Ejercicio 1

a) An immersion heater, rated at 1000 W, is in the form of a rectangular solid with dimensions 16 cm by 10 cm by 1 cm.
Determine the surface temperature of the heater if it is oriented in 295 K water with
a. the 16-cm dimension vertical
b. the 10-cm dimension vertical Propiedades agua a 310 K 𝐿 = 16 𝑐𝑚

𝛽𝑔𝐿3 ∆𝑇 𝛽𝑔𝐿3 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝓋𝑓 = 1.007 × 10−3 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐺𝑟 = =
𝜈2 𝜈2
Q=1000 W 𝑐𝑝,𝑓 = 4.178 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟. 𝐺𝑟 = 4.53 × 109
Agua 𝜇𝑓 = 695 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
295 K
𝑇𝑠 =? 𝑘𝑓 = 628 × 10−3 𝑊 Τ𝑚. 𝐾

Agua 𝑃𝑟𝑓 = 4.62

𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 238.5
295 K 𝛽𝑓 = 361.9 × 10−6 𝐾 −1
𝑁𝑢𝐿 𝑘 𝑊
𝑘 𝑚2 ℎ= = 908 2
𝛼= = 1.51 × 10−7 𝐿 𝑚 .𝐾
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑠
? 𝐴 = 0.032 𝑚2
2
𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞ 𝜇 𝑚
𝑇𝑓 = = 310 𝐾 𝜈 = = 7 × 10−7 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 = 56.4 °𝐶
2 𝜌 𝑠
b) An immersion heater, rated at 1000 W, is in the form of a rectangular solid with dimensions 16 cm by 10 cm by 1 cm.
Determine the surface temperature of the heater if it is oriented in 295 K water with
a. the 16-cm dimension vertical
b. the 10-cm dimension vertical
Propiedades agua a 310 K 𝐿 = 10 𝑐𝑚

𝛽𝑔𝐿3 ∆𝑇 𝛽𝑔𝐿3 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝓋𝑓 = 1.007 × 10−3 𝑚3 Τ𝑘𝑔 𝐺𝑟 = =
𝜈2 𝜈2
Q=1000 W 𝑐𝑝,𝑓 = 4.178 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟. 𝐺𝑟 = 1.00 × 109
Agua 𝜇𝑓 = 695 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
295 K
𝑇𝑠 =? 𝑘𝑓 = 628 × 10−3 𝑊 Τ𝑚. 𝐾

Agua 𝑃𝑟𝑓 = 4.62

𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 148
295 K 𝛽𝑓 = 361.9 × 10−6 𝐾 −1
𝑁𝑢𝐿 𝑘 𝑊
𝑘 𝑚2 ℎ= = 935 2
𝛼= = 1.51 × 10−7 𝐿 𝑚 .𝐾
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑠
? 𝐴 = 0.032 𝑚2
2
𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞ 𝜇 𝑚
𝑇𝑓 = = 310 𝐾 𝜈 = = 7 × 10−7 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 = 55.4 °𝐶
2 𝜌 𝑠
Ejercicio 2
A copper cylinder 20.3 cm long with a diameter of 2.54 cm is being used to evaluate the surface coefficient in a laboratory
experiment. When heated to a uniform temperature of 32.5°C and then plunged into a -1°C liquid bath, the center temperature
of the cylinder reaches a value of 4.8°C in 3 min. Assuming the heat exchange between the cylinder and water bath to be purely
by convection, what value for the surface coefficient is indicated?
𝐷 = 0.0254 𝑚
Propiedades agua a 290 K
−3 3 Τ 𝛽𝑔𝐷3 ∆𝑇 𝛽𝑔𝐷3 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑇𝑠 = 32.5 °𝐶 𝓋𝑓 = 1.007 × 10 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝐺𝑟 = =
𝐷 = 0.0254 𝑚 𝜈2 𝜈2
𝑐𝑝,𝑓 = 4.178 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟. 𝐺𝑟 = 5.08 × 106
𝜇𝑓 = 695 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝐿 = 0.203 𝑚 𝑘𝑓 = 628 × 10−3 𝑊 Τ𝑚. 𝐾
Agua
-1 °C 𝑃𝑟𝑓 = 4.62
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 28.8
𝛽𝑓 = 361.9 × 10−6 𝐾 −1
𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑘 𝑊
𝑘 𝑚2 ℎ= = 679 2
𝛼= = 1.51 × 10 −7 𝐷 𝑚 .𝐾
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑠
𝐴 = 0.0162 𝑚2
𝜇 −7
𝑚2
𝜈 = = 7 × 10 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑞 = 368.5 𝑊
𝜌 𝑠
Ejercicio 3 Example
Hot water at 50°C is routed from one building in which it is generated to
an adjoining building in which it is used for space heating. Transfer
between the buildings occurs in a steel pipe (k = 60 W/mK) of 100-mm
outside diameter and 8-mm Wall thickness. During the winter,
representative environmental conditions involve air at T = −5 °C and V
= 3 m/s in cross flow over the pipe.

