Introduction

SCAFFOLDINGS
 Temporary structure
 Can be made of timber (bakau), steel,
galvanised metal, metal alloys, bamboo
 Purpose is to provide working platform
 Means of material transport
 Safe place incorporating safety features
for workers and people passing
underneath
Scaffolds are used throughout construction, and have been in
use since the building of the pyramids. This is a Frame Scaffold.
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Types of Scaffolds Putlog Scaffold

 Putlogs Scaffolds  Mainly used for constructing or repairing
 Independent Tied scaffolds
brickwork structures
 Supported in brickworks by putlogs and
 Mobiles
ties
 Fixed Frame Scaffolds  Single working platform allowed
 Suspended  Max load on platform is 275 kg/m2 which
 Cantileverd is roughly equal to 140 bricks, 25 kg
mortar and 2 men
 Maximum safe height of scaffold is 30 m
3 4

Putlog Scaffold
Putlog Scaffold

End View D

B C

A (dist between putlogs) = 1.2 – 1.4 m

B = 1.8 – 2.5 m
C = 1.2 – 1.3 m
A= D = 1.4 m
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1
 Putlog

Putlog inserted at least

80 mm into brickwork

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A scaffold tied into a building. 8

Independent Tied Scaffolds Independent Tied Scaffolding

 The whole load of scaffold are carried to the foundation
resting on the ground
 Tied to construction to ensure stability
 Can deal with 4 working platforms at one time therefore
greater consideration for design
End View
 Classified as:
Light duty (only one working platform, max loading of 73
kg/m2)
General purpose (up to 4 working platform and max
loading of 180 kg/m2 on each platform) and
Heavy duty (2 working platforms of higher loading max
of 290 kg/m2)
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Window Tie Scaffolding parts and terms

 Standard – uprights carry total load of
scaffold including man and material on the
platform
 Ledger – horizontal tubes connecting the
standard
 Putlog – transverse tube with one end
placed in a slot left in the construction
usually a gap in the mortar joint of a brick
wall
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Scaffolding parts and terms (cont.)
 Baseplate – a square metal plate welded
to a short length of tube and fitted to the
bottom of a standard
 Soleplate – timber board on which
baseplates rest to avoid baseplate resting
directly on thin surface
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Scaffolding parts and terms (cont.)
 Toeboard clip – specially shaped clip which
retains the toeboard vertically and in position.
The clip fits around the standards
 Coupler – to hold together the various structural
components (i.e. the tubes) of the scaffold.
Should be load bearing
 Brace – diagonally placed connections either in
vertical or horizontal plane to ensure stability of
scaffold by removing the possibility of
movement
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Basic Scaffolding Fittings
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Scaffolding parts and terms (cont.)
 Guard rail – an additional ledger connected
between standards where there is a working
platform to form a rail to prevent man falling
from the platform
 Scaffolding boards – timber boards placed
across the transoms or putlogs to create the
working platform
 Toeboard –timber boards placed on edge
against the standards at the edge of the working
platform to prevent materials or tools falling
over the edge
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Scaffolding parts and terms (cont.)
 Tie – a mechanism used to connect and
tie in the scaffold to construction thus
avoiding collapse due to it moving away
from the building
 Ladder – mean of access to platform
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Box Ties
Assembly of tubes and couplers fixed
around convenient columns 18
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Screw or Anchor Ties Scaffold Platform

Screws
and ties
set into
concrete
during
pouring

19 20

Rakers
Ladders

21 22

Tubes and Couplers

Steel Tube
23 24

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 Connectors/Couplers Standards RIGHT ANGLE
Specification of BS 1139 COUPLER

For perpendicular members For perpendicular members:

Vertical and horizontal Horizontal and horizontal
members members. 25 26

DROP-FORGED SWIVEL COUPLER SLEEVE COUPLERS

 Load-bearing swivel
 To connect scaffold tubes together
coupler adjoining two
scaffolding tubes at  An alternative to a spigot connector.
any angle for diagonal
bracing.

Spigot connector Sleeve connector

27 28

29 30

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 Mobiles Mobiles Scaffolding
 Self-contained units
 Only one working platform of limited size
 Used where work needs to be moved
more frequently
 For light loads
 Used for maintenance, painting, finishing
interior
 Height of towers must not exceed three
times the shortest base dimension
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Fixed Frame Scaffolds

 Easy to install and
mobilise; strong and safe.
 Main frame:
 high-carbon steel,
 762 - 1,219mm wide,
 1,524 - 1,930mm tall.
 Transverse frame:
 to support working
platform
 to hold the main
frames
 1,829mm long
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 745 - 1,050mm wide. 34

Assembling Fixed Frames

Steps:
1. Start with proper assembling of the 1st row, then base
plates and vertical installation.
2. Test for vertical and horizontal levels; apply bracings.
3. Place the transverse frames on the main frames.
4. All base plates must be fixed on the ground supports.
5. Place all pin connectors, interlocks and wall ties.
6. Check all structures for stability.

