Student: Rodrigo Tavarez

Matriculation: 2017-0392
Objectives:

The strength students` capability of understanding of electronic voltmeters, their

principles and basic parameters.

Theory:

 Operational amplifiers:

Are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and are
therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations
such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.

An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device

designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between
its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or
“operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving
rise to its name of “Operational Amplifier”.

An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high

impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive or
“plus” sign ( + ).A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both
sink and source either a voltage or a current.

 Electronic Voltmeter:

The voltmeter which uses the amplifier for increases their sensitivity is known as the electronic
voltmeter. It is used for measuring the voltages of both the AC and DC devices. The electronic
voltmeter gives the accurate reading because of high input resistance. The electronic voltmeter
has high input impedance because of which it detects the signals of very weak strength.

A digital voltmeter (DVM) measures an unknown input voltage by converting the voltage to a
digital value and then displays the voltage in numeric form. DVMs are usually designed around a
special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating converter. DVM measurement
accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature, input impedance, and DVM power
supply voltage variations. Less expensive DVMs often have input resistance on the order of 10
MΩ. Precision DVMs can have input resistances of 1 GΩ or higher for the lower voltage ranges
 Student: Rodrigo Tavarez

Matriculation: 2017-0392
(e.g. less than 20 V). To ensure that a DVM's accuracy is within the manufacturer's specified
tolerances.

 Relation between voltage and frequency:

Voltage is an electrical quantity designating the potential difference between two points, frequency is
the quantity designating the number of direction changes of a wavy quantity (like the number of zero
crossings of an AC current, or the number bukles of an ocean wave, etc.).In electricity there can be
numerous relationships between the frequency of a voltage or a current and the AC frequency.

The most common ones we encounter in linear systems, between reactances (X), frequency (f), currents
(I) and voltages (U). In those systems we can say:

Reactive voltage component of at an Impedance Ur = I •X:

X being X = L • 2π•f , L being inductance;

or X = - 1 / (C • 2π•f), C being capacitance.

On most motors voltage is proportional to the rotation frequency of the motor, and it is often
proportional or approx. proportional to the AC frequency (synchronous motors, induction motors, ..).

Most important formulas:

Vop Vevm−Vdvm Vevm−V 0 MS

V0RMS= √ 2 ᵝr = 4 * 100 ᵝ= V 0 RMS * 100

VEVM=∮(lg∗f )

Results
 Student: Rodrigo Tavarez

Matriculation: 2017-0392
Figure 25.3

Table 25.2
VDVM V 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
VEVM V 0.15 0.51 1.02 1.56 2.02 2.56 3.1
ᵝr % 0,25 0 0,25 0,5 0,5 2,25 2,25

Fig 25.4
 Student: Rodrigo Tavarez

Matriculation: 2017-0392

VDVM V 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

VEVM V 0.15 0.51 1.02 1.5 2.02 2.56 3.1
ᵝr %

f Hz 10 20 30 50 100 1k 20k 40k 50k 60k

Vop V Fixed 3V peak constant
V0rms V Vp
VRMS= =2.13 v ¿ constant
√2
VEVM V 2.12 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.19 1 0.45 0.2 0.15 0.12
ᵝ %