SCIENCE 9

Module No.1: Respiratory And

Circulatory Systems Working With
The Other Organ Systems
Lesson1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with the
Organ Systems

Introduction and Focus Questions

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Romi Garduce is the first and only Filipino to have scaled the famous Seven Summits or the seven
highest peaks in each of the seven continents. Of course, one of these is the world-famous Mount Everest.
It took Romi 2 months to finally take a selfie as he waved the Philippine flag on the peak of Mount Everest,
literally, the top of the world.
In many of his photos as he neared the summit, one can see that he and his group used oxygen masks
connected to the oxygen tanks that they carried. According to experts, the air is so thin at 31,000 feet. This is
the same altitude shared by most commercial flights while on a cruise mode. In such conditions, breathing
becomes difficult because the amount of oxygen is dramatically low compared to that at sea level. Every cell in
the body requires oxygen to function properly. Have you ever wondered how oxygen from outside the body
finds its way to each one of our cells?
In this module, you will find out how oxygen, just like every other nutrient, is delivered to each cell in
the body. Remember to look for the answer to the following question: How can nutrients flow well in our
body?

Pre Assessment
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the letter that you think best answers the
question.
1. Determine the compound that leaves the cells as a waste product of respiration which then joins the
bloodstream.
a. Ammonia.
b. Carbon dioxide.
c. Carbon monoxide.
d. Hydrogen chloride.

