By:

LTp Block
Group 16-18
Swati Bathla
VMC
 HYDRIDES
B. Pt 2 Vanderwal Forces
⑧

| In )
Boiling Point
Group 14 ( Hy L si Hy L Ge Hy L Sn H u

Group 15 "'

Group 16
Group 17
::÷¥÷÷:÷÷÷:*:
=
Thermal Stability
As down
-

move
we a
group ,

T S
✓
-

decreases
-

|/":÷÷÷÷a::m/
Bond Angle
T Perfect Tetrahedral
Group 14 ( Hu = Silly =
Getty = Sn Hy
Group 15
Group 16

Reducing Charachter MHz PHS Astiz Sb Hz Biltz

-
Reducing charachter

#
 Oxygen
Oxides d-

µ,q→①←yy÷
→ NANO at Oz
NAN Oz
KC 103

§ fb #
Aqzo

↳ R2 Crout Crzoz -102

Kzmnoz, t Mn 02+02
 Oxides

Oxides Peroxides Superoxides Suboxides Sesquioxides

÷÷ ÷
expected
. :
 Oxides

V
# V V V

Acidic Basic Neutral Amphoteric

Oxides Oxides Oxides Oxides
t t t t

i÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷
Form acidic Form Have reacts with
Sol
'
in water Basic Sol
"
no acidic both acid and

MGO H2O ,
NO ZnO
CO
 imp
t Ozone

Triatomic O
" ↳O
Allotrope of oxygen o
-

formed from dioxygen

-

action and
by of
the UV

also atmospheric electric discharges .

soz÷iao,
DH = + ve

=
 Ozone

'
①
→
Koz
÷:c
KOH
:÷÷÷÷:ngz
-3
z
-
↳ sticks to

Iz
T glass

[ Felon) , ]
'

H2S
Pbsoy
v

H2S
y
Allotropes of Sulphur
ima
 Hydrogen Sulphide
Qualitative Analysis
( Pbs
,
cus
,
Cds ,
. .

)
. ( 2ns
-
Mns cos , Nis
,

Ux

tH③y
"
Fe
Fes + s

IT
"

④
*
Cl
z

.
2 Natl S Mnzt s
g-
v +

I
Is
cits

Naz 's
 Test for sulphide
Sodium Nitro prusside Test

Naz 's t Naz [ Fe ( CN) -5140 ]

-1 x

Alkaline
Nay CFECCNISNOS ]
=

Purple
2HtI+s2
-

H2S F-
Colouration
of
-
 Oxides of Sulphur
CU

Jone
-

42504
2ns f-
027,
Rnq 2
-

Zno
-1502
#
-2ns
⑦ cast
"
3
Ee

-
.

soi + ee
+
502C Iz

1¥
ROO MP
M
Has ou

↳
-

TE 142520 ,

503 Oleum
53090
 (MP
t
Sodium thiosulphate

Na0H 5032
-

+ Ht → 502

1 52032
-

t Ht -3502+5
Antichlor ,

Mattson t

NaCl
Maasai SO z t s

21¥ f
. "
Naasuo , +

tits White ppt

NAI
Ag 25203 =

fences
+p

Nag[ Ag ( 520372 ]
=
 Oxyacids of S
Pc our

rep, ace one

-
O with s
Lic -
H2O

& H2S y
-
H2O

-
-
1125£07
-

!
→
↳
Ma II ,
2422 -

-
co]

£
H2S 202
2 us - HIT
I 2 H2S H 20 = H2S 205
z
-
no
It
,
-
s -
s -

Ff -
on
TetI% ← 425406

TO
s
- s

s+⑤
①
'm

if o s -

of s > Max

S -
o -
o -
S

② if scmaxm
o s
of
-

S S -

If + of ③ if o s -

of 5- Main
S -
O -
s

↳
a¥
H2S 2 -12N -
16=0
5
=
 Sulphuric Acid

02 H2S Oy
St Oz → SO z → SO 3 → H2S 207
V 205

Contact Process 1h20

H2②
CGH 6
-

( 614550311 f- -7 Hz Sao ,

Oleum

" 502C 's

costs
⑨ Acid Base Cafe
HE
'

② OA
- Baz f- SO z
Cabra
③
dehydrating → Ht t Caso
Cafzt Conc Hzsoy
.
,
f
BM 2 HBR
I
CABG z t cone -

Hzsoy → Belz + 502 + H2O

d-
P - Block
Group 17
HALOC.IE#
 Physical Properties

→ Size Increases down the

group

→ IE decreases down the

group
→ EA Cl 7 F > BM > I

→ EN F > Cl 7 Br > I
qq.es#tse- F- F

Cl -
Cl

Bond ( xD
→
overlapping tsze
→
Energy ↳
Bee

'
-

I
Bee

Inter Electronic Repulsion

-

= T
Cla 7 Baz 7 Fs > Iz ,
stability I
 →
Oxidising tower
F- z 7 Cl z
7 Bra > Iz

DH
-
Xz (s)
→
Xiong , DH-
+ ve
=
fishy q SH
n E
7-
-
ve

Xzce '
fig ,

!
Be

#
'D
B DH
+ ve rap "

Ion
"
" "
→ ×
g. * because
of less
DHBDE
{ ⇐
B^D E-

High HE
*

*
Reactivity
=
> Cla > Bra > 12
 Colour
Fa ; Yellowish -

Green
Cl Gee een LUMO
z :
p't
1392 : Brown r

Ia : violet " Omo

Reasonbehind.PH# 17¥
" 2 "

because of Homo-
Lumo
"
trans al
't 't
Ti → g r
 Reactions of Halogens

'
Hz H X

¥
XX n

MX

#
21

go 242 S
T
z

⑥
Tg
# P COX z

PX3/p×s
Reaction with Water

wtf

"
÷÷±÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ Tspoutand -
 Imp
Reaction with Alkali v.
=
v.

