Lecturer:

Ms. Pek Yah San

Nursing Programme
University Kuala Lumpur
Royal College of Medicine Perak

Subject Code and Name:

RND20603 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

Written Assignment Title in Full:

Summary of Article entitled “Entrepreneurship in Nursing
Education” and “Rising to the Challenge of Healthcare Reform with
Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Nursing Initiatives”

Student Name and Matrix No:

Xxxxxxxx

Due Date:
01 April 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

2.0 SUMMARY OF ARTICLES......................................................................................2

2.1. Definition of Entrepreneurship..............................................................................2
2.2. Entrepreneurship in Nursing and Nursing Education...........................................2
2.3. Intrapreneurship in Nursing..................................................................................3
2.4. Global Challenges................................................................................................3
2.5. Barriers to Self-Employment................................................................................4
2.6. Healthcare Reform and the Future of Nursing.....................................................5
2.7. Setting for Nurse Entre/Intrapreneurship.............................................................5
2.7.1. Primary Care..................................................................................................5
2.7.2. Secondary Care.............................................................................................5
2.7.3. Tertiary Care..................................................................................................5

3.0 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................6

4.0 REFERENCE...........................................................................................................7
1.0 INTRODUCTION

A health infrastructure that is adequately funded delivers relevant care and is

supported by a workforce suited to the population’s health care needs is, therefore,
essential to the delivery of high-quality care. However, in order to deliver these
outcomes, it is essential for nurses to practice to the full extent of their knowledge
and training while transforming the way in which health care is provided by entering
into full partnerships with other health care professionals. For this purpose, by
generating opinions for resolving the health problems and integrating new opinions,
entrepreneurship principles must have been used in the studies of health
improvement and disease prevention.

2.0 SUMMARY OF ARTICLES

2.1. Definition of Entrepreneurship

When we examine the literature, it is seen that many definitions of

entrepreneurship have been made. Entrepreneurship is defined as the
institutionalization or the development of something in order to provide
benefits to the individuals and society.
With regard to the widely used definition of the European Commission,
Entrepreneurship represents the ability of an individual to transform
opinions into action.

2.2. Entrepreneurship in Nursing and Nursing Education

The nursing profession has contributed to the protection, development and

correction of health in addition the knowledge, skills and confidence
required to combine medical administration. Within the context of the
health services, entrepreneurial nurses may be regarded as health and
social care professionals who take innovative steps, develop the
outcomes of patient care and decrease the health care costs. It has been
stated by Diekelmann that the majority of nurse trainers keep going to
teach the same subjects that no longer have places within the health care
system despite the significant changes in the health care systems and
nursing practices.

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2.3. Intrapreneurship in Nursing

Nursing entrepreneurship provides nurses with self-employment

opportunities which allow them to pursue their personal vision and passion
to improve health outcomes using innovative approaches.
Nurse intrapreneurs develop innovative health practices from within the
organisational framework in which they work, and consequently share the
risks and benefits associated with this innovative practice with their
employer.

2.4. Global Challenges

The need for healthcare reform globally remains a priority. Nursing’s

scope encompasses: autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of
all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.

2.5. Barriers to Self-Employment

For nurses to be full partners with other health professionals, ignorance

and confusion about their role and relationship with other care providers,
fiscal issues affecting fee setting and client reimbursement, and legal
issues need to be addressed. Studies undertaken in 2002, and 2004
indicated that research into entrepreneurial nursing remains limited and
insufficient to inform changes to health policy and nurse education.

2.6. Healthcare Reform and the Future of Nursing

The Future of Nursing report identified that nurses, working at the forefront
of patient care, can play a vital role in helping to realize objectives to make
health care accessible, acceptable, and affordable. Then nurses will be
even better positioned to lead change and advance health. Other needs
are improved research, better data collection, and information
infrastructure on health care workforce requirements.

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2.7. Setting for Nurse Entre/Intrapreneurship

Three paradigms encompass the health care services provided across the
continuum of care. Within each of these health care sectors, there are a
range of services available both internally and, to a lesser extent,
externally to address community health and wellness needs. Older
persons often suffer from co-morbid and chronic illnesses and therefore
require access to services across this continuum of care.

2.7.1. Primary Care

Nurses play a vital role throughout the continuum of care and work in both
entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial roles to serve the primary care needs
of the community. Nurse intrapreneurs have been involved in producing
more effective primary care through programs such as that developed by
Mary Naylor and Karen Buhler-Wilkersen who developed an innovative
program for improving elder care in their community. This will thereby
increase the efficiency and economy of this first step in the health care
system and subsequently reduce pressure on the system at higher levels
of care.

2.7.2. Secondary Care

Secondary care may be provided in the community or in a hospital and

similar settings. Case finding is performed using a simple screening
assessment completed by the primary or triage nurse followed by an in-
depth interview by a geriatric clinical nurse specialist. These clinics offer
an increased connection to everyday care by locating in easy to access
locations and operating outside normal business hours. Every Smart Clinic
NP holds a Masters of Nursing degree, nurse practitioner endorsement,
and is registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation
Agency.

2.7.3. Tertiary Care

Tertiary care is specialized consultative health care, usually for inpatients

in a facility such as an acute hospital that has personnel and facilities for

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 advanced medical investigation and treatment. A systematic review
summarising the evidence of seven randomised controlled trials reported
that, although there were no harmful effects identified in patients with
coronary heart disease exposed to a nurse-led clinic, inconsistencies in
the interventions used made comparison difficult. To provide services that
meet individuals’ needs, and are equitable and economical, both of these
approaches are required.

3.0 CONCLUSION

These examples of nurse entre- and intrapreneurs working in

primary, secondary, and tertiary care demonstrate potential benefits to patients
and the variety of settings for nurse entre/ intrapreneurs. Some nurses are
already working in entre- and intrapreneurial roles which demonstrate the
positive outcomes that can be achieved when nurses meet their full
potential. Given the full potential scope of nurses' practice, the success of health
system reforms depends on a nursing workforce that is appropriately educated
and supported for innovative practice roles in multiple settings.

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4.0 REFERENCE

Culha, Yeliz, Karaman Turan, & Kaya, Hatice. (2017). Entrepreneurship in nursing
education. Pressacademia. 4. 50-53. 10.17261/Pressacademia.2017.516.
Wilson, A., Whitaker, N., Whitford, D. (May 31, 2012) "Rising to the Challenge of Health
Care Reform with Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Nursing Initiatives" OJIN: The
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 17, No. 2, Manuscript 5. Retrieved from
https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJI
N/TableofContents/Vol-17-2012/No2-May-2012/Rising-to-the-Challenge-of-Reform.html