2. When the diaphragm relaxes, it pushes up on the lungs and

a. Drives CO2 out of the body.
b. Enhances movement of O2.
c. Facilitates lung expansion.
d. Slows down blood flow.
3. Almost all substances found in our bodies dissolve in water. This is the reason why is
comprised mostly of water.
a. blood
b. cholesterol
c. fat
d. sap
4. A regular intake of fatty foods leads to fat deposition in our blood vessels. What is the likely effect of such a
diet in our circulatory system?
a. Fat allows blood to easily slide on it which facilitates blood flow.
b. Low blood pressure can be expected because of the interaction between blood and
fat.
c. High blood pressure results from the faster movement of blood caused by fat deposits.
d. The diameter of the blood vessel becomes smaller and makes blood flow difficult.
5. Your biology teacher said that carbonic acid forms in the blood if present in excessive amounts. In a classroom
activity prepared by your teacher, you were asked to do deep breathing exercises. As you exhale,
a. Accumulated CO2 in the alveoli are moved out of the body.
b. Accumulated O2 outside the alveoli are moved out of the body.
c. Only through photosynthesis will we be able to get the needed CO2.
d. Only through the thylakoid membrane will we be able to get the needed CO2.
6. Basti will be joining a 10-kilometer fun run. He finds it challenging not just because of the distance but also
because of the chosen terrain. Most participants will find it even more challenging if they do not have much
physical activity because
a. Blood flow is slowed by poorly warmed up muscle groups in the arms.
b. Gas exchange does not occur in their respiratory system.
c. Their ability to warm up is less than the other runners.
d. They have low endurance and would easily tire.
7. A handful of cities in the Philippines have effectively banned smoking in public. Health experts have repeatedly
emphasized that cigarette smoking directly harms the respiratory system in many ways which include
a. Increasing the flow of CO2 towards the lungs.
b. Making the airways smaller and irritated (as seen in coughing)
c. Slowing the flow of phlegm from the larynx to the bronchi.
d. Transferring beneficial nutrients from the body to the cigarette smoke.
8. Your science teacher made you watch a video animation of the circulatory system of a long-time smoker. The
video did not have audio as well as subtitles. From what you know in other videos of the circulatory system,
blood was represented using red or blue colors depending on where it is found. For this particular video, blood
entering and leaving the lungs was blue. You know that oxygen turns blood into a bright red color. From this
fact, one can infer that
a. Blood can now be pumped faster around the body.
b. Oxygen will be replenished if blood is pumped to the lungs.*
c. There is more oxygen in the right atrium.
d. This will not lead to yawning because of the amount of oxygen still present.
9. In the past, city dwellers who have visited Benguet province would always talk about what they consider as
“fresh air” in the said mountain province. From this, one can infer that
a. Higher altitudes would have more oxygen.
b. Less people compete for air that is beneficial to our blood.
c. The quality of the respiratory system has effects on our own health.
d. There are people who equate cold climate with fresh air.
10. My mother is known in our village for growing very beautiful flowers in our garden. I would normally see her in
the morning “talking” to the flowers as if she was talking to her friends. Some plant lovers “talk” to their plants and
claim that it makes their plants healthier. If their plants appear healthy, the most logical reason for this would
be that
a. A person talking to plants would be better off talking to other people.
b. As the person speaks, CO2 needed by plants is released.
c. Pests can be removed by the person to keep the plant healthy.
d. Talking to plants removes stress and promotes its growth.
11. Climbing Mt. Everest is no easy feat, not only is it the highest peak in the world, but the challenge becomes
even greater because of interplay among factors found in the region. One of these is the high altitude which
results to thinner air. The lack of oxygen in such conditions leads to
a. Decreased energy production in the mitochondria.
b. Elevated levels of oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondria.
c. Increased levels of carbon dioxide produced during respiration.
d. Limited diffusion of water is expected in the thylakoid.
12. In the final question of the Inter-school science quiz bee that you were part of, it focused on the efficient
transport of substances in the body. You knew that it depended on the condition of the respiratory and
circulatory systems. The instruction of the quiz master was to choose among the following statements the one
which was incorrect. Going over the statements again, you should choose
a. Asthma patients are given O2 in the hospital because narrowed airways conduct air
poorly.
b. Boys who smoke are less prone to lung problems because they are physiologically
stronger than girls.*
c. Doctors would give diuretics to a hypertensive patient because frequent urination
can lower blood pressure.
d. For every instance that a person coughs, this is an assurance that the respiratory system is still
functioning normally.
13. Your father is a pulmonologist, a doctor who specializes in lung conditions. You got to see him treat one
patient in the clinic who seemed so sickly and was always coughing. His skin did not have that healthy color
that you normally see in others. Your father said that he had COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease);
he was having difficulty breathing when he is not coughing. Gas exchange in the lungs can be affected by the
following except
a. Ability of the lungs/alveoli to expand.
b. Concentration of gases between the alveoli and capillaries.
c. Number of normally functioning alveoli.
d. Production of mucus in the walls of the bronchi.*
14. My grandmother would have a purplish color when she’s having a severe asthma attack. Her normal color would
be back once she has been given proper medical attention that would enlarge her airways. This could mean
that
a. Doctors can fix skin color and return it to normal.
b. Such a condition facilitates delivery of oxygen to the body.
c. The blocked airways are caused by phlegm.
d. The presence of oxygen is responsible for the normal body color.
15. Yosi Kadiri was a mascot created by the Department of Health years ago for a campaign against cigarette
smoking. Your batch has been assigned to raise awareness on healthy practices for the respiratory system to
grade 1 students in your school for the Science week. Unfortunately, the nearby health office has run out of
Yosi Kadiri materials that you could use for your assigned task. What could be your best option?
a. Draw different versions of Yosi Kadiri for the kids.
b. Give flyers that show the parts of the respiratory system.
c. Perform a skit where Yosi Kadiri gets kicked out of a community.*
d. Show a poster of a cigarette with all the chemicals it contains.

16. Your PE teachers record how many rounds students can do in a 12-minute run around the soccer field. The
following can encourage other students to perform healthy practices for the respiratory system except
a. post pictures of those with the best records in the school bulletin board
b. present graphs on how each class fared compared to others and have some healthy
competition
c. propose to the PE department head incentives for classes who show marked
improvements after a month
d. record videos of the sickly participants as they run around the field

17. The heart is the major organ of the circulatory system; proper exercise done regularly will keep it strong and
healthy. If you were to do a survey in school, most of them are likely to tell you the following reasons why they
don’t do exercise except for
a. It would be the muscles that benefit from exercise and not the heart.
b. Exercise is required only for athletes.
c. Teenagers don’t need to do exercise yet as they are still healthy.
d. They are too busy and don’t have time for exercise.

