycombing
(UIP) on CT (A) with associated
intense 18F-FDG uptake (B)
typical of usual interstitial
pneumonitis.
• Idiopathic
• “Bronchiolitis Obliterans O.P.”
(BOOP)
• Patchy airspace consolidation
(Masson bodies - polypoid
plugs of alveolar
ducts/alveoli/bronchioles)
• Spontaneous recovery/ long
term steroids http://gamma.wustl.edu/pt115te162.html
CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL (RESTRICTIVE, INFILTRATIVE) LUNG DISEASES
Pneumoconiosis
• Occupational
• Dust/ Chemicals/ Organic
materials
– Coal (anthracosis)
– Silica
– Asbestos
– Be, FeO, BaSO4, CHEMO
– Hay, flax, Bagasse,
insecticides, etc. Computed tomography (CT) images of small multiple pneumoconiotic
• Alveolar macrophage nodules (a-1) and large pneumoconiotic nodules (b-1). The degree of
the accumulation of 11C methionine (MET: a-2, b-2; right) was size
mediated injury/fibrosis dependent as well as that of fl uoro-deoxy-Dglucose (FDG: a-2, b-2;
left)
Ann Nucl Med (2007) 21:331–337
CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL (RESTRICTIVE, INFILTRATIVE) LUNG DISEASES
FDG PET findings in a case with acute pulmonary silicosis. FDG PET scan
demonstrates a peripherally diffuse uptake in both the lungs, especially in both
apical and posterior regions indicating active inflammation. Besides, faint FDG
uptake is also noted in mediastinal lymph nodes.
Asbestosis and
Asbestos-Related Diseases
granulomas
(idiopathic)
• Immune, genetic
factors
• F>>M 99mTc-Infliximab scintigraphy of a sarcoidosis patient
• B>>W acquired at 6 h (anterior and posterior views showing a
moderate and diffuse uptake in the lung parenchyma.
• Young adult
African American
women
Granulomatous Disease
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia
• infiltration
• alveolar IL-5 activation of
eosinophils
• Unclear etiology Simple pulmonary eosinophilia in a 52-year-old
• Drugs/toxins/helminths/fungi/id healthy man who underwent voluntary cancer
iopathic screening. A. Transverse CT scan obtained with
the lung window setting shows a semisolid
• Simple pulmonary eosinophilia nodule in the left lower lobe (arrow). B. The
(Loeffler syndrome), coronal FDG PET scan shows the increased
characterized by transient uptake in the nodule with an SUV of 4.5
pulmonary lesions and (arrow).
thickened alveolar septa with Kor J Radiol. 2005 Oct-Dec;6(4):208-213
eosinophil infiltrate
Granulomatous Disease
Smoking-Related Interstitial Diseases
• DIP (Desquamative
Interstitial Pneumonia)
• “Smokers macrophages”
accumulation within
airspaces
• Inflammation, septal
thickening, possible fibrosis
• Resolution with
steroids/smoking cessation
• M>>F
PET findings in smoker’s nodular Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH).
• Cigarettes Chest CT images on the left upper and lower panels show multiple lung nodules in a
smoker with surgical lung biopsy-proven PLCH. The corresponding PET images on the
right upper and lower panels show PET characteristics of the multiple pulmonary
• 100% Survival nodules. The larger pulmonary nodules (arrowhead) demonstrated intense PET uptake,
while other nodules (arrow) are PET-negative (Standardized Uptake Value < 2.5)
Vascular Origin Diseases
Pulmonary Embolism,
Hemorrhage, and Infarction
• Usually secondary to debilitated
states with immobilization, or
following surgery
• Usually deep leg and deep pelvic
veins (DVT), NOT superficial
veins
• Follows Virchow’s triad, i.e., 1)
flow problems, 2) endothelial
disruption, 3) hypercoagulabilty
• Usually do NOT infarct, usually
ventilate
• When they DO infarct, the infarct
is hemorrhagic
• Decreased PO2, acute chest
pain, V/Q MIS-match
• DX: Chest CT, V/Q scan,
angiogram
• RX: short term heparin, then
long term coumadin
Vascular Origin Diseases
Pulmonary Hypertension
NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
LUNG ABSCESS
• Etiology and Pathogenesis.
