PB1 Structural Solution Key PDF

MEGAREVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER
PRE-BOARD EXAMINATION 1
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SOLUTION KEY
1. Determine the minimum… Solve the reaction at B by taking ∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0:

A. 0.268
1 6
−12(8) + 𝑅𝐵 (6) − (8)(6) ( ) = 0
2 3
SOLUTION:
𝑅𝐵 = 24𝑘𝑁
Express y in terms of x using ratio and proportion:
M A = 0
𝑦 𝑥−2
N B ( 0.03sin 30 ) −  s N B ( 0.03 + 0.03cos 30 ) = 0 8
=
6
 s = 0.2679 = 0.268 8
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)
6
Fx = 0
FA sin 30 + N A sin 60 − N B = 0 → Eq.1 Determine the slope and deflection equations:
1 𝑥−2
Fy = 0 𝑀 = −12𝑥 + 24(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑦)(𝑥 − 2) (
2 3
)
− FA cos 30 + N A cos 60 − 0.2679 N B = 0 → Eq.2

𝑀 = −12𝑥 + 24(𝑥 − 2)
1 8 𝑥−2
Solving simultaneous equations, − ( (𝑥 − 2)) (𝑥 − 2) ( )
2 6 3
FA = 0.2679 N B ; N A = NB 2
𝑀 = −12𝑥 + 24(𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 − 2)3
9
Solving for the value of the static coefficient at A
FA 0.2679 N B 12𝑥 2 24(𝑥 − 2)2 2 (𝑥 − 2)4
s = = = 0.268 𝜃=− + − ( ) + 𝐶1
NA NB 2 2 9 4
12𝑥 3 24(𝑥 − 2)3 2 (𝑥 − 2)5

𝛿=− + − ( ) + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
SITUATION. 6 6 9 20
For the beam …
Solve the constants using the boundary conditions:
2. Determine the deflection…
B. 60.8 kNm3/EI When x = 2, 𝛿 = 0
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION KEY
12(2)3 24(2 − 2)3 2 (2 − 2)5 12(5.982)3 24(5.982 − 2)3

0=− + − ( ) + 𝐶1 (2) 𝛿=− +
6 6 9 20 6 6
+ 𝐶2 2 (5.982 − 2)5
− ( ) + 38.4(5.982)
9 20
2𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 16 → 𝐸𝑞. 1 − 60.8
When x = 8, 𝛿 = 0 𝛿𝑥=5.982 = 17.78𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼
12(8)3 24(8 − 2)3 2 (8 − 2)5 12(2.734)3 24(2.734 − 2)3

0=− + − ( ) + 𝐶1 (8) 𝛿=− +
6 6 9 20 6 6
+ 𝐶2 2 (2.734 − 2)5
− ( ) + 38.4(2.734)
9 20
8𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 246.4 → 𝐸𝑞. 2 − 60.8
Using 2 equations, 2 unknowns: 𝛿𝑥=2.734 = 4.893𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼
𝐶1 = 38.4 Therefore,
𝐶2 = −60.8 The maximum deflection at span BC is 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎𝟑 /𝑬𝑰
Determine the deflection at the free end (x = 0):

4. Determine the value of “h”…
12(0)3 24(0 − 2)3 2 (0 − 2)5 B. 135mm
𝛿=− + − ( ) + 38.4(0)
6 6 9 20
− 60.8
SOLUTION:
Therefore, From the three maximum deflections:
𝜹𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅 = −𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎𝟑 /𝑬𝑰
Maximum deflection at the free end:
𝛿 = 60.8𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼
3. Determine the maximum… Maximum upward deflection at the simple span:
A. 17.80kNm3/EI 𝛿 = 4.89𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼
Maximum downward deflection at the simple span
𝛿 = 17.78𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼
SOLUTION:
Let the slope be zero: From the three deflections, the maximum is 60.8kNm3/EI
12𝑥 2 24(𝑥 − 2)2 2 (𝑥 − 2)4 60.8(1000)4

0=− + − ( ) + 38.4 17 =
2 2 9 4 100ℎ3
12 (190 000)
𝑥1 = 5.982𝑚 Therefore,
𝑥2 = 2.734𝑚 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟑𝟓
Determine the deflection at x = 5.982m and x = 2.734m: SITUATION. A square steel plate …
5. Determine the tension …

A. 5.41kN
SOLUTION KEY
6. Determine the tension … Maximum weight of the plate if cable capacity is 10kN:
B. 9.87kN 𝑇𝐴 = 0.3062𝑊, 𝑊 = 32.66𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝐴 = 0.3062𝑊, 𝑊 = 32.66𝑘𝑁
7. What is the maximum … 𝑇𝐶 = 0.559𝑊, 𝑊 = 17.89𝑘𝑁
B. 17.89kN
Therefore, the maximum weight is the smallest of the three
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟗𝒌𝑵
SOLUTION: SITUATION. A rectangular …
8. Calculate the punching…

C. 0.97Mpa
9. Determine the critical …

A. 835.92
10. How many 28mm …

C. 11
SOLUTION:
Ultimate Load:
Using the z-components of forces on each cable, three
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
equations can be formed.
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(1080) + 1.6(480) = 2064𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 Ultimate Soil Pressure:
𝑇𝐴𝑍 + 𝑇𝐵𝑍 + 𝑇𝐶𝑍 = 𝑊 − −𝑒𝑞𝑛. 1 𝑃𝑢 2064
𝑞𝑢 = = = 172𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 (3)(4)
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0
𝑇𝐶𝑍 (1.2) − 𝑇𝐴𝑍 (1.2) − 𝑇𝐵𝑍 (1.2) = 0 − −𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2
∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0
𝑇𝐴𝑍 (1.2) − 𝑇𝐵𝑍 (1.2) = 0 − −𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3
Solve these 3-equations simultaneously:

𝑻𝑨𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑾
𝑻𝑩𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑾
𝑻𝑪𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝑾
Therefore, the tension in each cables are:

2.4
𝑇𝐴𝑍 = 𝑇𝐴 Punching Shear:
√1.22 + 1.22 + 2.42
𝑇𝐴 = 0.3062𝑊 = 0.3062(1800𝑘𝑔)(9.81) 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑃𝑢 − 𝑞𝑢 (𝑐1 + 𝑑)(𝑐2 + 𝑑)
𝑻𝑨 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑵 𝑉𝑝 = 2064 − (172)(0.3 + 0.65)(0.4 + 0.65)
2.4 𝑉𝑝 = 1892.43𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝐶𝑍 = 𝑇𝐶
√1.2 + 2.42
2 Punching Shear Stress:
𝑇𝐶 = 0.559𝑊 = 0.559(1800)(9.81) 𝑉𝑝
𝑣𝑐 =
𝑻𝑪 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟕𝒌𝑵 ∅[2(𝑐1 + 𝑑) + 2(𝑐2 + 𝑑)]𝑑
SOLUTION KEY
Number of bars in the longer direction:

1892.43(1000) Using 3-Steps Rule:
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑎
0.75[2(300 + 650) + 2(400 + 650)](650) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐶 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
𝒗𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑀𝑢 = (0.9)(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏) (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
2. Critical Design Moment 835.92 = 0.90(0.85)(21)(𝑎)(3000)(650 − )
2
𝑎 = 27.26𝑚𝑚
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(27.26)(3000)
𝐴𝑠 =
415
𝐴𝑠 = 3352𝑚𝑚2
Check Asmin:
1.4
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (3000)(650) = 6578.313𝑚𝑚2
415
Since As<Asmin, Use Asmin
𝐴𝑠 6578.313
𝑛= = 𝜋
𝐴𝑏 2
4 (28)
Consider critical section along the y-axis. 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝑞𝑢 (3)(1.8)(1.8/2)
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 172(3)(1.8)(1.8/2) SITUATION.
An 8-m long simply …
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 835.92𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
11. Assuming the beam …
Consider critical section along the x-axis: A. 13.4
12. Determine the value …

A. 297
13. If the girder carries …

A. 30
SOLUTION:
Ultimate uniform load, wu
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(5) + 1.6(8) = 18.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝑞𝑢 (4)(1.35)(1.35/2)
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 172(4)(1.35)(1.35/2) 18.8(8)
𝑉𝑢−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 1.5 𝑃𝑢 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑷𝒖
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 626.94𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 2
18.8(8)2
𝑀𝑢−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 4 𝑃𝑢 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟒 𝑷𝒖
Therefore our design moment is the moment acting about 8
the critical section along y-axis.
𝑴𝒖𝒚 = 𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Assuming both compression flange and web are compact, we
check for the limiting widths:
SOLUTION KEY
𝑃𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 = (concentrated load at midspan)
48𝐸𝐼
3
𝐸 200,000 11𝑃𝐿
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76 𝑟𝑦 √ = 1.76(60)√ 𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 768𝐸𝐼
(concentrated load at quarter point)
𝐹𝑦 248
= 2,998.8 𝑚𝑚 5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4 𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3 11𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + +[ × 2]
𝐸 200,000 384𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 768𝐸𝐼
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ = 𝜋 (70)√
0.7 𝐹𝑦 0.7 × 248 Based on the Allowable Deflection,
= 7,464.3 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝐿𝐿−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Unsupported length, 𝐿𝑏 5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4 𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3 11𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3 𝐿

+ +[ × 2] =
𝐿𝑏 = 8,000 𝑚𝑚 > 𝐿𝑟 384𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 768𝐸𝐼 360
5(8)(8)4 𝑃𝐿𝐿 (8)3
Based on LTB, +
384(200)(270) 48(200)(270)
𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸 1.0(𝜋 2 )(200,000) 11𝑃𝐿𝐿 (8)3 8
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = = +[ × 2] =
(𝐿𝑏 /𝑟𝑡𝑠 )2 (8,000/70 )2 768(200)(270) 360
= 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵
(we use this approximate form since 𝐿𝑟 is also approximated)
Design moment capacity 𝜙𝑀𝑛 , SITUATION.

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 = 0.90(151.128 )(1500 × 103 ) A seat angle is supporting …
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 204.023 𝑘𝑁𝑚
14. Evaluate the ultimate …
Based on Yielding, A. 15
𝜙𝑀𝑝 = 0.90(248)(1.68 × 106 )
𝜙𝑀𝑝 = 374.976 𝑘𝑁𝑚 15. Determine the shear …
D. 130
∴ LTB IS CRITICAL
16. Determine the …
Solving for 𝑃𝑢 , B. 223
𝑀𝑢−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝜙𝑀𝑛
150.4 + 4 𝑃𝑢 = 204.023
𝑃𝑢 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵 SOLUTION:
Ultimate load 𝑅𝑢 ,
Based on Shear, 𝑅𝑢 = 1.2(80) + 1.6(100) = 256 𝑘𝑁
𝜙𝑉𝑛 = 𝜙0.60𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡𝑤 𝐶𝑣
𝜙𝑉𝑛 = (1.0)(0.60)(248)(350)(10)(1.0) Eccentricity,
𝜙𝑉𝑛 = 520.8 𝑘𝑁 100 − 20
𝑒 = 20 + = 60 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑛
75.2 + 1.5 𝑃𝑢 = 520.8 Ultimate moment 𝑀𝑢 ,
𝑃𝑢 = 𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑅𝑢 𝑒 = 256(0.06) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎
Shearing stress,
Deflection formulas: 𝑅𝑢 256,000
𝑓𝑣𝑏 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 384𝐸𝐼 (uniform load) 𝑛𝐴𝑏 4 × 𝜋 × 252
4
SOLUTION KEY
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877(182.85)

Unit inertia,
𝑖 = ∑𝑦 2 = 4(352 ) = 4,900 𝑚𝑚4 /𝑚𝑚2
Fcr = 0.877(182.85) = 160.36MPa
Pn = 0.9 Fcr Ag = 0.9 *160.36 * 9.3 x103
Ultimate tensile force acting on the most critical bolt,
𝑀𝑢 𝑦 15.36 × 106 × 35 Pn = 1342.2kN
𝑅𝑡 = = = 109,714.286 𝑁
𝑖 4,900
Therefore, the design strength of the column is
Tensile stress acting on the most critical bolt, 1342.2 kN
𝑅𝑡 109,714.286
𝑓𝑡 = = 𝜋 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴𝑏 × 25 2
4 19. What is the maximum …
SITUATION. B. 7.7m
A 200 mm square structural …
17. What is the euler critical … SOLUTION:

C. 1700 kN For the maximum slenderness ratio;
kL
SOLUTION:  200
r
2.0 * L(1000)
kL 1.0 * 8000
= = 103.9mm = 200
r 77 77
 2 E  2 (200000) L = 7. 7 m
Fe = = = 182.85MPa
SR 2 103.9 2 Therefore,
Pbuckling = 182.85(9.3 x103 ) = 1700kN Use L=7.7 m
Therefore, euler critical buckling load is

SITUATION.
1700 kN
A structural membe…
18. What is …
20. Determine …
A. 1342.32 kN
B. 2.31
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Check if it is long or short column.
By equilibrium equation,
kL 1.0 * 8000
= = 103.9mm
r 77 0.75𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 1.50𝑃𝑎𝑙
E 200000 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑎𝑙
4.71 = 4.71 = 103.4
Fy 415 By compatibility equation,
Since 103.9> 103.4, therefore it is a long column. 0.75 m 1.50 m
O δB
A B
δA
Steel Aluminum
2
A= 300 mm
2
A= 250 mm
E= 200 GPa E= 70 GPa
L= 2 m
Δ
C D
SOLUTION KEY
𝑃𝑠𝑡 80,878
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = = 269.59 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑡 300
Therefore,
𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵
=
0.75 1.50
2𝛿𝐴 = 𝛿𝐵 SITUATION.
𝛿𝐴 = 𝛥 − 𝛿𝑠𝑡 A truck with …
𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (2000 − 5) 𝑃𝑎𝑙 (2000) 23. Determine the location …
2 [5 − ]=
300(200,000) 250(70,000) C. 2m
2𝑃𝑎𝑙 (2000 − 5) 𝑃𝑎𝑙 (2000)

2 [5 − ]= SOLUTION:
300(200,000) 250(70,000)
𝑅 = 40 + 60 = 100𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 40,439 𝑁
100𝑥 = 60(0) + 40(5)
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 80,878 𝑁
𝑥 = 2𝑚
Solving displacement at A,
24. Compute the maximum ...
C. 160kNm
𝑃𝑠𝑡 (2000 − 5)
𝛿𝐴 = 5 −
300(200,000)
SOLUTION:
Therefore, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠:
𝜹𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎 (𝑃𝐿 − 𝑃𝑆 𝑑)2
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 =
4𝑃𝐿
𝑃 = 40 + 60 = 100𝑘𝑁
21. Determine the stress … 𝐿 = 10𝑚
A. 161.8 𝑃𝑆 = 40𝑘𝑁
𝑑 = 5𝑚
2
SOLUTION: (100(10) − 40(5))
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎
4(100)(10)
𝑃𝑎𝑙 40,439
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = = 161.76 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎𝑙 250
25. Compute the maximum …
Therefore, B. 80kN
𝝈𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
SOLUTION:
22. Determine the stress … The maximum shear will occur when the 60kN is over a
B. 269.6 support.
[∑𝑀𝑅𝐿 = 0]𝐶𝑊(+)
−10𝑅𝑅 + 100(8) = 0
SOLUTION: 𝑅𝑅 = 80𝑘𝑁
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑽𝑴𝑨𝑿 = 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝑵
SOLUTION KEY
Therefore,
SITUATION. e ≤ 30mm
A 300mm x 400mm …
26. What is the service …

806.68 kN SITUATION.
A 300 x 550 mm …
SOLUTION: 29. Determine the cracked …

PU = Pn D. 1,157.667 x 106 mm4
PU =  (0.80)[ fc' ( Ag − As ) + As Fy ]
PU = 0.65(0.80)[28(300 * 400 − 6 *14 2 ) + 6 *14 2 * 415] SOLUTION:
PU = 2490.68kN Step 1. Get the steel area:
𝜋(162 )
PU = 1.2 PD + 1.6 Pl = 2490.68kN 𝐴𝑠 = ∙ 4 = 256𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 → 𝐴
4
PL = 806.68kN
Step 2. Get the Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:
Therefore, the service live load is 𝐸𝑐 = 4700√21 = 21,538 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝐸
806.68 kN
Step 3. Get the Modular Ratio:
𝐸𝑠 200,000
27. Determine the spacing … 𝑛= = = 9.29 ≈ 9.0
𝐸𝑐 𝐸
A. 300 mm
Step 4. Location of Neutral Axis:
𝑑 = 550 − 60 = 490 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION:
Check the smallest spacing: 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
300𝑥(𝑥/2) = 9.0𝐴(490 − 𝑥)
A. 16db=16*28=448 mm
𝑥 = 131.523 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑋
B. 48dt=48*10=480mm
C. Least dimension: 300 mm
Step 5. Get the cracked Moment of Inertia:
300𝑋 3
Therefore, the safe spacing of lateral ties is 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 9.0𝐴(490 − 𝑋)2
300 mm 3
Therefore,
28. Determine the maximum … 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 1,157.667 ∙ 106 𝑚𝑚4 → 𝐶
B. 30 mm
30. Determine the effective …
SOLUTION: C. 4,159.375 x 106 mm4
For the maximum eccentricity;
e  0.10h SOLUTION:
Step 6. Get the gross moment of inertia
e  0.10(300) 300(5503 )
𝐼𝑔 =
e  30mm 12
𝐼𝑔 = 4,159.375 ∙ 106 𝑚𝑚4 → 𝐵
SOLUTION KEY
Locating first for the Elastic Neutral Axis:

Step 7. Get the cracking moment
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 =
𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 (10002 )(550/2)
0.62√21 =
𝐵
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 42.973 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 → 𝑋
Step 8. Get the applied moment (@ midspan - simple support)

(5 + 15)(42 )
𝑀𝑎 = = 40 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 → 𝑌
8
Step 9. Get the Effective Moment of Inertia

𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑋 [(200)(15) + (200)(15)]𝑦̅
= →𝑀
𝑀𝑎 𝑌 = (200)(15)(100)
+ (200)(15)(207.5)
𝐼𝑒 = 𝑀3 𝐵 + (1 − 𝑀3 )𝐶
𝐼𝑒 = 4,879.686 ∙ 106 𝑚𝑚4 > 𝐼𝑔 𝑦̅ = 153.75 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
For the moment of inertia about the strong axis:
Therefore, use Ig as effective inertia: (Ie cannot go beyond Ig 15(200)3
or below Icr) 𝐼𝑥̅ = + (200)(15)(153.75 − 100)2
𝐼𝑒 = 4,159.375 ∙ 106 𝑚𝑚4 (𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐵) 12
200(15)3
+
12
31. Determine the immediate … + (200)(15)(207.5 − 153.75)2
B. 0.744 mm 𝐼𝑥̅ = 27.39𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
For the section modulus:
𝐼𝑥 27.39𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
SOLUTION: 𝑆𝑥 = = = 178.15𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑐 153.75 𝑚𝑚
Step 10. Get the immediate deflection (DL + LL).
5𝑤𝑙 4
𝛿=
384𝐸𝐼 33. Determine the plastic …
5(5 + 10)(4)4 (10004 ) b. 322.50𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝛿=
384𝐸𝐵
SOLUTION:
Therefore, C Locating first for the Plastic Neutral Axis:
𝛿 = 0.744 𝑚𝑚
SITUATION.
A steel T-Section was made …
32. Determine the …

a. 178.15𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION KEY
Taking the bottom to be the reference:

(200)(15) + (200 − 𝑦̅)(15) = 15𝑦̅
∴ 𝑦̅ = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
For the Plastic Section Modulus:
𝑍𝑥 = ∑𝐴𝑖 𝑦̅𝑖 = (200)(15)(7.5) + (200)(15)(100)
∴ 𝑍𝑥 = 322.5𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
34. Determine the plastic …

79.98 kN-m
SOLUTION:
For the plastic moment capacity:
𝑀𝑝
𝐹𝑦 = ; 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑍𝑥
𝑍𝑥 Considering beam 1 and beam 4:
(248 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(322.5𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 )
𝑀𝑃 = (𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚)
106
∴ 𝑀𝑃 = 79.98 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
SITUATION.
The slab has beam …
35. Determine the thickness ….

A. 125 mm
a. 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2ℎ𝑤 = 350 + 2(375) = 1100 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION: b. 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2𝑥4ℎ = 350 + 2(4𝑥125) = 1350 𝑚𝑚
Check Use 1100 mm as the width of flange
𝑆𝑛 4.35 − 0.35 𝐼𝑏1
= = 0.73 𝛼1 =
𝑙𝑛 5.85 − 0.35 𝐼𝑠1
> 0.5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎 𝑡𝑤𝑜 By computing the moment of inertia of the section: Ib1
− 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 5914.07x106 mm4 = Ib4
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 5.85 𝑚 − 0.35 𝑚 = 5.5 𝑚 1
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 4.35 𝑚 − 0.35 𝑚 = 4.0 𝑚 𝐼𝑠1 = (5850)(125)3 = 952.148𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12
5914.07𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
Assume 𝛼𝑚 > 2.0 𝛼1 =
952.148𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑓𝑦 415 𝛼1 = 6.211
ln (0.8 + 1400) 5500 (0.8 + )
ℎ= = 1400
36 + 9𝛽 5.5 Considering beam 2 and 3:
36 + 9 (4.0)
ℎ = 124.66 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑦 125 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION KEY
D. -11.02
SOLUTION:
𝐷𝐿 = 0.65 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 23.54(0.125)
= 3.5925 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝐿𝐿 = 4.25 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑈 = 1.2(3.5925) + 1.6(4.25) = 11.111 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 11.111(2.925 𝑚 + 0.175 𝑚)
𝑘𝑁
= 34.444
𝑚
1 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑜 = (34.444 ) (4)2
8 𝑚
𝑀𝑜 = 68.888 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a. 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + ℎ𝑤 = 350 + (375) = 725 𝑚𝑚 For an exterior negative moment: 0.16 Mo
b. 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 4ℎ = 350 + (4𝑥125) = 850 𝑚𝑚 −𝑀𝑢 = 0.16𝑥68.888 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
−𝑀𝑢 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Use 725 mm as the width of flange
By computing the moment of inertia of the section: Ib2
= 5006.659x106 mm4 = Ib3 37. Determine the ultimate …
B. 63.97
1
𝐼𝑠2 = (2350)(125)3 = 382.487𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12
5006.659𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 SOLUTION:
𝛼2 = 𝐷𝐿 = 0.65 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 23.54(0.125)
382.487𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝛼2 = 13.09 = 3.5925 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝐿𝐿 = 4.25 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑈 = 1.2(3.5925) + 1.6(4.25) = 11.111 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Considering beam 3: 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑢 = 11.111(4.35) = 48.333
1 𝑚
𝐼𝑠3 = (3100)(125)3 = 504.557𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 1 𝑘𝑁
12 𝑀𝑜 = (48.333 ) (5.5)2
5006.659𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 8 𝑚
𝛼3 = 𝑀𝑜 = 182.759 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
504.557𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝛼3 = 9.923
For an exterior negative moment: 0.35 Mo
Considering beam 4: +𝑀𝑢 = 0.35𝑥182.759 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
1 +𝑀𝑢 = +𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝐼𝑠4 = (4350)(125)3 = 708.008𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12
5914.07𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 SITUATION.
𝛼4 = A W 250 x 58 A 36 steel …
708.008𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝛼4 = 8.353
6.211 + 13.09 + 9.923 + 8.353 38. Determine the allowable …
𝛼𝑚 = = 9.39 C. 71.942 MPa
4
> 2.0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎
> 90 𝑚𝑚 SOLUTION:
Considering the weak axis, since this is critical for buckling.
𝐾𝐿 1.0(6000)
=
36. Determine the exterior … 𝑟 50.4
SOLUTION KEY
𝐾𝐿 𝑃 25𝑃
= 119.048 0.85 ( )
𝑟 7420 + 693𝑥103
71.942 𝑃
2𝜋 2 (200000) 7420
𝐶𝑐 = √ = 125.664 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (1 − 333.678 ) 165
250
𝐾𝐿 0.85(9.677)
< 𝐶𝑐 + = 1.0
𝑟 𝑃
5 3 119.048 1 119.048 3 7420 ) 187.5
(1 − 72.668
𝐹𝑆 = + ( )− ( ) = 1.916
3 8 125.664 8 125.664
1 119.048 2 250
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ( ) ]
2 125.664 1.916
𝐹𝑎 = 71.942 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵
39. Determine the safe …