a) If the cost of producing the hot water is $0.05 per kWh, what is the
daily cost of heat loss from an uninsulated pipe to the air per meter
of pipe length? The convection resistance associated with water
flow in the pipe may be neglected.
b) Determine the savings associated with application of a 10-mm-thick
coating of urethane insulation (k = 0.026 W/mK) to the outer
surface of the pipe
a) Tubería sin aislante

′
∆𝑇 𝑇∞𝑖 − 𝑇∞𝑜
𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜

∆𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑖 − 𝑇∞𝑜
𝑞′ = = ′
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜
𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜
50°𝐶 − −5 °𝐶) 𝑊
𝐷𝑜 𝑚 𝑞′ = 𝑞′ = 347
𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑖
𝑉∞ 𝐷 3 . 0.1 𝑚
𝑠 4.62 × 10−4 + 0.158 𝑚
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = = 18880
2𝜋𝑘𝑝 𝐿 𝜈 15.89 × 10−6

𝐷 100 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 76.6 𝑊 $ 24 ℎ 1 𝑘𝑊

𝑙𝑛 𝑜 𝑙𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜 = 347 . 0.05 . .
𝑅′𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 =
𝐷𝑖
=
84
𝑊
𝑚 𝑘𝑊. ℎ 1 𝑑 1000 𝑊
2𝜋𝑘𝑝 𝑊 ℎ𝑜 = 20.1
2𝜋. 60 𝑚2 . 𝐾
𝑚. 𝐾
$
𝑚. 𝐾 𝑚. 𝐾 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜 = 0.42
𝑅′𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 = 4.62 × 10−4 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 = 0.158 𝑚. 𝑑
𝑊 𝑊

1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 =
ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
b) Tubería con aislante

∆𝑇
′
𝑇∞𝑖 − 𝑇∞𝑜
𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜

∆𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑖 − 𝑇∞𝑜
𝑞′ = = ′
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 + 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜
𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜
50°𝐶 − −5 °𝐶) 𝑊
𝑚. 𝐾 𝑚 𝑞′ = 𝑞′ = 43.7
𝑅′𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑡 = 4.62 × 10−4 𝑉∞ 𝐷 3 . 0.12 𝑚 4.62 × 10−4 + 1.12 + 0.142 𝑚
𝑊 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = 𝑠 = 22656
𝐷𝑎 𝜈 15.89 × 10−6
𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑜 𝑊 $ 24 ℎ 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 = 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 85.1
2𝜋𝑘𝑝 𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜 = 43.7 . 0.05 . .
𝑊
𝑚 𝑘𝑊. ℎ 1 𝑑 1000 𝑊
𝐷𝑎 120 ℎ𝑜 = 18.7
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑚2 . 𝐾
𝐷𝑖 100
𝑅′𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 = =
𝑊
$
2𝜋𝑘𝑝 2𝜋. 0.026 𝑚. 𝐾 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜 = 0.052
𝑚. 𝐾 𝑅′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 = 0.142 𝑚. 𝑑
𝑚. 𝐾 𝑊
𝑅′𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑎 = 1.12 $
𝑊
1 𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜 = 0.42 − 0.052 = 0.364
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 = 𝑚. 𝑑
ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
Ejercicio 4
A hot-wire anemometer is a common instrument used to measure the velocity of a flowing gas. A typical probe tip is
shown below. Electrical current is passed through a very thin wire of platinum or tungsten. The electrical resistance
of the wire generates heat as the current passes through it, making the wire hot. This “hot wire” is placed normal to
the flowing gas stream and the heat generated by the wire is dissipated to the gas stream flowing around the wire by
convective heat transfer. The current passing through the wire and temperature of the wire are measured, and, from
this information, the velocity of the gas flowing over the wire is estimated. In the current set of measurements, the
hot-wire anemometer is mounted inside a tube containing flowing N2 gas at 20°C. During one test, the power load on
the wire was 13 mW, and the temperature of the wire was 200°C. The diameter of the platinum wire is 4 mm, and its
length is 1.2 mm.