18. Zamboanga City has tricycles as the main mode of transport within the city. According to the local health
worker, there is still a rise in respiratory cases in the city specially among children up to age 16 even though a
smoking ban has been implemented the past 2 years. As a student, what can you do to verify the information
from the local health worker?
a. conduct a survey as to how many respondents would cover their nose when on the road
b. go to every classroom and ask how many are cigarette smokers
c. make and distribute flyers containing information on the harmful emissions of
tricycles
 d. prepare a video clip clearly explaining the effects of tricycle emissions to our respiratory systems
19. A new and fatal medical condition was introduced by the Department of Health because of the nearing
Christmas season; it has been dubbed “Holiday Heart Syndrome.” The condition is said to be predominant
among the young adults up to those who are still at a working age. You have not heard of this condition. Your
teacher asked you to infer what might be involved in it through the use of a collage. He will look for the
following pictures as he assesses your work in terms of content except for
a. Cross-section diagram of the heart.
b. Lack of sleep.
c. Partying.
d. Unhealthy diet.
20. Aerobic exercises are those done continuously for at least 30 minutes. These strengthen the heart and allow it
to have stronger and more efficient contractions. Such exercises also allow the body to obtain more oxygen for
the body. The following statements are false except
a. Aerobic exercises can easily tire out the heart muscles and lead to tissue death.
b. Blood stays longer in the lungs to obtain oxygen because of the strong heart contractions.
c. Efficient carbon dioxide disposal can be achieved through short burst exercises.
d. The availability of more oxygen will lead to more efficient glucose breakdown for respiration.

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Have you heard of CPR?

If not, it stands for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation. It is an emergency technique that has been developed to allow
trained individuals to revive patients or victims who are close to dying or have lost consciousness. This technique
zeroes in on
“bringing back to life” the heart and the lungs; the Latin word cardio refers to the heart, while pulmo refers to the
lungs. The fact that these two organs had to be revived would indicate that they perform vital roles for us. Do
they need to work together that’s why they should be revived simultaneously? The heart pumps blood
throughout the body, while the lungs are in charge of getting gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide moving in
and out of our bodies.

ACTIVITY 1:

CPR is a life-saving first aid procedure. It can significantly improve someone’s changes of surviving if they suffer a
heart attack or stop breathing following an accident or trauma.
By performing CPR, you circulate the blood so it can provide oxygen to the body, and the brain and other organs
stay alive while you wait for the ambulance. There is usually enough oxygen still in the blood to keep the brain and other
organs alive for a number of minutes, but it is not circulating unless someone does CPR. CPR does not guarantee that the
person will survive, but it does give that person a chance when otherwise there would have been none.

Process Questions:
1. What ideas on CPR did you learn after reading this article?
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2. What is oxygen?
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3. Why is it important to continuously receive oxygen?
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4. Why must blood be pumped nonstop in our bodies?
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5. How can CPR help in making nutrients flow well in the body?
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ACTIVITY 2: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Mr. Bean is known for his hilarious antics. In the picture that you are about to analyse, pay close attention as he
tries to revive the man who just suffered a heart attack.

Process Questions:
1. Every Mr. Bean episode is expected to be comical; in relation to CPR, what made this particular episode funny?
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2. How can CPR ensure nutrients to flow well in the body?
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Let’s continue this module by gathering your thoughts about the processes involved in the circulatory and
respiratory systems. Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the efficient transport of blood carrying
oxygen and other nutrients. You will determine and relate the different factors that are at work during their
formation.
ACTIVITY 3: ARTICLE READING

Read the articles below. These articles present in a student-friendly way how the heart and lungs perform their
lead roles for the circulatory and respiratory systems, respectively.

Heart and Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cycle is always involved in sustaining life on Earth. Inside one’s body is a cycle that keeps a person alive—the
circulatory system which is also known of as the body’s transport system.
Circulation is the movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of
the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and remove waste products as well.

What Does the Circulatory System Do?

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the
heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.
The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like
carbon dioxide. These roadways travel in one direction only, to keep things going where they should.
The entire circulatory system cannot perform well without its two main parts—the cardiovascular system and
the lymphatic system. Cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood and lymph and the blood vessels while the
lymphatic system makes the cardiovascular system functions with the aid of its network of fine vessels that are
connected to the lymph nodes.
With the functions performed by its different parts, the circulatory system is able to:
1. Control the blood flow throughout the body;
2. Distribute efficiently important substances such as nutrients, antibodies, hormones and oxygen to the cells;
3. Pick up and remove waste materials and carbon dioxide;
4. Normalize the flow of water, beneficial fluids and materials;
5. Regulate the temperature inside the body; and
6. Fight diseases.
The circulatory system has two types, which are observed, in different forms of organisms, the open and closed
circulatory system.

