Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Arte y Cultura Queer
Arte y Cultura Queer
Preface
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Survey
Inverted Histories: 1885 — 1979
by Richard Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Inside the Body Politic: 1980 — present
by Catherine Lord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Works
A — Thresholds (1885 — 1909) . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B — Stepping Out (1910 — 29) . . . . . . . . . . . 65
C — Case Studies (1930 — 49) . . . . . . . . . . . 83
D — Closet Organizers (1950 — 64) . . . . . 99
E — Into the Streets (1965 — 79) . . . . . . . . 121
F — Sex Wars (1980 — 94) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
G — Queer Worlds (1995 — 2009) . . . . . . . 187
H — Here and Now (2010 — present) . . .. 253
academics who would produce foundational texts mourners and a team of producers. At the Quilt’s first display
of queer theory: Douglas Crimp, Jan Zita Grover, David on the Washington Mall in October of 1987, 1,920 panels
Halperin, Simon Watney and David Román among them. were displayed. By 1996, when it was last displayed in full,
Their texts, in turn, shaped and provoked the work of queer 44,000 panels blanketed the Washington Mall.
artists and In Spain, artists and intellectuals were virtually silent
curators.) Though fully aware of 1980s postmodernist about AIDS until the early 1990s, when performance artist
critiques of originality and authorship, the artists associated and sculptor Pepe Espaliú organized friends and allies to
Gran Fury (with Aldo Fernandez)
with ACT UP turned such ideas to less ironic use. No one Kissing Doesn’t Kill: Greed and Indifference Do support his wasted body in their arms and carry him through
claimed authorship of graphics and text bytes – precisely 1989 the streets of Madrid. Carrying theatricalized a relay of
in order to render them copyright-free and easy to replicate. associations: not simply the vectors of the virus itself, but the
ACT UP produced signs – in every sense of the word – around transport of an infirm body and a collective transport of the
which to rally, making gifts of the visual to a burgeoning media outrage that their works generated. Their billboard soul. To carry the body of the artist was to incarnate all these
movement. Translated into the appropriate languages, the Kissing Doesn’t Kill, commissioned by the American meanings. Like the AIDS Memorial Quilt, Espaliú’s project
graphics spread across the US and Europe, erupting as Foundation for AIDS Resources, took to the road on the spawned offshoots inside and outside the art world. In San
placards in protests and marches, as stickers placed in buses, sides of buses in 1989, winning press attention and Sebastián, Carrying Society events involved the testimonies
taxis, subways, bathrooms and road signs, and upon bodies attracting vandals in Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. of a group of people with AIDS. In Barcelona, PWAs
General Idea
accessorized with buttons, baseball caps and T-shirts. The billboard depicted same-sex couples kissing, conducted carryings around a prison where many of the Infections
William Olander, senior curator at the New Museum of and the accompanying copy made it clear that this was inmates had AIDS. 86 1994
Contemporary Art in New York and a member of ACT UP, no liberal plea for tolerance: ‘Corporate greed, government Viruses run their course, however. Like Robert Indiana’s
offered the collective of artists that evolved from the SILENCE = inaction, and public indifference make A IDS a political LOVE and like General Idea’s AIDS, the red ribbon that
DEATH project their museum debut. Gran Fury’s Let the crisis.’ Invited to participate in the Venice Biennale of 1990, painter Frank Moore designed in 1991 was rapidly Nairne’s State of the Art: Ideas and Images in the 1980s,
Record Show, installed in 1987 in New York City at the New Gran Fury produced a triptych of panels that juxtaposed appropriated to feed an industry of kitsch accessories. The a British survey of the decade, was a television programme
Museum’s project space, featured a photo mural of the a photograph of the Pope, a screed against the Catholic A IDS awareness ribbon was, in turn, annexed by enterprises followed by a book of the same title. Though based in identity
Nuremberg trials below a pink neon version of SILENCE = church’s ‘preference for living saints and dead sinners’, surrounding other invisible epidemics – most notably, breast politics, neither book nor programme mentioned homosexuality
DEATH. The installation included photo silhouettes of and, dead centre of an enlarged placard, an erect pink penis. cancer. Elsewhere, as David Goldblatt’s series of South or A IDS. ‘The Decade Show: Frameworks of Identity in
six of the most vicious homophobes in the US, each paired The high-profile international fracas was predictable, African urban landscapes in the time of AIDS suggests, the 1980s’ was the blockbuster American equivalent, installed
with his own words, entombed in concrete. William Buckley, charges of blasphemy and kitsch being countered with the ribbon has been buried in the landslide of multinational at three New York museums. Gay and lesbian issues were
for example, famously advocated that PWAs should be a spirited defence of artistic freedom. signage. Over the last decade, the Names Foundation has treated only under the rubric of A IDS, which in turn was