Fat dil NaOH -

Maf t of - + H2O

f- z t cone .

NaOH -
Naf t 02 t H2O

Clzt H2O -7 HCITHOCI

Cl z t dit NaOH - NaCl t Nao Cl

→

Cl z
t conc .
NaOH → Nacl 1- Nac 103
 Preparation of HX

① Non metallic halides

BCI 3 t H2O - H3B03 t 3 HCl

② Halide t Hzsoy →

Catz t Hzsoy → HF t Caso y

Cacia t conc -

Hzsou → HCl t Caso y

Cabra t conc .

Hzsoy
- HB
y
Ca Is + cone .
Hzsou ¥3 Bust S z

↳Oy 1-3 22 + Sos

Caz @ Oy ) z -1 HI
 Oxides
'

fluorides
'

→ of O

F Ofz ,
Ozfz

+ a tie 46 46 t 't

Cl Cl 20 CIO z
CIO 3 Cl 206 C
1207
, g , ,

-
dimer

Br Bro ,
Broz ,
Bros

T 1205 Solid
-
, Iuog -_

( stability
used
:

in
I >

estimation
Cl > Bee

of co
 ° °
O o

10 - + a
Cl Cl
( 120 + H2O → HOCI
+ I

°
a

'
of y
O
Paramagnetic
C 102 t H2O → Hclozt HCIO,
+ + 5
-14 3

•
+6 +5 f- 7
C '

¢ y
O
C
103 + H2O → HCIOZTHCIOY
O H
o
Paramagnetic
 • O

H t
⇐
Cl -

Cleo Choo t H2O →

11 11
°
O Hcloztttcloy

o o
+ 7
11 11 Choy t H2O →
Hcloy
← Cl -

O -

4=0
11 11
°
O
 cc : Di t TET

Interhalogen Compounds

÷÷÷i"÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷:÷÷
"

④Tx
Tag
Du
 These compounds be
liquids
•

or solids
may gases ,

.
more Polar is the A -

B Bond more is
,

the
stability of Interhalogen
Interhalogen Compounds are reactive
-

more

than
Fz
parent halogen but less reactive than

Boiling
•
The Point increases with Increase
in
Electronegativity difference between A and B
tydrdysisoftnterhaogensi
£
Cl t HF

£1 Fz H z t HF
-
-13

IFT 1¥ + HE

Br FS H Broz t HF
-
-
 Pseudohalides

↳ atleast one
'
N
'

I
mimic
halogens
They are not
halogens but behave like
halogens .

;
-
-

SCN CN Nz X
-

Halide
Pseudo halide

( son ) Is ( N 3) Xz
, , ,
z
Halogen
①
"
Aqsa d,
-

Aq
son -
t Ppt
-

t
Nz
Agt → 's
ppt

Agt Aqxd
-

x x -
,

② ci-fznciyjzns.tt
't
form
Zn
It
complex f)
Zn( son
)q
-

Son →

③
Lt
)z
-

Cu H en - Cee Con

1- Wcw ( )z
word
+ on

% Cuz -1 g- I
-

→ Getz →
Cllzlztlz
 Oxyacids

acid Ho Cl
HOX
hypo halons
-

acid
hypo chlorous
-

•
0
Of

HX Oz Cl
"
"
OH
HCl 02 : chlorous acid O

chloric
•

Hxoz : acid c,
" TO
o 1
OH
'

Hxoy per chloric acid

-

:
°
get -
on
H
O
 HCl HCl 03
to z
HCIOY

e↳→q
-

oxidising :

d,
stable Most stable
Thermal stability :
I =

€
Acidic character :
I Resonance
Acidic

-110cL → HCl t ( OT
↳ oxidising agent
Bg

NaOH t Clz → NaCl Nac

+
103

Calcote ) , t Clz → Ca ( Oct) , t Caclz

× -
-

¥ t⑤ ↳
amphoteric
Ck t NaOH
+Ns
Naga
→

x
d

ll ×
Clog
-

Cl
" to Aqcl
-

o
=

B. O =

It I
3

⇐
l l -

⑧ Sao .
- -

⑧ ""

I :-#

÷÷.o÷.io .
P - Block
Group 18
 Xenon fluorides

Xe t Fz → Xefz
excess

Xe t Fa → Xefy
1 : 5

Xe t Fa → Xefo
1 : 20
 no TG
+2 →
Hydrolysis of
- -
-
Xefn

Xefz t H2O → Xe t HF t Oz

Redon
-_
Hydrolysis
Xe Fu t H2O - Xe t HF t 02 + Xe 03

Red Hydrolysis
 O O

Xe

o
"
110=0
XEFG + H2O → Xeoz t HF

\
x

v
/ Hao

H2O
Xeofu → Xeozfz

I
€
F
°
F o

rf "
Coxe
' "
fl F l o

F
 Xe t Fa

f , uorinatng
f
excess

agent
,sXeF#>
y
Xe t HF t Cl z

[ Xe
t
F) C PF ,]
-
¥y Xe t H F

Mt Cx ee -5 XSb He FzICsb
Fist
,

Nat J
Nat
-

F
Xe
=
↳ es
pXeFz
-
xefy

↳ thee ,
Hydrides
Uses
=

' ÷÷

I
(
gases)
Noble

¥
:÷÷÷ Oxyacid structures
=

.
Nz Oz
,
=