A. 398 kN
SITUATION.
A car hit a tubular steel …
SOLUTION:
40. How much is the …
𝑃 C. 5.14
𝑓𝑎 =
7420
𝑓𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 > 0.15 SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑎
𝑓𝑎 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑦 First, we need to take a moment about point A since we plan to
+ + ≤ 1.0 use conjugate beam method in this problem.
𝐹𝑎 (1 − 𝑓𝑎 ) 𝐹 𝑓𝑎
𝐹𝑒𝑥 ′ 𝑏𝑥 (1 − 𝐹𝑒𝑦 ′ ) 𝐹𝑏𝑦
25𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
693𝑥103
0.4(6)2
(10)6
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 8 = 9.677 𝑀𝑃𝑎
186𝑥103 We need to cut at B and consider the left side of the cut to get
the moment at B of the conjugate beam:
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66(250) = 165 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75(250) = 187.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
12𝜋 2 (200000)
𝐹𝑒𝑥 ′ = = 333.678 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.0𝑥6000 2
23 ( )
108
12𝜋 2 (200000)
𝐹𝑒𝑦 ′ = = 72.668 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.0𝑥6000 2
23 ( )
50.4
SOLUTION KEY
1 2 SOLUTION:
MB = ∗ 1.5 ∗ 262.5 ∗ ∗ 1.5
2 3
MB = 196.875
MB 196.875 ∗ 1012
∆B = =
EI 3004 2764
200000 ∗ [ 12 − 12 ]
∆𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎
41. What is the resulting …

D. 10.3
To get the moment at B, just consider the half part of the beam.
SOLUTION:
1 2
MC = ∗ 1.5 ∗ 262.5 ∗ [( ∗ 1.5) + 1.0]
2 3 ∑ MA = 0, clockwise positive.
MC = 393.75
MC 393.75 ∗ 1012 MB + (21.5 ∗ 6 ∗ 3) − (80.625 ∗ 6) = 0
∆C = = MB = 96.75 kN-m
EI 3004 2764
200000 ∗ [ 12 − 12 ]
∆𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎 44. Calculate the resulting maximum p…
B. 54.42
42. What is the resulting …
B. 206 SOLUTION:
First, we need to get the reaction at A:
SOLUTION: RA + RBL = 21.5*6
In the real beam, the moment at A is: RA + 80.625 = 129
MA = 262.5 kN-m RA = 48.325 kN
MA c 262.5 ∗ 106 ∗ 150 Next, find the point of zero shear:
𝜎A = =
I 3004 2764
[ 12 − 12 ]
𝝈𝑨 = 205.68 MPa
SITUATION.
A simply supported beam …
43. To prevent excessive … Using summation forces vertical:

A. 64.5 B. 96.8 C. 258.0 D. 86.0 48.325 – (21.5*x) = 0
x = 2.25m
Then, we just need to take a moment about point A:
Mmax(+) = 21.5*2.25*1.125
Mmax(+) = 54.42 kN-m
SOLUTION KEY
45. Calculate the reaction (kN) at the added support.

C. 161.25
SOLUTION:
To get the reaction at midspan, we can have it as the equation
below making the deflection at midspan considering a simply
supported beam with uniform load all throughout be equal to the
deflection at midspan considering a simply supported beam with For this case, member BC is a zero member because the
concentrated load at midspan. hinges at B and C will initially react to the loads applied to the
Thus, system.
5wL4 PL3 Using summation forces horizontal,
= FAC*cos(53.13◦) = 11.25
384EI 48EI
Let P=RB: FAC = 18.75 kN (Compression)
5wL R B FAC 18.75 ∗ 103
= 𝜎AC = =
384 48 AAC 10 ∗ 40
𝝈𝑨𝑪 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
5 ∗ 21.5 ∗ 12 R B
= 47. Determine the diameter …
384 48
𝑹𝑩 =161.25 kN C. 13
SITUATION. SOLUTION:
The frame shown … Using summation forces vertical:
46. Determine the normal stress …

B. 46.88
SOLUTION:
First, we want to have the free body diagram of the figure:
RCV = 18.75*sin(53.13) = 15 kN = RBV

R C = √R CH 2 + R CV 2 = √(11.25)2 + (15)2
R C = 18.75 kN = RB = RA
RA 18.75 ∗ 103
𝜎A = = π 2
= 150
AA ∗ d A
4
dA = 12.62 mm
48. Determine the diameter …

D. 10
We then get the reactions which we can easily get:
∑ MB = 0, clockwise positive. SOLUTION:
RC 18.75 ∗ 103
(RCH*8) – (5*6*3) = 0 𝜎C = = π = 120
RCH = 11.25 kN = RBH
AC 2 ∗ 4 ∗ dC 2
dC = 9.97 mm
Next, we need to consider the joint at C:
SOLUTION KEY
SITUATION. A. 595
A W 16 x 96 beam is …
SOLUTION:
49. Determine the shear capacity …
B. 485
SOLUTION:
Note: The shearing part is along the force “P” and the tearing
part is perpendicular to the force “P”.
P = [0.3*400*(335-(3.5*22))*14.59]
Note: The 20-mm bolts are in double shear. + [0.5*400*(60-(0.5*22))*14.59]
P P = 594.69 kN
FV = 4
Area SITUATION.
P
4 A simply supported …
193 = π
2 ∗ ∗ 202 52. If the compression flange …
4
P = 485.06 kN A. 228 MPa
50. Determine …
C. 560 SOLUTION:
Checking the unsupported length criterion:
𝐿𝑏 = 0 𝑚
SOLUTION: 200𝑏𝑓 137900
= 4.34 𝑚 ; = 6.73 𝑚 ∴ 𝐿𝑐
√𝐹𝑦 𝑑
𝐹𝑦 ( )
𝐴𝑓
= 4.34 𝑚 ; 𝐿𝑢 = 6.73 𝑚
Comparing the values: 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑐 ; 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑢
(compact!)
Checking the Width-Thickness Ratio:
𝑏𝑓 170
= 5.67 ; = 9.15
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦
Note: The section that we are going to consider is W16x96.
P Since:
𝑏𝑓 170
1.2FU = 4 < ; ∴ 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏!
Area 2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦
P
4 For compact steel section:
1.2 ∗ 400 = 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦
20 ∗ 14.59
P = 560.26 kN 𝐹𝑏 = 227.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
51. Determine the block …