a. What is the Prandtl number for the N2 gas flowing around the hot wire?
b. What is the measured Nusselt number (Nu) for the N2 gas flowing around
the hot wire?
c. What is the estimated velocity of the flowing N2 gas inside the tube at the
point where the hot-wire anemometer probe tip is located?
 Ejercicio 5
Consider a continuous-flow device described below used to pasteurize liquid coconut milk ( = 984.4 kg/m3,  = 0.0012 Pas, Cp = 3756.7
J/kgK). Milk at 20°C enters a preheater tube at a volumetric flow rate of 10 L/min. The inner diameter of the tube is 1.5 cm. The tube winds
through a steam chest, which heats the milk. The outer tube wall temperature is maintained at 115°C using pressurized steam. Since the
thermal conductivity through the metal is high, the temperature difference across the wall is small, so it may be assumed that the inside wall
temperature is also at 115°C. The heated milk then enters an adiabatic holding tube, which provides sufficient fluid residence time so that most
of the microorganisms in the milk are destroyed at ∼70°C.

a. Develop an energy-balance model to predict the steady-state temperature profile of the milk as it
moves down the pipe.
b. Is the milk in turbulent or laminar flow?
c. What are the Prandtl, Nusselt, and Stanton numbers for milk in the pipe? What is the film
temperature to be used for estimating thermophysical properties? What is the average heat-transfer
coefficient for the milk flowing inside the tube?
d. How long must the tube be to achieve the exit temperature of 70°C?
 𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑎) 𝑞"𝑠 = kte

𝑐𝑝 𝑞"𝑠 𝑃 𝑞"𝑠 𝑃
𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑇𝑚,𝑥 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑥
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝
𝑇𝑚 𝑇𝑚 + 𝑑𝑇𝑚
𝑚ሶ 𝑏) 𝑇𝑠 = kte
𝑚ሶ
∆𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑇𝑚 𝑃 𝑑𝑇𝑚 𝑃
∆𝑇𝑖 = 𝑞" = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ሶ 𝑝 𝑠
𝑚𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝
𝐸−𝑆+𝐺 =𝐴 𝑑∆𝑇 𝑑 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 𝑑𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑇𝑚
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 = = −
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑚 + 𝑑𝑇𝑚 + 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑇𝑚 + 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 0 𝑑∆𝑇 𝑑𝑇𝑚 𝑑𝑇𝑚 𝑑∆𝑇
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑇𝑚 + 𝑞"𝑠 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑑∆𝑇 𝑃 𝑑∆𝑇 𝑃
−𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑇𝑚 + 𝑞"𝑠 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 0 − = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 − = ℎ∆𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝
𝑞"𝑠 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑑𝑇𝑚 ∆𝑇𝑜 𝐿
𝑑∆𝑇 ℎ𝑃 𝑑∆𝑇 ℎ𝑃
𝑑𝑇𝑚 𝑞"𝑠 𝑃 − = 𝑑𝑥 න − =න 𝑑𝑥
= ∆𝑇 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝
𝑑𝑥 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑖 0
 𝐿
∆𝑇𝑜 𝑃 𝐿 𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝑃∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
𝑙𝑛 =− න ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∙
∆𝑇𝑖 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝐿 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑖 − ∆𝑇𝑜 = ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝑃∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
0