tattooed on the buttocks, while Senator Jesse Helms The viral metaphor served as a generative tool for several quietly laid off staff and warehoused most of the quilt presented as a subset of ‘activism’. 87 During and after the
favoured quarantine. groups, enabling production and inflecting distribution. panels. These are now attended by a few conservators and 1980s, then, gays and lesbians struggled to distribute their
Gran Fury’s early interventions had, when necessary, A Toronto collective composed of the artists Jorge Zontal, by younger artists interested in reanimating oppositional presence in the intricate network of institutions called the art
relied on bootlegged Xerox posters, but the group understood Felix Partz and A A Bronson had collaborated since 1969 histories. Andrea Bowers, for example, whose meticulous world. They organized film festivals, published anthologies,
that invitations such as Olander’s would allow them to under the skirts of the drag avatar Miss General Idea, who drawings rework the graphics of early protest movements, convened conferences and curated a steady stream of
fabricate and distribute their messages on a grander scale first brought herself to public attention by hosting a pageant has made laborious renderings from photographs of certain exhibitions addressing diverse issues of queer representation,
than they themselves could finance. They correctly predicted in her honour at the Art Gallery of Ontario. In 1987, at the quilt panels. In this homage to invisible labour, what is lost printing catalogues whenever possible. 88 During the same
that their audience would increase in proportion with the height of the A IDS epidemic in North America, General in translation is a prerequisite for having a future. period, certain gay artists were included in high-profile venues
Idea appropriated Robert Indiana’s 1964 painting LOVE, such as the Whitney Biennial – David Wojnarowicz in1985,
by then a staple of international kitsch, and ‘refaced’ the Robert Gober and the collaborative team of McDermott
Gerard Julien
Photograph of A CT UP demonstration
image as a branding campaign to increase awareness of Nasties and Dandies and McGough in 1987, Félix González-Torres and the
at Place de la Concorde, Paris A IDS. In North America and Europe, General Idea’s AIDS collective Group Material in 1991. But as the superimposition
1993 appeared on billboards, posters, hoardings, gallery walls The art world’s putative multiculturalism of the 1980s of A IDS and homosexuality became ever more difficult to
and the cover of any magazine that would accommodate existed in uneasy relation to gay and lesbian culture. Sandy disentangle and the attacks on ‘obscene’ images ever more
the project – among them Ontario Dentist and the Journal ardent, those interested in defining the terms of queer visibility
of the American Medical Association. General Idea’s success inevitably had to confront the assumptions of identity politics.
Pepe Espaliú
spawned its own backlash. In 1988, Gran Fury used the Carrying Project, Barcelona There were disputes about the conditions under which
A IDS logo to format the painting RIOT, and in that same 1991 particular kinds of images (‘positive’? ‘negative’?) made by
year, Marlene McCarty used the format for a painting gays and lesbians could be shown, and arguments about
titled FUCK. whether gays and lesbians should be viewed together as an
In San Francisco, then seen as something of an outpost identity category. Such differences made more evident the
of the international art market, another viral mutation divisions in a fictive community. Richard Hawkins and
began. Under the leadership of Cleve Jones, the collective Dennis Cooper’s 1988 exhibition ‘Against Nature’, held at
energy that drove the annual vigils held to mark the Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, is a case in point.
assassinations of San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk While the subject was AIDS, the exhibition reinscribed a
and Mayor George Moscone were chanelled to address the hotly contested stereotype by including only ‘homosexual men’,
AIDS crisis. In an era when funeral homes routinely declined a fey anachronism used by the curators to take a jab at
to handle the bodies of those who had died of AIDS, and prescriptive ideals of ‘multiculturalism’. 89
relatives (as many still do) routinely declined to recognize Censorship campaigns in the US and the U K came
the surviving queer family, the AIDS Memorial Quilt gave to a head in the latter part of the 1980s. In 1987, the UK
a larger meaning to local rites of grief. As other cities and passed Section 28, which prohibited local councils from
towns joined the project, the AIDS Memorial Quilt served as using government funds to ‘promote homosexuality’ or
a formula for portable sculpture that built at once a web of a ‘pretended family relationship’.90 In the same year, just as
4 5
THOMAS EAKINS
Swimming , 1883 – 8 5
Oil on canvas
69 × 92 cm
Collection, Amon Carter Museum of Art,
Fort Worth, Texas
ALICE AUSTEN
Julia Martin, Julia Bredt and Self dressed up
as men, 4:40 p.m., Thurs., Oct. 15th, 1891
Black and white photograph
Collection, Staten Island Historical Society, New York
In what must qualify as one of the sexiest portraits of the A figure painter of intense, even brutal expressionism, Francis
1950s, Larry Rivers painted his one-time lover, poet / curator Bacon received virtually no formal training as an artist.