Open Circulatory System

This type of circulatory system is normally observed among the

invertebrates. Organisms with this type of system do not have a true
heart or capillaries. Instead of a true heart, there are blood vessels that
act as pumps to force the blood directly into open regions called sinuses
or a body cavity, hemocoel.

Characteristics of Open System

1. The materials between the cells and the blood exchange directly
because of the direct contact between them.
Open circulatory system in a crayfish. 2. There are no red corpuscles because the respiratory pigment, when
present, is dissolved in the plasma of the blood.

Closed Circulatory System

Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closed circulatory system. Closed circulatory systems have the blood
that is kept in blood vessels of different sizes and wall thickness; hence, the blood does not mix with the interstitial fluid.
In this type of system, the heart pumps of the blood into different vessels reaching the different internal organs, and it
does not fill the body cavities.

Characteristics of Closed System

1. Due to the presence of muscular and contractile blood vessels
the speed of circulation is more rapid.
2. The volume of blood flowing through a tissue or organ is regulated
by the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the blood
vessels.

Closed circulatory in a squid.

THE BLOOD VESSELS
Just like any vehicle, the blood also needs a pathway or passageway to direct its destination. The blood vessels
have a great help to transport blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries,
which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual change of water and chemicals
between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The
blood vessels are connected to the heart in a closed circulatory system.

Red Color Blue color

HEART: THE MOST HARDWORKING ORGAN

The heart always symbolizes love. Scientifically, it portrays life.

What Does the Heart Do?
The heart is a pump, usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute. With each heartbeat, the heart
sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to every cell. After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the
heart. The heart then sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This cycle repeats over and over again.

What Are the Parts of the Heart?

The heart has four chambers — two on top and two on bottom:
 The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump blood out of the heart. A
wall called the interventricular septum is between the two ventricles.
 The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive the blood entering the heart. A wall
called the interatrial septum is between the atria.

The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves:

 The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
 The mitral valve ( also known as bicuspid valve) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood vessels that carry blood leaving the heart:
 The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the
lungs.
 The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which carries blood to the body.

Blood Flow through the Human Heart

  Blood enters the heart through two large veins – the posterior (inferior) and the anterior (superior) vena cava –
carrying deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.
 Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full,
the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent blood flowing backwards into the atrium.
 Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and flows to the lungs.
 The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
 Blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full,
the mitral valve shuts to prevent blood from flowing backwards into the atrium.
 Blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the rest of the body.

THE HUMAN BLOOD

According to the studies, the blood consists of 55% of a straw-colored liquid or plasma, 44% red blood cells, and
1% white blood cells and platelets.
The blood makes the circulatory system a transport system. The heart pumps it. It is the tissue that transports
nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removes by carrying the waste materials from the cells.
The major functions of the blood are as follows:
1. Picks up nutrients in the small intestine and oxygen in the lungs;
2. Moves the nutrients and oxygen to cells in the entire body;
3. Carries the waste materials to the kidneys, skin and lungs where they are removed from the body;
4. Brings the materials that direct body’s activities, materials that help the blood to clot, and materials that
help protect the body from diseases and;
5. Helps keep the toes warm by distributing the heat produced by the body activities.

Blood is composed of oxygen, nutrients and hormones needed by the human body. In a normal condition, its
true basic constituents are the 90% to 92% water, 7% to 8% protein, 1% salt, 0.6% lipids and 0.1% glucose. It has
functional components such as erythrocyte, commonly known as the red blood cell, leukocytes or the white blood cells
and platelets, which make up 45%, and the yellowish liquid plasma which is about 55%. In short, blood has 55% plasma
and 4 % blood cells. In addition, blood has an alkaline pH of 7.4; therefore, it is slightly basic.
The importance of blood is supported with the functions of its main components.