ℎ𝐿 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
=
∆𝑇𝑜 𝐿𝑃 ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝑃 ∆𝑇𝑖 − ∆𝑇𝑜
𝑙𝑛 =− ℎ
∆𝑇𝑖 ሶ 𝑝 𝐿
𝑚𝑐
𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 1
=−
ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝑃 ∆𝑇
∆𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 ℎ𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇𝑜
= = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑖
∆𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 𝑚𝑐ሶ 𝑝
1 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
− =
∆𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑖 − ∆𝑇𝑜
𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇
𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 𝑖

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑜 − ∆𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
∆𝑇𝑜
𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇𝑖

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑖 − ∆𝑇𝑜
Temperatura del fluido externo uniforme
Reemplazar Ts por T
T: temperatura de flujo libre
del fluido externo
−1
1 1
Reemplazar ℎ𝐿 por U 𝑈= + 𝑅𝑤 +
ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖

To T − Tm,o  UA 
= = exp  − 
Ti T − Tm ,i  mcp
 

To − Ti
q = U A TLM , where TLM =
1n ( To Ti )
 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 = 20 °𝐶 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 = 70 °𝐶
Para un flujo en tubería
𝐹𝑣 = 10 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑚𝑖 + 𝑇𝑚𝑜 20 + 70
𝑇𝑓 = = 𝑇𝑓 = 45 °𝐶 𝐹𝑣 1.67 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠
2 2 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑉∞ 𝐴 𝑉∞ = 2 = = 0.943 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋𝑟 1.77 × 10−4 𝑚2
Propiedades leche 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉∞ 𝐴 = 0.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝜌𝑓 = 984 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑘𝑔 0.943𝑚
𝜌𝑉∞ 𝐷 984.4 ∙ ∙ 0.015𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = 11605
𝑐𝑝,𝑓 = 3756.7 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝜇 1.20 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
Re>2300 Flujo turbulento
𝜇𝑓 = 1.20 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑘𝑓 = 550 × 10−3 𝑊 Τ𝑚. 𝐾 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷 0.8 𝑃𝑟 0.4 = 95.3 𝑆𝑡𝐷 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷 −0.2 𝑃𝑟 −2/3 = 8.7 × 10−3

𝑃𝑟𝑓 = 8.20 𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑘 𝑊 𝑊

ℎത = = 3493 2 ℎത = 𝑆𝑡𝜌𝑉∞ 𝑐𝑝 = 3035.8
𝜇 𝑚2 𝐷 𝑚 .𝐾 𝑚2 . 𝐾
−6
𝜈 = = 1.22 × 10
𝜌 𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 ℎ𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 ℎ𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 𝑚𝑐ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 𝑚𝑐ሶ 𝑝

L = 2.8 𝑚 L = 3.2 𝑚
 𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝑃∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝑁𝑢 𝐿𝜋𝐷∆𝑇𝐿𝑀

𝑊
𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝐿𝜋𝐷∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 𝑞 = 3493 ∙ 2.8 𝑚 𝜋0.015 𝑚. 66.9 𝐾
𝑚2 . 𝐾

𝑞 = 30817 𝑊 = 30.82 𝑘𝑊
∆𝑇𝑜 − ∆𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇𝑜
𝑖
𝑞 = ℎ𝐿 𝑆𝑡 𝐿𝜋𝐷∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
∆𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚𝑜 = 115 − 70 = 45 °𝐶 𝑊
𝑞 = 3035.8 ∙ 3.2 𝑚 𝜋0.015 𝑚. 66.9 𝐾
𝑚2 . 𝐾
∆𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚𝑖 = 115 − 70 = 95 °𝐶
𝑞 = 30817 𝑊 = 30.82 𝑘𝑊

∆𝑇𝑜 − ∆𝑇𝑖 45 − 95
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = = = 66.9 °𝐶
∆𝑇𝑜 45
𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇 𝑙𝑛
𝑖 95

∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = 66.9 K