SOLUTION KEY
1,172,100𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏1 = = 89.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝐹𝑏2
53. If the compression … 𝐿 2
D. 116 MPa ( 𝑟𝑏 )
𝑡
82740𝐶𝑏
SOLUTION: = = 116.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑
Checking the unsupported length criterion: 𝐿𝑏 ( 𝐴 )
𝑓
𝐿𝑏 = 6 𝑚 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: 0.60𝐹𝑦 = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎
200𝑏𝑓 137900 Since largest Fb is less than limit:
= 4.34 𝑚 ; = 6.73 𝑚 ∴ 𝐿𝑐
√𝐹𝑦 𝑑 𝐹𝑏 = 116.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑦 ( )
𝐴𝑓
= 4.34 𝑚 ; 𝐿𝑢 = 6.73 𝑚
Comparing the values: 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 ; 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑢 55. A Reinforced …
(non-compact!) C. 2303 mm2
The allowable bending stress is computed as:
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 = 0.60(345 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
∴ 𝐹𝑏 = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎 SOLUTION:
Steel Ratio limit for tension controlled.
3 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽
𝜌=8× 𝑓𝑦
3/8 is derived based on 0.005 strain limit.
54. If the compression flange is … 3 0.85 (27.6)(0.85)
𝜌= × = 0.0180625
8 414
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0180625(300𝑚𝑚)(425𝑚𝑚) = 2303 𝑚𝑚2
SOLUTION:
Checking the unsupported length criterion:
𝐿𝑏 = 12 𝑚
56. The Provision of NSCP 2001 …
200𝑏𝑓 137900
= 4.34 𝑚 ; = 6.73 𝑚 ∴ 𝐿𝑐 C. 72.43% of the balanced steel ratio
√𝐹𝑦 𝑑
𝐹𝑦 (𝐴 )
𝑓
= 4.34 𝑚 ; 𝐿𝑢 = 6.73 𝑚 SOLUTION:
𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑐 ; 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑢 (Slender!) 3 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 3
Compute the Slenderness Ratios: 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 7 ( 𝑓𝑦 ) 7
= =
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 600 600
703270𝐶𝑏 𝐿𝑏 3516330𝐶𝑏 ( )×( ) (600 + 𝑓𝑦)
√ √ 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦 3
Also, for a cantilever beam: 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 = 7 = 0.7243
600
(600 + 414)
703270𝐶𝑏 𝐿𝑏
√ = 45.15 ; Therefore,
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡
3516330𝐶𝑏 72.43%
= 144.58 ; √
𝐹𝑦
= 100.96 57. A Reinforced Concrete Beam …
45.15 < 144.58 < 100.96 ∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔! A. 2082.07 mm2
Bending Stress:
SOLUTION:
Assume tension controlled so that ∅ = 0.90.
SOLUTION KEY
𝑎 Checking the Assumptions

0.90 [0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − )] = 𝑀𝑢
2 𝑑−𝑐 435 − 185.92
𝑎 𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) = 600 ( )
0.90 [0.85(30)(𝑎)(350) (435 − )] = 300 × 106 𝑐 185.92
2 = 803.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solving for “a”
𝑎 = 96.58 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 185.92 − 65
0.05 0.05 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ( ) = 600 ( )
𝛽 = 0.85 − (𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28) = 0.85 − (30 − 28) 𝑐 185.92
7 7
= 0.836 = 390.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
96.58𝑚𝑚 Compression steel does not yield;
𝑐= = 115.53𝑚𝑚 𝑐 − 65
0.836 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ( )
Solving for fs 𝑐
𝑑−𝑐 435−115.53 𝑐 − 65
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600 ( ) = 1659.15 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 0.85(27.6)(0.85𝑐)(300) + (320)(600) ( )
𝑐 115.53 𝑐
1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; the section is really a tension controlled, and the tension yields of course!
= (3000)(415)
𝐶=𝑇 𝑐 = 187.165 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐 = 0.85(187.165𝑚𝑚) = 159.09 𝑚𝑚
0.85(30)(96.58)(350) = 𝐴𝑠(414)
𝐴𝑠 = 2082.07 𝑚𝑚2 𝑑−𝑐 435 − 187.165
𝑓𝑠 = 600 ( ) = 600 ( )
𝑐 187.165
= 794.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Therefore, 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 187.165 − 65
𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ( ) = 600 ( )
𝑐 187.165
= 391.63 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
159.09
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(27.6)(159.09)(300) (435 − )
2
+ (320)(391.63)(435 − 65)
= 444.36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solving for ∅
x y
SITUATION. 415 0.65
A Reinforced Concrete Beam … 1000 0.90
58. Determine the Ultimate ….
D. 284.39 kN-m ∅ = 391.63𝑦̂ = 0.64
𝑀𝑢 = 0.64(444.36 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚) = 284.39 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
SOLUTION:
Assume tension and compression steel bars yields.
fs=fy and fs’=fy Therefore,
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(27.6)(𝑎)(300) + (320)(415) = (3000)(415)
𝑎 = 158.03 𝑚𝑚 59. Determine the Superimposed …
158.03 𝑚𝑚 D. 9.14 kN/m
𝑐= = 185.92 𝑚𝑚
0.85
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION KEY
Solving for 𝑤𝑢 ; 𝜋
2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 = (3) ( ) (282 )(414) ÷ 1000
𝑤𝑢 (6 ) 4
= 284.39 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 764.76 𝑘𝑁
8
𝑤𝑢 = 63.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 − 𝑇
Selfweight=(23.54kN/cu.m)(0.3m)(0.5m)=3.531 kN/cu.m 340 − 𝑐
𝑃𝑛 = 6.98𝑐 + 764.76 − 1108.35 ( )
SIDL=Superimposed Dead load. 𝑐
DL=3.531+SIDL ∑ 𝑀𝑇 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0
LL=30
1.2(3.531+SIDL)+1.6(30)=63.2 kN-m
𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐿 = 9.14 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Therefore,
𝟗. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
SITUATION.
Column Details …
60. Determine the Nominal …

A. 1755.91 kN
SOLUTION:
𝑃𝑛(200) − 𝐶𝑐(340 − 0.425𝑐) − 𝐶𝑠(280) = 0

340 − 𝑐
(6.98𝑐 + 764.76 − 1108.35 ( )) (340)
𝑐
− (6.98𝑐)(340 − 0.425𝑐)
− 764.76(280) = 0
Solving for c;
𝑐 = 224.11 𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑛 = 6.98(224.11) + 764.76
340 − 224.11
− 1108.35 ( )
224.11
= 1755.91 𝑘𝑁
Therefore,
𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵
61. Determine the strain …