Functions of Plasma
1. It carries digested food from the small intestine to other parts of the body.
2. It transports chemicals such as hormones and antibodies from where they are produced to where they are
necessary.
3. It is also responsible in the transporting of wastes fro the tissues to where they are removed from the body.
Functions of Red Blood Cells
The RCBCs are biconcave and have no nucleus and are made in the bone marrow. Their life span is about 80 to
120 days. The body has about 25 trillion RCBCs. It is known as the oxygen-carrier for its major function is to carry oxygen
from the lungs to the body cells and they are filled with proteins and haemoglobin or the iron-containing molecule that
is bright red when combined with oxygen.
Functions of the White Blood Cells
The WBCs are colorless and they have no nucleus and are also made in the bone marrow just like the RBCs. Their
life span can last for 3 days. WBCs are much larger in size but less in number than the RBCs.
Its main function is to defend the body from the viruses, bacteria, and other foreign organisms in different ways.
It is divided into two types which are present in large numbers—the phagocytes and the lymphocytes. Phagocytes
perform the phagocytosis, where in they kill the bacteria and other foreign organisms that enter the systems of the body
by engulfing and digesting them. Lymphocytes produce antibodies. The antibodies either kill the bacteria directly or
make the substances harmless when the lymphocytes detect bacteria or poisonous substances in the blood.
Functions of the Platelets
Platelets are rounded bodies also known as thrombocytes. They are bits and pieces of broken down cytoplasm.
Like the blood cells, they have no nucleus and are about half the size of the red blood cells. Their major function is to
help in the clotting of blood and wound and prevents excessive blood loss and the entry of bacteria.

Human Circulatory Paths

The circulatory system has two distinct paths, the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. Although they are
two distinct paths, they actually occur simultaneously and not in a sequential manner. Both sides of the heart work
together. As blood leaves for the pulmonary circuit, some blood move through the systemic circuit.

Two pathways come from the heart:

 The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.
 The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again.

In pulmonary circulation:
 The pulmonary artery is a big artery that comes from the heart. It splits into two main branches, and
brings blood from the heart to the lungs. At the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon
dioxide. The blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
 Pulmonary circulation can be summed up as the part of the circulation that carries oxygen- poor blood
to the lungs and brings back oxygen- rich blood to the heart. Blood enters the pulmonary circuit when
the right atrium receives oxygen-poor (carbon dioxide-rich) blood from body tissues through the
superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper
part of the body, and the inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower part of the body. The blood
passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the deoxygenated
blood is pumped out from the heart through the pulmonary trunk that splits into the right and left
pulmonary arteries going to the lungs for oxygenation. Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the
lungs to pick up a fresh load of oxygen. At this point, blood is now oxygen-rich (carbon dioxide-poor).
From the lungs, the blood returns to the heart by way of the right and left pulmonary veins.

In systemic circulation:
 Next, blood that returns to the heart has picked up lots of oxygen from the lungs. So it can now go out
to the body. The aorta is a big artery that leaves the heart carrying this oxygenated blood. Branches off
of the aorta send blood to the muscles of the heart itself, as well as all other parts of the body. Like a
tree, the branches get smaller and smaller as they get farther from the aorta.
At each body part, a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries connects the very small artery branches
to very small veins. The capillaries have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and oxygen are
delivered to the cells. Waste products are brought into the capillaries.

Capillaries then lead into small veins. Small veins lead to larger and larger veins as the blood approaches the
heart. Valves in the veins keep blood flowing in the correct direction. Two large veins that lead into the heart
are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. (The terms superior and inferior don't mean that one vein
is better than the other, but that they're located above and below the heart.)
Once the blood is back in the heart, it needs to re-enter the pulmonary circulation and go back to the lungs
to drop off the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen.
How Does the Heart Beat?
The heart gets messages from the body that tell it when to pump more or less blood depending on a person's
needs. For example, when you're sleeping, it pumps just enough to provide for the lower amounts of oxygen needed by
your body at rest. But when you're exercising, the heart pumps faster so that your muscles get more oxygen and can
work harder.
How the heart beats is controlled by a system of electrical signals in the heart. The sinus (or sinoatrial) node is a
small area of tissue in the wall of the right atrium. It sends out an electrical signal to start the contracting (pumping) of
the heart muscle. This node is called the pacemaker of the heart because it sets the rate of the heartbeat and causes the
rest of the heart to contract in its rhythm.
These electrical impulses make the atria contract first. Then the impulses travel down to the atrioventricular (or
AV) node, which acts as a kind of relay station. From here, the electrical signal travels through the right and left
ventricles, making them contract.

