Chapter 04 Casing Attachemtns PDF

CASING ATTACHMENTS
Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Agip KCO Drilling Supervisor Training Course 1st Part
RPWA2021A 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMMONLY USED CASING

ATTACHMENTS
3. CEMENTING PLUGS OF A CASING
4. MULTIPLE STAGE CEMENTER

(MSC)

RPWA2021A 2
INTRODUCTION
The casing is simply a pipe which is run into the borehole and cemented but, to allow
correct and safe cementing, it is necessary to fix special attachments to its outer surface.
CASING ATTACHMENTS are needed to keep the cement in place, to prevent problems
from arising and to solve others, to clean the borehole wall of the filter, to favour turbulent
flow etc.

RPWA2021A 3
COMMONLY USED CASING ATTACHMENTS
CASING SHOE
¾ CASING COLLAR
¾ MULTIPLE STAGE CEMENTER
¾ CEMENT BASKET
¾ CENTRALIZERS
¾ WALL CLEANERS

RPWA2021A 4
COMMONLY USED CASING ATTACHMENTS
old casing
casing to be cemented
multiple stage cementer
cement basket
centralizers
open hole wall
collar
casing shoe

RPWA2021A 5
CASING SHOE WITH CHECK VALVE
(FLOAT SHOE)
¾ The shoe is the tool applied at the first joint of casing run into the hole and it is therefore
the deepest piece of the casing itself.
¾ It has the same outside dimensions (OD) as the casing
¾ It is available with a fluid passage diameter of between 2.5 inches and more than 4
inches.
¾ It has a cast iron sleeve and a concrete core
¾ Inside the flow passage there is a check valve (float) to ensure that the fluid flows from top
to bottom and not vice versa. This means that the slurry, after leaving the shoe and
displacing in the annulus, cannot flow back into the casing.

RPWA2021A 6
one-way flow
thread used to attach the upper

casing
concrete core
check valve
rounded lower end to facilitate its run

through the uncased hole
the fluid flows out and cannot flow

back in

RPWA2021A 7
Cross-section of shoe casing

with check valve
check valve

RPWA2021A 8
DOWN JET FLOAT SHOE
(Down jet float shoe)
The way of working with the shoe

does not change; however, the
fluid, after passing the central point
of the hole, is directed through 4
downward facing side holes.
The aim of the holes is to improve
the removal of the cuttings in the
borehole around the shoe.
Jeys directed
downwards

RPWA2021A 9
DOWN JET FLOAT SHOE
If a shoe is not fitted with a check valve it is called a GUIDE SHOE
No check valve
A guide shoe may be

needed for shallow
casing but its only
advantage over a float
shoe is its price.

RPWA2021A 10
CASING COLLAR WITH CHECK VALVE
(FLOAT COLLAR)
¾ The collar is the tool applied 2 or even 3 joints (pipes) above the shoe; the section between the
shoe and the collar is called the SHOE JOINT.
¾ Like the shoe, the collar can be fitted with a check valve but this is not always required. Indeed
for less important jobs, even the collar may not be needed.
¾ The collar is the tool on which the bottom and top plugs “land”; while the bottom plug when in
place breaks open and lets the fluid above it flow through, the top plug completely blocks the
flow. Therefore, at the end of the cementing job, the flow is interrupted in both directions inside
the casing by the shoe and in the annulus by the floats.
¾ The collar has the same OD as the casing.

RPWA2021A 11
The top casing is fixed on at this end

(box)
housing on which the bottom plug

and then the top plug land
(FLOAT COLLAR)
check valve
this end (pin) is fixed to the bottom

casing

RPWA2021A 12
Serrated housing The collar can be of the NON

for the
corresponding NR ROTATING type
PLUGS
The difference compared to the previous

casing is that the plug “landing” housing is
serrated; the corresponding non rotating (NR)
plugs will fit into these teeth.
The advantage is that the plugs do not rotate

with the bit as happens with those in a smooth
housing and so the NR plugs are “cut” more
quickly.

RPWA2021A 13
CASING CEMENTING PLUGS
The plugs inserted in the cementing head are the:

• BOTTOM PLUG
• TOP PLUG
They generally remain stationary and fit tightly to the casing collar, but when there is no
collar they fit tightly to the shoe.
When in place the top plug blocks the downward flow of the fluids; i.e. it is not possible to
pump liquid below this point.

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CEMENTING HEAD
top plug The cementing head is fitted to the last

casing joint and is the piece through
which the cementing fluid (spacers,
top plug flushes, cement and mud) are pumped.
The bottom and top plugs are inserted in
Pumping lines
the head.
casing

RPWA2021A 15
top plug PLUG SEQUENCE
The first to leave the cementing head is

cement slurry
positioned the bottom plug, normally after the slurry /
between the mud spacer or flush has been pumped.
plugs
The top plug leaves immediately after the
bottom slurry has been pumped and separates
plug
the slurry from the displacing mud.
casing
collar
..there is no
casing shoe,
but there
should be

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The plugs reach the collar,

cementing is complete.
top plug
bottom plug
casing
collar

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when the cement has set, the bit is

used to cut the plugs and continue
drilling.