Frank O’Hara, frontally nude save for a pair of leather Though he frequently based his paintings on specific
combat boots. The larger-than-life portrait (almost two photographic images, those sources were all but unrecognizable
and a half metres high) presents O’Hara standing with his in the finished works. Two Figures was inspired by a late
arms over his head, one leg on the floor and the other on a nineteenth-century photograph by Eadweard Muybridge
breeze block. In the lower left of the painting, just beside the of two men wrestling. Bacon transposed the figures onto a
spot where boot gives way to flesh, Rivers has written the bed and fiercely stylized their forms so as to suggest a scene
name of the poet. In the same year that Rivers completed of sexual struggle bordering, perhaps, on violation. [RM]
this portrait, O’Hara wrote a poem titled ‘Homosexuality’,
which opens with the following lines: ‘So we are taking off
our masks, are we, and keeping / our mouths shut? as if
we’d been pierced by a glance!’ Mask off and mouth shut,
O’Hara Nude with Boots seems to command – rather than be
pierced by – our attention. [RM]
JOCHEN KLEIN
Untitled , 1996
Oil on canvas
76 × 101 cm
TA M M Y R A E C A R L A N D
Ransom Letter, Alice B. Toklas from the series
Random Letters to Ransom Girls , 1998
Collage on paper
21.5 × 28 cm
Something is being branded here – not a product but an In 2003, photographer Karolina Bregula launched the first
identity constructed by Jack Pierson, an image that would public-awareness campaign for gay and lesbian visibility
sell as easily in a gallery as it would in a fashion magazine. in Poland. The campaign sponsored billboards in which
The softly illuminated, quietly erotic picture of the naked photographs of same-sex couples holding hands were stamped
torso of a young man is one in an ongoing series of images with the slogan ‘NIECH NAS ZOBACZA’ (Let them
of unidentified men who are not Jack Pierson but are see us). The slogan’s plea was not, however, to be granted.
photographed by the artist to represent the narrative that Denounced by the Catholic Church, the billboards were torn
is his identity. [CL] down or painted over within days of their installation.
Lest we assume that the Catholic Church enjoys an
exclusive claim on such intolerance, or that it is confined to
Poland, consider what happened to Bregula’s project three
years later. In 2006, Real Art Ways, a not-for-profit art centre,
collaborated with the artist to bring her billboards (minus the
Polish-language slogans) to Hartford, Connecticut.
Citing the possibility of public controversy and vandalism,
however, the local billboard company, Lamar Outdoor
Advertising, refused to allow the work to be seen. [RM]
ISAAC JULIEN
Still Life Studies Series, No. 1 , 2008
Colour photograph in light box
120 × 140 cm
LIZ COLLINS
Knitting Nation Phase 4: Pride , 2008
Action and site-specific installation
Two shirtless men, one seated, the other standing, touch Fabian Martín Guerrero’s photographs document the
each other while also touching a camera. The standing lived experiences of queer brown lives, especially those
man rests his hand on the shoulder of the seated man who, who aspire to a traditional Mexican aesthetic. His work
in return, grazes the lower belly of his companion. In a brings into representation a new generation of queer
gesture of lovely, tiny intimacy, the seated man places a Mexican and Mexican Americans who invest in the
single finger on that of his companion. This small caress ranchero and vaquero lifestyle, and do so without passing
takes place atop the camera, which is positioned near the or refuting their sexuality. Instead, as in the portrait
center of the composition. From within the very space of the “Jaime,” they embrace their intersectional identities
photograph, the camera seems to photographing us. The without a sense of conflict or contradiction.
picture looks back even as we look at it. Jaime stands dressed in his floral print jacket and
The seated man is also the maker of the picture, the conventional Tejana hat in front of the tricolor Mexican
Los-Angeles based photographer Paul Mpagi Sepuya. The flag, which blows in the distance while visually extending
photograph, Darkroom Mirror, is from a series called Dark from his hat.
Room, a double entendre that refers both to the dark room Jaime’s stylishly groomed facial hair—eyebrows,
of photography and to the low-lit back rooms in gay bars mustache, goatee—along with his traditional Mexican
reserved for cruising and casual sex. Both darkrooms are style dress present a sense of elegance and pride. Guerrero
places of physical contact, whether between chemically frames Jaime in an honorific position giving over almost the
sensitive paper and developing agents or between the bodies entire height of the visual field to his subject. They are at
of two (or more) men. There is a third dark space at issue the popular Alameda swap meet in Los Angeles. Guerrero
in the photograph, a space delineated by the black velvet shoots his subject in the bright light of day and in the center
backdrop against which the men appear. Sepuya attends of the public sphere; Jaime looks back at the camera to
to the smallest of visual details and differences: the folds, acknowledge his viewer, as he continues to move forward to
crush and subtle patterning of the velvet scrim, the sheen the flag with a sense of purpose and belonging. [DR]
and sweat on the face of the standing man, the almost
imperceptible dust on the surface of the camera’s lens. He
reconciles these differences within a coherent and persuasive
composition, the space of “a dark room” in which desire is
permitted to develop before our eyes. [RM]
REN HANG
Untitled , 2014
C-print
46.5 × 32 cm
Paperback
232 × 171 mm
9 × 6¾ in
304 pp
300 colour illustrations
ISBN: 978-0-7148-7834-8
9 780714 878348