One complete heartbeat is made up of two phases:

1. The first phase is called systole (pronounced: SISS-tuh-lee). This is when the ventricles contract and pump blood
into the aorta and pulmonary artery. During systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound
(the lub) of a heartbeat. When the atrioventricular valves close, it keeps the blood from going back up into the
atria. During this time, the aortic and pulmonary valves are open to allow blood into the aorta and pulmonary
artery. When the ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent blood from
flowing back into the ventricles. These valves’ closing is what creates the second sound (the dub) of a heartbeat.
2. The second phase is called diastole (pronounced: die-AS-tuh-lee). This is when the atrioventricular valves open
and the ventricles relax. This allows the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria, and get ready for the next
heartbeat.

How Can I Help Keep My Heart Healthy?

To help keep your heart healthy:
 Get plenty of exercise.
 Eat a nutritious diet.
 Reach and keep a healthy weight.
 If you smoke, quit.
 Go for regular medical checkups.
 Tell the doctor about any family history of heart problems.
Let the doctor know if you have any chest pain, trouble breathing, or dizzy or fainting spells; or if you feel like your heart
sometimes goes really fast or skips a beat.

Compare and contrast the following:

a. Tricuspid and bicuspid valve
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b. Pulmonary and aortic valves
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c. Pulmonary and systemic circulation
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY:

THE INNER PROTECTION

The lymphatic system and immune

systems are always associated with the circulatory
system because they are closely connected with
the blood. Without these two, our body will not
be able to withstand even the tiniest dirt that we
encounter every day.
 The lymphatic system helps the immune system to remove and destroy wastes, toxins, dead
blood cells, pathogens, and even the cancer cells. It also delivers important substances such as fat-soluble vitamins by
means of absorbing it and then sends to the cells where they are needed. It removes excess fluid and waste products
from the interstitial areas between the cells.

These two systems are not enough to make our body 100% safe from diseases. They may not function well if
they are weakened due to some unhealthy habits. This is the reason why we get sick and become prone to different
diseases. Eating nutritious food, thwarting vices, drinking enough water and exercising every day are some of the simple
ways to make our immune system strong, thus, having a healthy body.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Direction: Read each statement carefully, and then encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. How many chambers does the heart have?

a. Six b. five c. four d. three
2. The movement of blood through the heart and body and is called:
a. Circulation b. Locomotion c. Ventriculation d. Heart pump
3. The beating sound your heart makes come from:
a. Blood going in the wrong direction c. The heart skipping beats
b. Valves closing d. Your ears playing tricks on you
4. With circulation the heart provides your body with:
a. Oxygen b. Nutrients c. A way to get rid of waste d. All of the above
5. The atria are the “upstairs” chambers of the heart and these parts are the “downstairs” chambers:
a. Valves b. Ventricles c. blood d. Candy hearts
6. What wall separates the left side and the right side of the heart?
a. Ventricle b. Atrium c. Septum d. The great wall
7. What parts act like doors that control blood flow in the heart?
a. Valves b. Heart dams c. Kidneys d. Chambers
8. What organ removes waste from blood?
a. Heart b. Lungs c. Eyes d. Kidneys
9. You can keep your heart strong by:
a. Eating heart-shaped candy
b. Doing activities, likes playing outside, riding your bike, and swimming.
c. Smoking
d. Sleeping 18 hours a day.
10. These are tubes that carry blood back to the heart:
a. Arteries b. Veins c. Pipe d. Tubas

Direction: read the following sentences carefully and determine the logical order of the events that take place in the
heart. Write the letters A-J.

1. It enters the right ventricle.

2. Blood is now oxygenated.
3. Blood then pours into the right atrium.
4. Blood rushes to the pulmonary artery.
5. The blood is poured into the left atrium.
6. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve.
7. It goes back to the heart through pulmonary veins.
8. Blood releases the CO2 and picks up oxygen in the lungs.
9. Deoxygenated blood enters the inferior and superior vena cava.
10. Blood enters the left ventricle and unto the aorta for the delivery of the blood to cells.
CROSSWORD
Direction: Solve the crossword puzzle. Fill in each box the letter of the correct answers.

Across
3- The place where the nutrients enter the blood.
7- The pump in the circulatory system.
8- A small vessel that connects veins and arteries.
10- The circulatory system _____ nutrients, gases, liquids and heat around the body.
11- The circulatory system transports this, which helps regulate temperature.
12- The liquid in the circulatory system.
13- The place where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
14- A vessel that moves blood to the heart.
15- A gas that is transported in arteries from the lungs to the rest of the body via the heart.

