30.

Katia Salamanca de Abreu, review of Humberto López Morales, Estudios sobre el español de Cuba
(http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20121221132209/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf)
21 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in
Thesaurus, 28 (1973), 138–146.
31. Jensen (1989)
32. Penny (2000:14)
33. Dalby (1998:501)
34. Ginsburgh & Weber (2011:90)
35. "Spanish" (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa). Ethnologue. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130115100707/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sp
a) from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2005.
36. "Similar languages to Spanish" (http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa). EZGlot.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170621191245/http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languag
es.php?l=spa) from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
37. Often considered to be a substratum word. Other theories suggest, on the basis of what is used to
make cheese, a derivation from Latin brandeum (originally meaning a linen covering, later a thin
cloth for relic storage) through an intermediate root *brandea. For the development of the meaning, cf.
Spanish manteca, Portuguese manteiga, probably from Latin mantica ('sack'), Italian formaggio and
French fromage from formaticus. Romanian Explanatory Dictionary (http://dexonline.ro./definitie/brân
ză) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134722/https://dexonline.ro/definitie/br%C3%A2
nz%C4%83) 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
38. Alfassa, Shelomo (December 1999). "Ladinokomunita" (http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.
html). Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20100402055529/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html) from the original on
2 April 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
39. Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas (http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20080416180544/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch) 16
April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 1st ed.
40. Real Academia Española (http://www.rae.es/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2017101101201
9/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&LEMA=cedilla) 11 October 2017 at
the Wayback Machine, Explanation (http://www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/spanishalphabet.h
tml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070906105503/https://www.spanishpronto.com/spanish
pronto/spanishalphabet.html) 6 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Spanish Pronto (http://w
ww.spanishpronto.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070914002335/https://www.spanis
hpronto.com/) 14 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish and English)
41. "Exclusión de ch y ll del abecedario | Real Academia Española" (https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclu
sion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario). www.rae.es. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020042820521
9/https://www.rae.es/consultas/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario) from the original on 28 April
2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
42. "Scholarly Societies Project" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100923234545/http://www.lib.uwaterloo.
ca/society/history/1713rae.html). Lib.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original (http://www.lib.uwaterlo
o.ca/society/history/1713rae.html) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
43. Batchelor, Ronald Ernest (1992). Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage (https://books.googl
e.com/?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&pg=PA4&dq=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized#v=onepag
e&q&f=false). Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 0-521-26987-3.
44. "Association of Spanish Language Academies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100923155313/http://
asale.org/ASALE/asale.html) (in Spanish). Asale. Archived from the original (http://www.asale.org/AS
ALE/asale.html) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
45. "Real Academia Española" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100929155935/http://www.rae.es/rae/ges
tores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument
&i=0). Spain: RAE. Archived from the original (http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voT
odosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0) on 29 September
2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
46. "Academia Colombiana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034313/http://asale.or
g/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2) (in Spanish). Colombia. Archived from the original
(http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2) on 19 February 2008.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
47. "Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527091026/http://asale.or
g/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2) (in Spanish). Ecuador. Archived from the original
(http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2) on 27 May 2011. Retrieved
5 February 2011.
48. "Academia Mexicana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100915092057/http://academia.o
rg.mx/historia.php). Mexico. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.academia.or
g.mx/historia.php) on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
49. "Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110904125413/http://www.as
l.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm). El Salvador. Archived from the original (http://www.asl.org.
sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm) on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
50. "Academia Venezolana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090728/http://asale.or
g/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2) (in Spanish). Venezuela. Archived from the
original (http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2) on 27 May 2011.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
51. "Academia Chilena de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100905085434/http://www.instituto
dechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm). Chile. Archived from the original (http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/
resena.htm) on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
52. "Academia Peruana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101012010318/http://academiape
ruanadelalengua.org/academia/historia). Peru. Archived from the original (http://www.academiaperua
nadelalengua.org/academia/historia) on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
53. "Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080804011930/http://asale.o
rg/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2) (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the
original (http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2) on 4 August 2008.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
54. "Academia Costarricense de la Lengua" (http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php). Costa Rica. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20100323194028/http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php) from the original on 23 March
2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
55. "Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090616/http://asa
le.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2) (in Spanish). Philippines. Archived from the
original (http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2) on 27 May 2011.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
56. "Academia Panameña de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129171943/http://apalengu
a.apalengua.org/historia). Panama. Archived from the original (http://apalengua.apalengua.org/histori
a) on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
57. "Academia Cubana de la Lengua" (http://www.acul.ohc.cu/). Cuba. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20101219083212/http://www.acul.ohc.cu/) from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved
6 November 2010.
58. "Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150336/http://
www.aparle.org/origenes.asp). Paraguay. Archived from the original (http://www.aparle.org/origenes.
asp) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
59. "Academia Dominicana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101222161225/http://www.aca
demia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/). República Dominicana. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/) on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
60. "Academia Boliviana de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129201058/http://www.abole
n.org/Historia.html). Bolivia. Archived from the original (http://www.abolen.org/Historia.html) on 29
November 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
61. "Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527090719/http://asale.o
rg/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2) (in Spanish). Nicaragua. Archived from the
original (http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2) on 27 May 2011.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
62. "Academia Argentina de Letras" (http://www.letras.edu.ar/). Argentina. 25 March 2010. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20110728121808/http://www.letras.edu.ar/) from the original on 28 July
2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
63. "Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110319235222/http://ww
w.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm). Uruguay. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm) on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
64. "Academia Hondureña de la Lengua" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527085850/http://asale.org/
ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2) (in Spanish). Honduras. Archived from the original
(http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2) on 27 May 2011. Retrieved
5 February 2011.
65. "Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española" (http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=c
om_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61). Puerto Rico. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20100824060727/http://www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=cat
egory&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61) from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 February
2011.
66. "Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española" (http://www.anle.us/). United States. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20110212025419/http://anle.us/) from the original on 12 February 2011.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
67. "Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española" (http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ec
uatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola). Equatorial Guinea. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
60331073309/http://www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola)
from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
68. Stephen Burgen, US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more (https://w
ww.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country) Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20181123045244/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-s
econd-biggest-spanish-speaking-country) 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, US News,
29 June 2015.

