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Emission of Photonic Crystal PDF
Emission of Photonic Crystal PDF
colloids
Rajesh V. Nair, R. Vijaya, Keiji Kuroda, and Kazuaki Sakoda
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 102, 123106 共2007兲
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123106-2 Nair et al. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 123106 共2007兲
photonic crystal fabricated using these fluorescent blocks used were rhodamine-B dyed PS 共PS-RhB兲 spheres
microspheres.15 It may be noted that gravitational with a mean diameter of 302 nm with a polydispersity index
self-assembly16 suffers from the disadvantage of a large of 0.17. First, a substrate 共glass兲 with a dimension of
number of unwanted and uncontrolled defects in the fabri- 2.5 cm⫻ 2.5 cm was treated with chromic acid overnight,
cated crystals and requires more time for the growth of crys- washed with deionized water and ethanol, and dried in an
tals. oven. The colloidal solution of known concentration and vol-
We have used dyed PS spheres 共Micro Particles, Ger- ume is dropped on the substrate and spread uniformly using
many兲 as the building blocks for the fabrication of photonic a 1 ml syringe pipette and left to dry in the ambient atmo-
crystals. The dye selected was rhodamine-B, which has a sphere. After 1 min, depending on the sphere diameter, beau-
broad emission spectrum in the visible region. The dye is tiful colors start appearing, and these colors move toward the
homogeneously distributed throughout the interior of the center of the film as growth takes place. The crystallization is
sphere with a concentration of approximately 0.09 wt. %. completed within 3 h for these samples. All the prepared
Since the dye is entrapped inside the sphere, its photostabil- samples are heated at 75 ° C 共below the glass transition tem-
ity can be greatly modified as compared with dyes infiltrated perature of polymers兲 for 2 h after the growth to remove any
through solution chemistry,17 and hence this limitation is solvent used in the fabrication from the pores and also to
overcome. This is very important for designing lasers using enhance the mechanical stability of the samples. The success
the photonic band gap concept. The quality of the fabricated of this method depends highly on the concentration, the vol-
photonic crystal is ascertained through standard structural ume of the solution used 共0.05–0.1 ml兲, the temperature, and
and optical characterizations. The dyed photonic crystal any type of air flow in the fabrication room. The air flow can
sample is excited with a frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser, force the crystallization toward a particular direction instead
and the emission characteristics due to the photonic crystal of toward the center of the substrate. Under optimized con-
environment are measured at different angles. The focus of ditions, a uniform film forms on the entire substrate with a
this paper is mainly on the use of dye-polymer colloids as the central void of millimeter size.
building blocks avoiding the infiltration process for the ac-
tive species, adopting a recently reported method of photonic III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
crystal fabrication resulting in samples of superior optical
quality, clear observance of selective suppression in the A. Structural characterization
angle-resolved emission, and the analysis of the experimen- The structural characterization of the photonic crystals is
tal results through a model related to the angle-dependent carried out using a scanning electron microscope 共SEM兲 and
transmittance leading to a simple functional form for the an atomic force microscope 共AFM兲. The domain sizes are
emission. mapped using a confocal laser scanning microscope
共CLSM兲. The samples analyzed in a SEM are coated with a
II. FABRICATION OF DYED PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
thin layer of gold to avoid any charging effect during the
experiment, and AFM images are taken in tapping mode. The
One of the most celebrated methods of fabrication of microscope images are taken in the reflection mode. Figure 1
three dimensionally ordered photonic crystals in the visible shows the SEM, AFM, and CLSM images of the photonic
region is the self-assembling route using colloidal suspen- crystals fabricated using the PS-RhB spheres having a mean
sions of submicron size spheres made of organic or inorganic diameter of 302 nm. The hexagonal ordering in Figs. 1共a兲
materials. A modified form of gravitational self-assembly, and 1共b兲 confirms the 共111兲 plane of the face-centered-cubic
which is based on the capillary force to organize the colloids, 共fcc兲 lattice parallel to the substrate.20 It has been observed
gives samples of very high optical quality but requires more previously that the absolute value of the zeta potential of
time and is limited by the diameter of the spheres.18 In con- dyed colloidal suspension decreases as compared to a non-
trast to the common self-assembly methods for the fabrica- dyed colloidal suspension, and this will affect the stability of
tion of photonic crystals, we have used the recently reported the colloids.21 In spite of this aspect, the present method
inward growing self-assembling method19 for fabricating the produces photonic crystals with good structural quality. The
photonic crystals using dyed PS spheres, which has yielded microscope image 关Fig. 1共c兲兴 shows the domains separated
high-quality photonic crystals in less than 3 h. The building by grain boundaries, and the uniform color for every domain
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123106-3 Nair et al. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 123106 共2007兲
FIG. 3. 共Color online兲 共a兲 The reflection 共black line兲 and transmission 共blue line兲 spectra for a photonic crystal fabricated using PS-RhB colloids having a
diameter of 302 nm show the photonic stop band at 609 nm. The dashed-dotted line is the transmission spectrum for the photonic crystal made from nondyed
PS spheres having a sphere diameter of 280 nm. 共b兲 Photonic stop band at angles of incidence of 8° 共at the extreme right兲, 15°, 30°, 35°, 45°, and 60° 共at the
extreme left兲 for PS-RhB photonic crystal. The photonic stop band shifts steadily toward shorter wavelengths with an increase in the angle of incidence, as
shown by the arrow.
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123106-4 Nair et al. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 123106 共2007兲
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123106-5 Nair et al. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 123106 共2007兲
the incident angle of 30°, the dip in emission shifts toward angles with respect to the direction of excitation. The emis-
the blue side of the spectrum where the photonic stop band is sion profile could be analyzed from the measured angle de-
present, while the emission spectrum has recovered in the red pendence of the reflectance of these samples and was found
part. This clearly shows that the dip observed is due to the to follow a simple functional form, which is a product of the
photonic band gap effect, and the light emitted from the pho- intrinsic emission with the angle-resolved transmittance.
tonic crystals has a directional nature.
In order to explain the detection angle dependence of the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
emission, we apply two assumptions: 共a兲 The emission at 60° RVN and RV thank the Department of Science and Tech-
shows an intrinsic profile without being affected by the pho- nology and the University Grants Commission, Government
tonic band gap because the band gap moves to a wavelength of India, for financial support and are grateful for the use of
range much lower than the emission wavelength and 共b兲 the characterization facilities at the MEMS Department and
transmittance T共兲 can be obtained simply as 1 − R共兲. In the FIST-IRCC central facility at the Department of Physics,
Fig. 5共b兲, the function F共兲 given by IIT Bombay. RVN and RV also thank Professor S. S. Major
F共兲 = k1 + k2 ⫻ F60共兲 ⫻ 共1 − R共兲兲 共1兲 at the Physics Department of IIT Bombay for the use of the
spectrophotometer.
is plotted for = 4°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. Here, k1 and k2 are
1
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16
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IV. CONCLUSIONS 19
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20
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inward growing self-assembling method from PS-RhB 21
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22
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24
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