I: UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

 ANTHONY (1963):
 Approach reflects a certain model or research paradigm/theory.
 Methods are set of procedures that are more specific than approach but less specific than
a technique.
 Techniques are classroom devices or activities used for the students.
 STEVENS (1977): No method fits all.
 PRABHU (1990): No method is superior than other or that there will ever be prefect method.
 BEST way to teach GRAMMAR: FORM, MEANING, USE
 LINGUISTIC THEORY
 Descriptive Adequacy – to characterize what human languages are like.
 Explanatory Adequacy – to explain why they are that way.
 UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR – Noam Chomsky claims that all languages have a common
underlying system and all human beings inherit a universal set of principles that provide
SLLs to acquire L2 as they acquire their native language with the help of an acquisition
device that is UG.
 We can not apply the same structure to all languages although the principles are the
same. The reason of it is that languages not only have PRINCIPLES but also
PARAMETERS.
 Parameters decide and limit the way in which they can be done.
 The core of human language is lexicon: Lexıcal and Functional
 PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
 Structure Dependency : Language is organized in such a way that it crucially depends on
the structural relationships between elements in a sentence.
 Words are regrouped into higher-level structures which are based on a hierarchical
structure.
 Islands constraints are such principles that specify universal restrictions. They refer to
a syntanchic island whose elements can get off just as a person who can not get off an
island without extra help of a bridge or a boat. There is always a pattern followed in the
structure.
 PARAMETERS - Languages can differ as to which functional categories are realized in the
grammar.


METHOD SIMILIRATIES DIFFERENCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ACTIVITIES