Bibliography
Abercrombie, David (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
ISBN 978-0852244517.
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the
World (http://www.ethnologue.com) (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Butt, John; Benjamin, Carmen (2011). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (https://archiv
e.org/details/newreferencegram0000butt) (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-
4441-3769-9.
Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View.
Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-045-1.
Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400
Languages (https://books.google.com/?id=yKSeVLghcfQC&pg=PA501&dq=how+well+do+spanish+
speakers+understand+portuguese#v=onepage&q=how%20well%20do%20spanish%20speakers%2
0understand%20portuguese%3F&f=false). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130708183631/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.
pdf) (PDF). Language. 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F417394).
JSTOR 417394 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/417394). Archived from the original (http://linguistics.by
u.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf) (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Ginsburgh, Victor; Weber, Shlomo (2011). How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of
Linguistic Diversity (https://books.google.com/?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&pg=PA90&dq=how+well+do+spa
nish+speakers+understand+portuguese#v=onepage&q=how%20well%20do%20spanish%20speak
ers%20understand%20portuguese%3F&f=false). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-
13689-9.
 Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language.
Language. 45 (3): 538–52. doi:10.2307/411438 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411438). JSTOR 411438
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/411438).
Hualde, José Ignacio (2014). Los sonidos del español (https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3CAQ
AAQBAJ&pg=PR14&dq=%22fonemas+conson%C3%A1nticos%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz
rYWB-7rJAhUL3mMKHVmZAVIQ6AEIWDAH#v=onepage&q=%22fonemas%20conson%C3%A1nti
cos%22&f=false). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-16823-6.
Jensen, John B. (1989). "On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese". Hispania. 72 (4):
848–852. doi:10.2307/343562 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F343562). JSTOR 343562 (https://www.jsto
r.org/stable/343562).
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian
Spanish" (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100303001373). Journal of the International Phonetic
Association. 33 (2): 255–59. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510
0303001373).
Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (https://books.google.com/books?id
=FjLc1XtqJUUC) (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
Moreno Fernández, Francisco; Otero, Jaime (2008), Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo,
Barcelona: Ariel
Penny, Ralph (1991). A History of the Spanish Language (https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjcrhy
QlFa0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=penny+history+spanish+language&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
brsDOg-LfAhWqz4MKHZ2KB7oQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=four%20spheres&f=false). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-39784-7.
Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish (https://books.google.com/?id=rVNGMlx7cO
YC&pg=PA14&dq=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese#v=onepage&q=ho
w%20well%20do%20spanish%20speakers%20understand%20portuguese%3F&f=false).
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.
Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100
615/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_
F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS), UN, archived from the
original (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_D
B4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS) (XLS) on 15
January 2013, retrieved 11 March 2012
Rubino, Carl (2008), "Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode.", in Michaelis, Susanne
(ed.), Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates (https://b
ooks.google.com/?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Michaelis,+Susanne,+Roots+of+
Creole+Structures:#v=onepage&q=rubino&f=false), Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 279–299, ISBN 90-
272-5255-6
Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española, Madrid: Gredos

Further reading
"Hats Off: The Rise of Spanish" (https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21578631-spanis
h-has-more-native-speakers-any-language-other-mandarin-yet-its-success). The Economist. 1 June
2013.
Erichsen, Gerald (20 May 2017). "Does Spanish Have Fewer Words Than English?" (https://www.tho
ughtco.com/spanish-fewer-words-than-english-3079596). ThoughtCo. Dotdash.
"What is the future of Spanish in the United States?" (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/
05/what-is-the-future-of-spanish-in-the-united-states/). Pew Research Center. Retrieved
27 November 2018.

External links

Organizations