Down
1- The heart ____ blood.
2- The heart, blood, and vessels.
4 Blood in arteries is _____ red because it is rich in oxygen.
5 The largest artery in the body.
6 A waste gas that is transported in veins from the body to the lungs via the heart.
9 A vessel that moves blood away from the heart.

FLOW DIAGRAM
Summarize what you learned so far by tracing the path of blood from the heart to the lungs to the rest of the
body. Use the space provided below.

Lungs and Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
The human respiratory system functions as the initial passageway for gas entrance in the body. This system,
which is generally comprised of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and the lungs, also allows for the filtration,
humidification, and warming of the air when it enters the nostrils and the air passages. This role of the respiratory
system minimizes the harmful content of the air reaching the lungs before gas exchange takes place in the body. We can
divide the respiratory system into upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The respiratory help us to:
1. Transport air into the lungs.
2. Facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream
3. Pick up waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhale it.

Lungs
Divided into two portions, the lungs are composed of lobes.
The left lung is made up of two lobes while the right lung is made up
of three. The lungs almost cover almost the entire thoracic cavity, and
this organ holds the respiratory zone, the only place where gas exchange
happens. This zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli. The alveoli are air sacs that provide the surface
for gas exchange. Given their big size, the lungs are almost entirely filled
with air spaces.
The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring
oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send
carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation).
This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration.

What Are the Parts of the Respiratory System?

The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or the mouth. If it goes in the nostrils (also called nares), the
air is warmed and humidified. Tiny hairs called cilia protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory
tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.
The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx (pronounced: FAR-inks), or
throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. The pharynx is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system
because it carries both food and air.
At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two, one for food — the esophagus, which leads to the
stomach — and the other for air. The epiglottis, a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow,
keeping food and liquid from going into the lungs.
The larynx, or voice box, is the top part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which
vibrate to make sounds.
The trachea, or windpipe, is the continuation of the airway below the larynx. The walls of the trachea are
strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign
particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.
At its bottom end, the trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi, which connect to the lungs.
Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles end in
tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually takes place. Each person has
hundreds of millions of alveoli in their lungs. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial
tree.
The lungs also contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape. They're
covered by a thin lining called the pleura (pronounced: PLUR-uh).
The chest cavity, or thorax, is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures.
The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by a large
muscle called the diaphragm. The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest
cavity.

How Do the Lungs and Respiratory System Work?

The cells in our bodies need oxygen to stay alive. Carbon dioxide is made in our bodies as cells do their jobs.
The lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also letting the body
get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out.
When you breathe in, the diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the ribs
upward and outward. This makes the chest cavity bigger and pulls air through the nose or mouth into the lungs.
In exhalation, the diaphragm moves upward and the chest wall muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to get
smaller and push air out of respiratory system through the nose or mouth.
 Every few seconds, with each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. In a process called
diffusion, oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar walls.
Once in the bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then flows
back to the heart, which pumps it through the arteries to oxygen-hungry tissues throughout the body.
In the tiny capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into the cells. Carbon
dioxide, made by the cells as they do their work, moves out of the cells into the capillaries, where most of it dissolves in
the plasma of the blood. Blood rich in carbon dioxide then returns to the heart via the veins. From the heart, this blood
is pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide passes into the alveoli to be exhaled.
Respiration involves two phases- the external and internal respiration. In external respiration, oxygen goes to
the lungs and then joins the blood through the lung capillaries while the internal respiration is the exchange of gases
between the blood and the body tissues.

Physiology of Respiration
The breathing mechanism is designed to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be distributed to all cells
of the body, where food molecules are broken down to produce energy in the presence of oxygen. To supply the body
with oxygen, the respiratory system carries out the following four major actions:
1. Pulmonary Ventilation: Also known as breathing, this is the process in which air moves in and out of the lungs.
2. External Respiration: This is the process in which carbon dioxide from the cells is expelled from the lungs as the
blood in the lungs picks up a fresh load of oxygen. In this phase, gas exchange takes place between the blood
and the external body.
3. Respiratory Gas Transport: Oxygen and carbon dioxide must circulate the bloodstream to reach the lungs and
tissues.
4. Internal Respiration: Gas exchanges must occur between the tissue cells and the blood in systemic capillaries. In
this phase, air exchanges are taking place between the cells in the interior aspect of the body and the blood.