CHRONIC PNEUMONIA
• Histoplasmosis, Morphology
• Blastomycosis, Morphology
• Coccidioidomycosis, Morphology
Aspiration Pneumonia
• Unconsicous Pts
• Patients in prolonged bed rest
• Aspiration of gastric contents
• Lack of ability to swallow or gag
• Posterior lobes (gravity dependent) most commonly involved (esp. sup
segments of LL) Am J Radiol 2013; 200:437–441
• Aspiration
• Septic embolization
• Neoplasm
• From neighbouring
structures:
– esophagus
– spine
– pleura
– diaphragm
• Any pneumonia which is
severe and destructive,
and untreated enough
Practical Nuclear Medicine, edited by Peter F. Sharp, et.al.
PULMONARY INFECTIONS
Tuberculosis
• 20 tuberculosis important
consideration in HIV-positives
w/ pulmonary disease
• Caeseous granuloma
• Pleural effusions, tuberculous
empyema, or obliterative
fibrous pleuritis
This patient had "persistent pneumonia“. The Xe-133 images were Coronal (left) and transaxial (right) 18F-FDG
normal with perfusion images showing absence of perfusion to the
right lung consistent with Fibrosing mediastinitis post histoplasmosis PET demonstrating the primary laryngeal
occluding central vessels. tumor and the focus of blastomycosis .
Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host
med.harvard.edu/JPNM/TF93_94
• Immunosuppression post
disease, for organ
transplantation and antitumor
therapy, or by irradiation
• Pulmonary infiltrate and signs
of infection (e.g., fever)
Front. Microbiol., May 2016
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
• P. jiroveci – fungus (formerly P. carinii - protozoan)
Several cases of pulmonary
• 100% of population seropositive (latent, reactivation in infection diagnosed using
immunocomprimised) nuclear imaging have been
reported, even when the
• Confined to lung, interstitial pneumonitis anatomical imaging appeared
normal.
• Fever, dry cough, and dyspnea
• Bilateral perihilar and basilar infiltrates
Clin Nucl Med 2015;40: 679–681
C
FDG PET (A) was performed 7 days after chest CT, and a second CT (B) was obtained after
FDG PET (A). FDG PET demonstrated pathologic uptake through the bilateral lung fields as
opposed to the pleura. Pneumocystis jirovecii was amplified by PCR from her sputum and
was diagnosed with PCP. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was administered for 3 weeks.
Posttreatment FDG-PET revealed complete disappearance of the abnormal uptake (C).
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
• Candida albicans
• Normal microbiota
• In immunecompromised:
– systemic candidiasis
– associated pneumonia (a) Increased uptake of 18F-FDG in
multiple foci in both lungs in patient
– bilateral nodular positive for C. albicans (b) Normal 18F-
FDG PET after three months.
infiltrates Clin Microbiol Infect. , Vol 11; 6, 2005, 493–495
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
Cryptococcosis
• C. neoformans
• Opportunistic
• inhalation from the
soil or from bird
droppings
• Lung localization/
dissemenation Cryptococcosis associated mediastinal
lymphadenitis was found. PET/CT showed one
(mainly CNS) pulmonary nodule at the left upper lobe, with
hilar lymph node involvement
Acta Radiol. 2009 May;50(4):374-8.