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Assembling Fixed Frames Position of Wall Ties

37 38

Anchor Bolts

39 40

Suspended Scaffolds Suspended Scaffolds

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 Suspended Single-point Suspended Two-point (swing
Adjustable stage)

43 44

Supported Scaffolding – Pump

Suspended Multi Level
Jacks

Movable brackets can

be raised or lowered
using a similar
mechanism of an
automobile jack
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Cantilevered Scaffolds (Truss-out) Cantilevered Scaffolds (Truss-out)

 Restriction on the use of space at the

ground level
 Load are transferred totally to the building

Standards
puncheon
 Ties are inside window openings
 Suitable for height up to 12m

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 Power Scaffolds

49 50

Light Duty Scaffolds Horse Scaffolds

 Horse scaffolds
 Ladders scaffolds
 Bracket scaffolds

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“Kuda-kuda”
 For work < 4 meter high:
 Brick wall for single storey building
 Ceiling

 Platform:
≥ 30mm thick
 Maximum span = 1.5m
 For extension, platform overlap ≥ 150mm and
tied up using wire or strong string

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 Ladders Scaffolds

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“Tangga” Bracket Scaffolds

 Making use of mobile wood stairs
 Suitable for light works
 The height ≤ 1.8m
 Same quality of platform as in “kuda2”

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“Pendakap”
 For leaning against a wall
 To do light works like bricklaying, painting
or electrical wiring

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 61 62

Materials for Scaffoldings

Materials for Scaffoldings
(cont.)
 The quality for steel tube and coupler must  Platform 38, 50, 63mm thick, 225mm
conform to specification MS (BS 1139 Part 1)
wide, 3.9m long
 Black steel tube, galvanised steel tube (48.3mm
diam, 4mm thick, 4.37kg/m),  Mechanical properties – should conform to
 Aluminum aloy tube (48.3mm diam, 4.47mm the required strength for tensile, yield and
thick, 1.67kg/m) elongation
 Timber – keruing or wood of equal or higher  Approved connectors or couplers
strength
 Mangrove or bamboo should have the required
strength
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Safety Features Safety Features (cont.)

(MS 426:1994) – Code of practice for safety and
health at work
 For a safe and secure structures Adequate
strength of material used
 Design load with a safety factor of at least 4
 During erections all parts must be securely fixed
 Standards are positioned vertically and ledgers
horizontally
 Base plates must be used to avoid settlements
of scaffolds
 Braced diagonally in both horizontal and vertical
planes to prevent swaying and displacements
 After erection of scaffolds the structure be
inspected and certified safe by a trained person
 A trained and experienced person must inspect
the scaffold once a week
 Inspection is also necessary after a rough or
cold weather
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 Bamboo Scaffolds

An example of fall-
arrest systems.
Note that this worker
is wearing a safety
belt, Bamboo scaffold used
whereas the new in a multi-storey
standard requires a building in Asia
full body harness.

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Bamboo Scaffolds
Even at their connections the canes
are not treated in any way. Only
lashed joints are used. The cane
extension is carried out by lashing the
cane ends together with several ties.
The ties are arranged in such a way
that a force acting vertically
downwards wedges the nodes in the
lashing. With larger cane diameters
the friction can be increased by
tightening the rope between the
canes.
The vertical and horizontal canes
used for scaffolding are almost
exclusively joined using soft lashing.
This technique has the great
advantage that the joints can be
retensioned to the right degree
without difficulty and also quickly
released again.

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Scaffold Hazards Scaffolds Hazard

1. The planks are not cleated or secured against displacement

2. No guard rails and no toe boards
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3. Gap between building and scaffolds exceed 300 mm

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Scaffolds Hazard Scaffolds Hazard

Is the scaffolds too

near to the
powerlines?

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Scaffolds Hazard Scaffolds Hazard

Unstable
Loaded with blocks
Poor foundation: Scaffold end frames,
Scaffold is not level which have no base plates, erected
because it was erected on top of scrap wood and unstable
without base plates on an cement blocks.
uneven surface.

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Scaffolds Hazard Scaffolds Hazard

Proper foundation on wood

This is a great example of
sills:
what can happen when
Scaffold end frames equipped
construction workers fail to
with
investigate the site where
adjustable screw legs and with
their scaffold is being erected,
base plates set on mud (wood)
and base plates are not used.
sills (soleplate)Never reuse
The scaffold in question (now
mudsill because it may have
taken down) punched a hole
been weakened by the point
through the downtown
loading of the scaffolds legs
sidewalk. The workers failed
to realize that the sidewalk
was only made from blacktop,
and it had a basement under
it. EXAMPLE OF POINT
LOADING!!
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Scaffolds Hazard Scaffolds Hazard

Planking on this platform should be six planks wide, instead of only two.
Also, note that the planks are bowing because the bricks are loaded at
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one point on the platform instead of being evenly distributed. 80

Scaffolds Hazard Scaffolds Hazard

Two-point suspension
scaffold suspended
Openings between from parapet hooks.
planks in platform Will this (damaged)
should not exceed parapet wall support
the scaffold? A
25 mm
"Qualified Person"
must make this
determination. Parapet
hooks need to be tied
back in case of wall
failure.

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Scaffolds Failure

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