C. 0.00155
Since e<ebal; hence fs<fy
SOLUTION:
𝜋 340 − 𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = (3) ( ) (282 )(600) ( ) ÷ 1000 𝑑−𝑐 340 − 224.11
4 𝑐
340 − 𝑐 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.003 ( )
= 1108.35 ( ) 𝑘𝑁 𝑐 224.11
𝑐 = 0.00155
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 0.85(27.6)(0.85𝑐)(350) ÷ 1000 Therefore,
= 6.98𝑐 𝑘𝑁 0.00155
SOLUTION KEY
62. Column Details …

C. 2800 sq.mm
SOLUTION:
e/h=240mm/400mm=0.6
𝐷𝐿 = 0.72𝑆
𝐿𝐿 = 1.0𝑆
Resolve into components:
The intersection of fs=fy and e/h is very near to

𝜌𝑔 = 0.02 thus
𝐴𝑠 = 0.02(400)(350) = 2800 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚𝑚
Therefore,
𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒎𝒎
SITUATION.
Light gage cold- formed …
63. What is the safe purlin …
D. 1.3 𝑊𝑁 = 1.72𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(14.04) = 1.669𝑆
𝑊𝑇 = 1.72𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛(14.04) = 0.4173𝑆
SOLUTION:
Determine the stresses on the strong and weak axes
Determine the roof slope: * Strong axis
1
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
4
𝜃 = 14.04𝑜
Determine the dead loads and live loads acting on the purlins:
1.669𝑆(6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = 7.5105𝑆
8
𝑀𝑥 7.5105𝑆𝑥106
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 121.333𝑆
𝑆𝑥 6.19𝑥104
*Weak Axis
SOLUTION KEY
0.4173𝑆(6)2
𝑀𝑦 = = 0.4695𝑆 𝐷𝐿 = 0.72𝑆
32
𝑀𝑦 0.4695𝑆𝑥106 𝐿𝐿 = 1.0𝑆
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = = = 34.0217𝑆 𝑊𝐿 = 1.44𝑆(−0.60) = −0.864𝑆
𝑆𝑦 1.38𝑥104
Using the interaction formula, determine the required spacing:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
121.333𝑆 34.0217𝑆
+ = 1.0
207 207
Therefore,
𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏. 𝟑𝒎
64. What is the maximum …

C. 3.0
SOLUTION: 𝑊𝑁 = 1.72𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(14.04) = 1.669𝑆

𝑊𝑇 = 1.72𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛(14.04) = 0.4173𝑆
Determine the roof slope: 𝑊𝐿 = 1.44𝑆(−0.60) = −0.864𝑆
1
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) Determine the stresses on the strong and weak axes
4 * Strong axis
𝜃 = 14.04𝑜
0.805𝑆(6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = 3.6225𝑆
8
SOLUTION KEY
𝑀𝑥 3.6225𝑆𝑥106
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 58.5218𝑆
𝑆𝑥 6.19𝑥104
*Weak Axis
𝐷𝐿 = 0.72𝑆
𝐿𝐿 = 1.0𝑆
𝑊𝐿 = 1.44𝑆(0.18) = 0.2592𝑆
0.4173𝑆(6)2
𝑀𝑦 = = 0.4695𝑆
32
𝑀𝑦 0.4695𝑆𝑥106
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = = = 34.0217𝑆
𝑆𝑦 1.38𝑥104
+ ≤ 1.0
58.5218𝑆 34.0217𝑆
+ = 1.0
4 4
207 (3) 207 (3)
Therefore,
𝑺 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟑. 𝟎𝒎
65. How much is the safe … 𝑊𝑁 = 1.72𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(14.04) = 1.669𝑆

D. 1.6 𝑊𝑇 = 1.72𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛(14.04) = 0.4173𝑆
𝑊𝐿 = 1.44𝑆(0.18) = 0.2592𝑆
SOLUTION:
Determine the stresses on the strong and weak axes
Determine the roof slope: * Strong axis
1
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
4
𝜃 = 14.04𝑜
1.9282𝑆(6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = 8.677𝑆
8
SOLUTION KEY
𝑀𝑥 8.677𝑆𝑥106
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = = = 140.178𝑆 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵(𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)
𝑆𝑥 6.19𝑥104
*Weak Axis 𝒌𝑵 𝟏
+ 𝟏𝟎 [ (𝟎. 𝟒𝟒)(𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒎)
𝒎 𝟐
𝟏
+ (𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)(𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎)
𝟐
𝟏
− (𝟎. 𝟑𝟐)(𝟏. 𝟓𝟔)]
𝟐
𝒌𝑵 𝟏
+ 𝟏𝟓 [ (𝟎. 𝟒𝟒)(𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒎)
𝒎 𝟐
𝟏
+ (𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)(𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎)]
𝟐
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵
0.4173𝑆(6)2 67. What is the maximum …

𝑀𝑦 = = 0.4695𝑆
32 b. 90.88
𝑀𝑦 0.4695𝑆𝑥106
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = = = 34.0217𝑆
𝑆𝑦 1.38𝑥104
SOLUTION:
+ ≤ 1.0
140.178𝑆 34.0217𝑆
+ = 1.0
4 4
207 ( ) 207 ( )
3 3
Therefore,
𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝒎
SITUATION.
For the beam shown …
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)
66. What is the maximum … 𝒌𝑵 𝟏
c. 64.27 + 𝟏𝟎 [ (−𝟏. 𝟒𝟓)(𝟐. 𝟏𝟒)
𝒎 𝟐
𝟏
+ (𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)(𝟒. 𝟖𝟑)]
𝟐
SOLUTION: 𝒌𝑵 𝟏
+ 𝟏𝟓 [ (𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)(𝟒. 𝟖𝟑)]
𝒎 𝟐
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
68. Determine the maximum …

a. 71.90
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION KEY
SITUATION.
Refer to …
70. Which of the following gives …

