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L2

Brief History

S. Sundar Kumar Iyer

EE 370 A

2
Compiled by SSK Iyer
 The First Computer
The Babbage
Difference Engine
(1832)
25,000 parts
cost: £17,470
• Mechanical system
• Non-modular
• Standard parts not available
• Decimal and not binary

But
• Store and Mill (execute) cycles
• Pipelining
• …

Actually got built in 1991!

Rabaey et al.
3 Located in Science Museum, London
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd

The Birth of Electronics

1904 Diodes

John Ambrose Fleming’s diodes

1906 Triodes

Audion Triode invented by Lee De Forest

 Vacuum Tube Technology

news.sciencemag.org
en.wikipedia.org

IBM100 - IBM 603 ENIAC Vacuum Tubes (1946)

www.computermuseum.li
www-03.ibm.com 5

The First Electronic Computer

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1946

80’ x 8.5’ x w
18,000 vacuum tubes
Calculating artillery
firing tables

Rabaey et al. 6
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd
 The Transistor Revolution
John Bardeen

Walter Houser Brattain

William Shockley

First transistor
Rabaey et al. Bell Labs, 1948
7
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd

Solid State Devices

PRESS KIT - Intel® Solid-State Drives

ecom.training.dupont.com

www.intel.com

Printed Circuit Boards bring devices together

8
 The First Integrated Circuits
Inventors of ICs
Jack Kilby
at Texas Instruments
in 1958
Physics Nobel Prize
in 2000

Robert Noyce
At Fairchild Semiconductor
In 1957

ECL 3-input Gate Bipolar logic

Motorola 1966 1960’s
Rabaey et al.
9
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd

Moore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the

number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that semiconductor
technology will double its effectiveness every
18 months
10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count

Moore’s Law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count

Intel Microprocessors
Transistor Date of
Processor Designer Process Area
count introduction
Intel 4004 2,300 1971 Intel 10,000 nm 12 mm²
Intel 8008 3,500 1972 Intel 10,000 nm 14 mm²
Intel 8080 4,500 1974 Intel 6,000 nm 20 mm²
Intel 8085 6,500 1976 Intel 3,000 nm 20 mm²
Intel 8086 29,000 1978 Intel 3,000 nm 33 mm²
Intel 8088 29,000 1979 Intel 3,000 nm 33 mm²
Intel 80186 55,000 1982 Intel 3,000 nm 60 mm²
Intel 80286 134,000 1982 Intel 1,500 nm 49 mm²
Pentium 3,100,000 1993 Intel 800 nm 294 mm²
Pentium 4
184,000,000 2006 Intel 65 nm 90 mm²
Cedar Mill
Core 2 Duo 230,000,000 2008 Intel 45 nm 83 mm²
Wolfdale 3M

22-core Xeon ~7,200,000,

Broadwell-E5
2016 Intel 14 nm 456 mm²
000
 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor

1971
2,300 transistors
108 kHz operation
10 micron technology

13

Itanium® 2 Processor

2002
1 GHz operation
220,000,000 transistors
0.18 micron technology

14
 Intel® Core™ i7-6950X Processor Extreme Edition
(25M Cache, up to 3.50 GHz)

Specifications
Essentials Performance
Status Launched # of Cores 10
Launch Date Q2'16 # of Threads 20
Processor Number i7-6950X Processor Base Frequency 3 GHz
Cache 25 MB Max Turbo Frequency 4 GHz
Instruction Set 64-bit TDP 140 W
Embedded Options Available No -
Lithography 14 nm Memory Specifications
Scalability 1S Only Max Memory Size (dependent on memory
Recommended Customer Price type) 128 GB
$1723.00 - $1743.00 Memory Types DDR4 2400/2133
Conflict Free Yes Max # of Memory Channels 4
ECC Memory Supported ‡ No

http://ark.intel.com/products/94456/Intel-Core-i7-6950X-Processor-Extreme-Edition-25M-Cache-up-to-3_50-GHz

Complex Systems
IBM’s Largest BlueGene/L
upto 360 teraflops

16
 Supercomputers

2015

A The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid" at Argonne National Laboratory

runs 164,000 processor cores using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in
40 racks/cabinets connected by a high-speed 3-D torus network.
17
Can perform > hundred quadrillion (1017) FLOPS

Consumer Electronics

The smart phones epitomise the

power of electronics accessible to
the common person
2018

iPhone XR
18
 Low Power (and Low Speeds?)
• Portable electronics

• Desirable for other applications as well

Roadrunner (Super computer)
227 metric tons
3 MW power supply

Human Brain
1.5 kg
20 W
20 billion neurons
connected by about 200 trillion synapses
© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd

What Enables it all?

Business and Political Decisions
Politics and
Management
Finance

Computer Software
Science
and Engineering Systems

Electronics Integration: Circuits/ Fab

EE 370A

Devices

Materials
Material Science
Physics
Chemistry 20