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MULTIPLE STAGE CEMENTER (MSC)
This tool allows cementing to be divided into two or more stages.
During the first stage the cement is pumped into the annuls from the casing up to
the MSC, while in the second stage the cement is pumped from the MSC up.
This is useful when large quantities of slurries are involved or when there are
circulation loss zones.
Each stage is a cementing job in its own right, with one or more plugs, often two
slurries and so on.
There are many types of MSC, some are suited to vertical wells, others to highly
deviated or horizontal wells. Some work with plugs, others work with pressure.

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The MSC is inserted at a

suitable point of the column
between two casing joints,
often more or less at the
halfway point of the column.

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holes through which the slurry of

the second stage is circulated

RPWA2021A 21
SERIES OF PLUGS TO USE WITH A MSC
housing of the 1° MSC opening MSC closing

stage plug first stage plug
plug (bomb) plug

RPWA2021A 22
FIRST STAGE PLUG
In this case there is a single plug

but there are often two like in a
normal cementing job.
plug housing
This plug follows the first stage
slurry and separates it from the
mud.
The job is completed when the plug
reaches its housing
single first
stage plug

RPWA2021A 23
2° STAGE PLUGS
The 2° stage opening plug drops by means

of gravity into its housing in the MSC and
seals it.
To open the MSC, pressure has to be
applied to the bomb until the opening collar
pins are sheared; the bomb drops down,
leaving the holes open.
The spacer or flush is then pumped in
followed by the slurry and the closing plug
is positioned between the slurry and the
displacing cement. When the closing plug
2° stage closing plug reaches its housing in the MSC, pressure
is applied to shear the pins of a second
collar which re-closes the holes. The job is
2° stage MSC opening complete.
plug (bomb)

RPWA2021A 24
CEMENT BASKET
This tool is no longer widely used but

it can be very useful in circulation loss
zones at shallower depths.
Made of metal reinforcements
attached to a sturdy frame and an
elastic part, it supports the cement
column above it and to some extent
stops the slurry from being absorbed
by a loss zone below it. More than one
basket can be applied to resist the
hydrostatic pressure of the slurry
column.

RPWA2021A 25
CENTRALIZERS
Centralizers are tools that are applied

to the casing to keep the column
centralized or at least as equidistant
as possible from the wall of the
uncased hole. This equidistance
depends on the number of
centralizers used; the more the
better.
The percentage which quantifies the

casing-uncased hole wall
equidistance is called STAND OFF
and is expressed by the following
formula ..

RPWA2021A 26
THE HIGHER THE STANDOFF VALUE, THE BETTER THE

CENTRALIZATION OF THE CASING-UNCASED HOLE
Formation
Standoff =
Mud C
B
______ X 100
A
C (A-B):2
Casing
An excellent standoff value is

Cement around 80%

RPWA2021A 27
here it rests against the

uncased borehole wall
..it fixes to the casing

RPWA2021A 28
UNCASED BOREHOLE
WALL CLEANER

RPWA2021A 29
another type of UNCASED BOREHOLE WALL

CLEANER

RPWA2021A 30
They can also be used to mark a track!

RPWA2021A 31

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CASING ATTACHMENTS

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

2. COMMONLY USED CASING

3. CEMENTING PLUGS OF A CASING

4. MULTIPLE STAGE CEMENTER

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

multiple stage cementer

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

thread used to attach the upper

rounded lower end to facilitate its run

the fluid flows out and cannot flow

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Cross-section of shoe casing

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

(Down jet float shoe)

The way of working with the shoe

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

If a shoe is not fitted with a check valve it is called a GUIDE SHOE

A guide shoe may be

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

¾ The collar has the same OD as the casing.

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

The top casing is fixed on at this end

housing on which the bottom plug

this end (pin) is fixed to the bottom

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Serrated housing The collar can be of the NON

The difference compared to the previous

The advantage is that the plugs do not rotate

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

The plugs inserted in the cementing head are the:

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

top plug The cementing head is fitted to the last

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

top plug PLUG SEQUENCE

The first to leave the cementing head is

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

The plugs reach the collar,

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

when the cement has set, the bit is

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

This tool allows cementing to be divided into two or more stages.

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

The MSC is inserted at a

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

holes through which the slurry of

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

housing of the 1° MSC opening MSC closing

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

FIRST STAGE PLUG

In this case there is a single plug

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

The 2° stage opening plug drops by means

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

This tool is no longer widely used but

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

Centralizers are tools that are applied

The percentage which quantifies the

Well Area Operations Drilling Technology

THE HIGHER THE STANDOFF VALUE, THE BETTER THE