Process Questions:
1. Why is it important that the heart and lungs are kept healthy?
______________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Do you think the heart and lungs should work together when they perform their functions? Why?
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______________________________________________________________________________________
3. How can nutrients flow well in the body?
______________________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the two types of circulation? Differentiate the two according to purpose.
______________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Describe how oxygen gets distributed to the cells of the body.
______________________________________________________________________________________
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6. Describe how nutrients get distributed to the cells of the body. Is there any difference between how
oxygen and nutrients are distributed? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. How do you keep your lungs and heart healthy?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Direction: Read each statement carefully, and then encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Your body couldn’t breathe without this system. Which one is it?
a. Perspiration system b. Respiratory system c. Photosynthesis d. Urinary system
2. The respiratory system is made up of the trachea, the lungs, and the:
a. liver b. diaphragm c. Esophagus d. pancreas
3. When you breathe in air, you bring oxygen into your lungs and blow out:
a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. oxygen d. hydrogen
4. When you inhale your lungs:
a. inflate b. turn purple c. deflate d. do a dance
5. What is the name of the tiny air sacs in your lungs?
a. bronchioles b. ravioli c. alveoli d. Bronx
6. _______ is not good for your lungs.
a. Exercising b. Singing c. Smoking d. Yelling
7. The trachea is also called the:
a. Lung b. Diaphragm c. Windpipe d. Bronchus
8. The tiny hairs that keep mucus and dirt out of your lungs are called:
a. Lung hairs b. Stubble c. Bronchioles d. Cilia
9. The voice box is also known as the:
a. Alveoli b. Larynx c. Trachea d. Motormouth
10. As you breathe, the contracts and flattens to give your lungs room to fill up with air:
a. Larynx b. Lung balloon c. Diaphragm d. Bronchiole

B. Use the list of terms provided to label the accompanying figure showing the structures of the respiratory system.

C. Choose the letter of the best answer.

For numbers 105, choose from the following options:
a. X is true and Y is false
b. X is false and Y is true
c. X and Y are both true
d. X and Y are both false

1. X. Oxygen is taken up in the body during inhalation.

Y. Oxygen is delivered to the tissue by the respiratory system.
2. X. Lungs are organs of respiration.
Y. They are situated in the abdominal cavity.
3. X. Alveoli are tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles.
Y. Alveoli have thin and moist walls to permit faster diffusion of gases.
4. X. The heart is divided into four parts.
 Y. The valves of the heart are the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles.
5. X. The aorta is the main and the biggest artery in the human body.
Y. It carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
6. Which is not a structure of the respiratory system?
a. Bronchus b. esophagus c. nasal cavity d. trachea
7. When you inhale, your lungs __________.
a. Inflate b. deflate c. removes gas d. inflate, then deflate
8. The term respiratory refers to __________.
a. Ventilation b. esophagus c. nasal cavity d. trachea
9. The entrance and exit of air in the human body is accomplished by a mechanical process called___
a. Breathing b. elimination c. excretion d. ventilation
10. Gas exchange happens in the ______ of the lungs.
a. Alveoli b. bronchioles c. capillaries d. trachea
11. Which structure moves up and down to alter the volume of the chest cavity?
a. Diaphragm b. epiglottis c. larynx d. trachea
12. Arteries have the thickest walls among the blood vessels because_____
a. They are the strongest blood vessels.
b. There are more muscle around them.
c. They are deeply imbedded in the muscles.
d. They received tremendous pressure while blood passes through them.
13. All arteries in the body contain oxygen-rich blood with the exception of the____
a. Aorta c. renal artery
b. Pulmonary arteries d. coronary artery
14. The oxygenated blood supply to the lungs is provided by the ____.
a. Aorta c. pulmonary arteries
b. Bronchial arteries d. pulmonary veins
15. Oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart and enters the____
a. Left atrium c. right atrium
b. Left ventricle d. right ventricle
 LEARNING MODULE
Science G9| Q1

Respiratory and
Circulatory Systems
Working With The Other
Organ Systems

Name:___________________________________ Ms. LORIELYN P. VILLANUEVA

Grade and Section:________________________ Science Teacher
Week No. 1