Opportunistic Fungal Infections
Mucormycosis and Invasive aspergillosis
Am J Radiol :203, July 2014
• Uncommon
• Invasive pulmonary
disease may be:
– localized (e.g.,
cavitary lesions)
– diffuse “miliary”
involvement
• Non-invasive
Aspergilloma (“fungus
ball”) formation A 34-year-old woman who presented with long-standing fever and dry
cough. FDG PET/CT was done to localize cause. A, Whole-body
(colonization of maximum-intensity-projection PET did not reveal any definite
preexisting pulmonary hypermetabolic focus. B, Axial PET/CT shows soft-tissue-density solitary
cavities (e.g., lung pulmonary nodule (thick arrow) in right lung with perinodular opacity
cysts, posttuberculosis (thin arrow), so called “halo sign,” without significant FDG uptake in
nodule (maximum standardized uptake value, 1.1). Diagnosis of
cavitary lesions) infective cause was made on PET/CT. Biopsy from nodule revealed
diagnosis of noninvasive aspergillosis.
Pulmonary Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
• Leading contributor of morbidity and mortality
• Dx & Tx challenging
• Pulmonary infiltrates from infectious/non-infectious causes
• “opportunistic” infections
• Bacterial pneumonias
Semin Nucl Med. 2013 Sep;43(5):349-66
FDG-PET/CT performed on a HIV positive patient before (A) and after therapy (B). The pathologic uptake in the left lung and
mediastinum before therapy almost completely disappeared after therapy. This case highlights metabolic response may indicate clinical
response and guide duration of antimicrobial therapy.
LUNG TUMORS
Carcinoma
AP portable CXR
• Benign, malignant, epithelial,
mesenchymal, but 90% are
Carcinomas
• Biggest USA killer (prevalence not
as high as prostate or breast but Tc-99m DTPA aeraol ventilation scan
mortality higher; only 15% 5 year
survival)
• Tobacco (polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, such as
benzopyrene, anthracenes,
radioactive isotopes)
• Radiation, asbestos, radon Perfusion scan
• Air – Pneumothorax
• Blood – Hemothorax
• Infection – Empyema
• Chyle – Chylothorax
• Tumor – “tumor-
thorax” or tumor
tamponade
• Fluid - Pleurothorax
PLEURAL LESIONS
Malignant Mesothelioma
• “Benign” vs.
“Malignant”
differentiation does
not matter, but a self
limited localized
nodule can be
regarded as benign,
and a spreading tumor
can be regarded as
malignant Fig. 2A —Categories T3 and T4 Fig. 2C —Categories T3
and T4 malignant pleural
• Visceral or parietal malignant pleural mesothelioma. mesothelioma.
pleura, pericardium, or A, Fused PET/CT (A) and CT (B) C, Coronal fused PET/CT
(C) and CT (D) images in
peritoneum images in 62-year-old man show
category T3 malignant pleural
67-year-old man show
category T4 malignant
• Most are regarded as mesothelioma and single focus of
chest wall invasion (arrow).
pleural mesothelioma
with multifocal chest
asbestos caused or Categories T3 and T4 malignant
wall invasion (arrows).
Images also show
asbestos “related” pleural mesothelioma metastatic disease
(arrowheads, C).
LESIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
• strong
epidemiologic
links to EBV
• incidence
among Chinese
(?viral + genetic)
30-year-old man for evaluation of recently
diagnosed nasopharyngeal mass. Hypermetabolic
left parapharyngeal mass with metastatic foci in
cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes and within
numerous lung nodules consistent with primary
nasopharyngeal malignancy with local and distant
metastases. AJR, August 2014, Volume 203, Number 2
LESIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Laryngeal Tumors
• Main feature – hoarseness
• Non-malignant – voval chord nodules (polyps)(contact trauma/ “singers
nodes”)
• Benign - Laryngeal papilloma
• Malignant – Laryngeal carcinoma (> 40y, M>>F, smokers)
J Nucl Med. 2004 Feb;45(2):226-31
Coronal 18F-FDG PET (A) and 18F-FLT PET (B) images of patient diagnosed with primary
laryngeal cancer. With both imaging modalities, uptake of the tracer in the laryngeal region
can be observed. Maximum 18F-FDG SUV was 3.2, and maximum 18F-FLT SUV was 1.2.
Physiologic 18F-FDG uptake can be seen in the muscles of the neck, and physiologic 18F-FLT
uptake can be seen in the bone marrow of the ribs and sternum.