The document discusses several chemical elements - manganese, platinum, chromium, and iron. It provides details about their atomic structure, common forms, and industrial uses. Manganese is found in minerals and used in steel alloys. Platinum is a rare precious metal primarily mined in South Africa. Chromium provides corrosion resistance in stainless steel and other alloys. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth and a key material in modern industry due to its properties and low cost.
The document discusses several chemical elements - manganese, platinum, chromium, and iron. It provides details about their atomic structure, common forms, and industrial uses. Manganese is found in minerals and used in steel alloys. Platinum is a rare precious metal primarily mined in South Africa. Chromium provides corrosion resistance in stainless steel and other alloys. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth and a key material in modern industry due to its properties and low cost.
The document discusses several chemical elements - manganese, platinum, chromium, and iron. It provides details about their atomic structure, common forms, and industrial uses. Manganese is found in minerals and used in steel alloys. Platinum is a rare precious metal primarily mined in South Africa. Chromium provides corrosion resistance in stainless steel and other alloys. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth and a key material in modern industry due to its properties and low cost.
The document discusses several chemical elements - manganese, platinum, chromium, and iron. It provides details about their atomic structure, common forms, and industrial uses. Manganese is found in minerals and used in steel alloys. Platinum is a rare precious metal primarily mined in South Africa. Chromium provides corrosion resistance in stainless steel and other alloys. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth and a key material in modern industry due to its properties and low cost.
Nickel is a chemical element with Gold is a chemical element with
the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic
silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden number 79, making it one of the highest atomic tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and number elements that occur naturally. In its purest is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, maximize the reactive surface area, shows a soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is slow to react with air under standard one of the least reactive chemical elements and is conditions because an oxide layer forms on the solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs surface and prevents further corrosion in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually occurs in a solid solution series with the native in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of element silver (as electrum) and also larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold atmosphere. compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction. Copper is a chemical element with Iron (/ˈaɪərn/) is a chemical the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to and ductile metal with very the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic high thermal and electrical conductivity. A table. It is by mass the most common element freshly exposed surface of pure copper has on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a core. It is the fourth most common element in the conductor of heat and electricity, as a building Earth's crust. material, and as a constituent of various In its metallic state, iron is rare in the Earth's crust, metal alloys, such as sterling silver used limited to deposition by meteorites. Iron ores, by in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine contrast, are among the most abundant in the hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain Earth's crust, although extracting usable metal from gauges and thermocouples for temperature them requires kilns or furnaces capable of reaching measurement. 1500 °C or higher, about 500 °C higher than what Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in is enough to smelt copper. Humans started to nature in a directly usable metallic form (native master that process in Eurasia only about 2000 metals). This led to very early human use in BCE and the use of iron tools and weapons began several regions, from c. 8000 BC. Thousands of to displace copper alloys, in some regions, only years later, it was the first metal to around 1200 BCE. That event is considered the be smelted from sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC, the first transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 the modern world, iron alloys, such BC and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed as steel, inox, cast iron and special steels are by far with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 the most common industrial metals, because of BC. their high mechanical properties and low cost. Lead (/ˈlɛd/) is a chemical element with Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, is denser than most common materials. Lead hard and brittle transition metal. Chromium is the is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively main additive in stainless steel, to which it adds low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is anti-corrosive properties. Chromium is also highly silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull valued as a metal that is able to be gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Polished highest atomic number of any stable element and chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible three of its isotopes are endpoints of major spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light being nuclear decay chains of heavier elements. reflected. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word χρῶμα, chrōma, Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition meaning color, because many chromium metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by compounds are intensely colored. its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to Ferrochromium alloy is commercially produced form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are from chromite by silicothermic or aluminothermic usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than reactions and chromium metal the +4 state common with lighter members of by roasting and leaching processes followed by the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited reduction with carbon and then aluminium. to organolead compounds. Like the lighter Chromium metal is of high value for its members of the group, lead tends to bond with high corrosion resistance and hardness. A major itself; it can form chains and polyhedral development in steel production was the discovery structures. that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel. Stainless steel and chrome plating (electroplating with chromium) together comprise 85% of the commercial use. Manganese is a chemical element with Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is found as a free element in nature; it is often found a dense, malleable, ductile, highly in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless term platino, meaning "little silver". steels. Platinum is a member of the platinum group of Historically, manganese is named elements and group 10 of the periodic table of for pyrolusite and other black minerals from the elements. It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It region of Magnesia in Greece, which also gave its is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust, with an name to magnesium and the iron ore magnetite. average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg. It By the mid-18th century, Swedish- occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with German chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others which accounts for 80% of the world production. were aware that pyrolusite (now known to Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few be manganese dioxide) contained a new element, hundred tonnes are produced annually, and given but they were unable to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of major precious metal commodity. manganese metal in 1774, which he did Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has by reducing the dioxide with carbon. remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Consequently, platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum. Because it occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers, it was first used by pre- Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts. It was referenced in European writings as early as 16th century, but it was not until Antonio de Ulloa published a report on a new metal of Colombian origin in 1748 that it began to be investigated by scientists. Silver is a chemical element with Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadia the symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived n English) is a chemical element with from the Proto-Indo-European h₂erǵ: "shiny" or the symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, silvery-white, soft, non- lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By highest electrical conductivity, thermal mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The crust, where it is the third most abundant element metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free (after oxygen and silicon) and also the most elemental form ("native silver"), as abundant metal. Occurrence of aluminium an alloy with gold and other metals, and in decreases in the Earth's mantle below, however. minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, metal is highly reactive, such that native gold, lead, and zinc refining. specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. combined in over 270 different minerals. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold: while it is more Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as the aerospace industry and important "0.940 fine". As one of the seven metals of in transportation and building industries, such as antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most building facades and window human cultures. frames. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts' abundance, the potential for a biological role for them is of continuing interest, and studies continue.