CHE–C6: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II: Halogenated Hydrocarbons

& Functional Groups

Unit-III: Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones

Unit-IV Carboxylic Acids & their Derivatives & Sulphur containing compounds

Reference Books:
• Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
• Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education).
• Graham Solomons, T.W. Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• McMurry, J.E. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Cengage Learning India
Edition, 2013.
Occurrence of Aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones are widespread in nature, often combined with other functional
groups.
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 Some Examples of Industrial usage of Aldehydes and Ketones

• Formaldehyde is used to make Bakelite®, phenol–formaldehyde resins,

urea–formaldehyde glues, and other polymeric products.
• Aqueous solution of formaldehyde, i.e., formalin solution is used to
preserve biological specimens.
• Acetaldehyde is used as a starting material in the manufacture of acetic
acid, polymers, and drugs.
• Acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (butan-2-one) are common industrial
solvents.
Common Classes of Carbonyl Compounds
IUPAC Names:
• Systematic names for aldehydes are derived by replacing the final -e of the alkane name
with -al. If the aldehyde group is a substituent of a large unit (usually a ring), the suffix
carbaldehyde is used.
• Systematic names of ketones are derived by replacing the final -e in the alkane name
with -one. In cyclic ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is assigned the number 1.
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES– STRUCTURE AND BONDING

• The carbon is sp2 hybridised and three sigma (s) bonds are planar
• The unhybridised 2p orbital of carbon is at 90° to these
• It overlaps with a 2p orbital of oxygen to form a pi (p) bond
• As oxygen is more electronegative than carbon the bond is polar

The polarization of the carbonyl group contributes to the reactivity of ketones

and aldehydes:
• The positively polarized carbon atom acts as an electrophile (Lewis acid)
• The negatively polarized oxygen acts as a nucleophile (Lewis base)
 The double bond of the carbonyl group has a large dipole moment

Comparison of double bond of C=O of carbonyl compounds and C=C of alkenes