B. 2.87
SOLUTION:
Positive moment at the interior span,
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
+𝑀𝑢 =
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵(−𝟏. 𝟒𝟓) 16
𝒌𝑵 𝟏 9.50(2.5 − 0.30)2
+ 𝟏𝟎 [ (−𝟏. 𝟒𝟓)(𝟐. 𝟏𝟒) +𝑀𝑢 =
𝒎 𝟐 16
𝟏
+ (𝟏. 𝟎𝟔)(𝟒. 𝟖𝟑)] Therefore,
𝟐
𝒌𝑵 𝟏 +𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
+ 𝟏𝟓 [ (−𝟏. 𝟒𝟓)(𝟐. 𝟏𝟒)]
𝒎 𝟐
𝑴𝑪 = −𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 71. Which of the …

B. 3.83
69. A helical spring is …

B. 11 SOLUTION:
Negative moment for slabs with span not exceeding 3 m.
SOLUTION: 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
−𝑀𝑢 =
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 12
𝜏𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 3
(1 + ) 9.50(2.202 )
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅 −𝑀𝑢 =
16𝑃(100) 20 12
125 = 3
(1 + )
𝜋(20) 4(100)
𝑃 = 1867 𝑁 Therefore,
64𝑃𝑅 3 𝑛 −𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑4
64(1867)(100)3 𝑛
100 = 72. Determine the spacing …
82000(20)4 A. 200
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 ≈ 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒄𝒔
SOLUTION:
Effective depth,
𝑑 = 100 − 20 − 5 = 75 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ø(0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏) (𝑑 − )
2
−6 )
𝑎
3.83(10 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)𝑎(1000) (75 − )
2
𝑎 = 3.297 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION KEY
1 𝑙𝑏 1
Steel area, (12𝑓𝑡) (120 ) ( (12𝑓𝑡)) − 𝑅𝐴 (12𝑓𝑡) = 0
2 𝑓𝑡 3
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃
0.85(20.7)(3.297)(1000) = 𝐴𝑠 (275)
𝐴𝑠 = 211 𝑚𝑚2 74. Determine the location of first point of zero shear.
C. 6.93m
Steel ratio,
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= = 0.00281
𝑏𝑑 SOLUTION:
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:
Check minimum steel ratio, 𝑦 120
1.4 1.4 =
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00509 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠) 𝑥 12
𝑓𝑦 275 𝑦 = 10𝑥
[∑𝐹𝑉 = 0] ↑ +
New steel area, 1 2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00509(1000)(75) = 382 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠) 240𝑙𝑏 − (𝑥)(𝑦) ( (𝑥)) = 0
2 3
1
Check minimum steel area, 240 − (𝑥)(10𝑥) = 0
2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝑏ℎ = 0.0020(1000)(1000) 𝑥 = 6.93𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 200 𝑚𝑚2
Spacing,
1000𝐴𝑏
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑠
𝜋
1000 (4 ) (102 )
382 =
𝑠
𝑠 = 205.60 𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠)
Check minimum spacing,

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450 = 300 𝑜𝑟 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, 75. Determine the moment at the first point of zero shear.
𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 D. -1109 lb.ft
SOLUTION:
SITUATION. [∑𝑴𝒙 = 𝟎]𝑪𝑾 (+)
In the given … 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝟒𝟎(𝟔. 𝟗𝟑) − (𝟔. 𝟗𝟑)(𝟏𝟎(𝟔. 𝟗𝟑)) ( (𝟔. 𝟗𝟑)) + 𝑴𝑿
𝟐 𝟑
73. Determine the reaction … =𝟎
D. 240 lb 𝑴𝑿 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒍𝒃. 𝒇𝒕
SOLUTION:
[∑𝑀𝐵 = 0]𝐶𝑊(+)
SOLUTION KEY

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MEGAREVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER

1. Determine the minimum… Solve the reaction at B by taking ∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0:

Express y in terms of x using ratio and proportion:

− FA cos 30 + N A cos 60 − 0.2679 N B = 0 → Eq.2

12𝑥 3 24(𝑥 − 2)3 2 (𝑥 − 2)5

12(2)3 24(2 − 2)3 2 (2 − 2)5 12(5.982)3 24(5.982 − 2)3

When x = 8, 𝛿 = 0 𝛿𝑥=5.982 = 17.78𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼

12(8)3 24(8 − 2)3 2 (8 − 2)5 12(2.734)3 24(2.734 − 2)3

Using 2 equations, 2 unknowns: 𝛿𝑥=2.734 = 4.893𝑘𝑁𝑚3 /𝐸𝐼

Determine the deflection at the free end (x = 0):

12𝑥 2 24(𝑥 − 2)2 2 (𝑥 − 2)4 60.8(1000)4

5. Determine the tension …

SOLUTION: SITUATION. A rectangular …

8. Calculate the punching…

9. Determine the critical …

10. How many 28mm …

Solve these 3-equations simultaneously:

Therefore, the tension in each cables are:

Number of bars in the longer direction:

12. Determine the value …

13. If the girder carries …

Unsupported length, 𝐿𝑏 5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4 𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3 11𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝐿3 𝐿

Design moment capacity 𝜙𝑀𝑛 , SITUATION.

Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877(182.85)

17. What is the euler critical … SOLUTION:

Therefore, euler critical buckling load is

2𝑃𝑎𝑙 (2000 − 5) 𝑃𝑎𝑙 (2000)

26. What is the service …

SOLUTION: 29. Determine the cracked …

Locating first for the Elastic Neutral Axis:

Step 8. Get the applied moment (@ midspan - simple support)

Step 9. Get the Effective Moment of Inertia

32. Determine the …

Taking the bottom to be the reference:

34. Determine the plastic …

35. Determine the thickness ….

39. Determine the safe …

41. What is the resulting …

43. To prevent excessive … Using summation forces vertical:

45. Calculate the reaction (kN) at the added support.

46. Determine the normal stress …

RCV = 18.75*sin(53.13) = 15 kN = RBV

48. Determine the diameter …

51. Determine the block …

𝑎 Checking the Assumptions

60. Determine the Nominal …

𝑃𝑛(200) − 𝐶𝑐(340 − 0.425𝑐) − 𝐶𝑠(280) = 0

61. Determine the strain …

62. Column Details …

Resolve into components:

The intersection of fs=fy and e/h is very near to

64. What is the maximum …

SOLUTION: 𝑊𝑁 = 1.72𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(14.04) = 1.669𝑆

65. How much is the safe … 𝑊𝑁 = 1.72𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(14.04) = 1.669𝑆

0.4173𝑆(6)2 67. What is the maximum …

68. Determine the maximum …

70. Which of the following gives …