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Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Transmitter à Modulator
Receiver à Demodulator
1
Modulation: The process by which some characteristics of a carrier
signal (i.e. modulated signal) is varied in accordance with message
signal (i.e. modulating signal)
c 3 ⋅ 10 8
λ= = = 10 5 m
f 3 ⋅ 10 3
λ 4 = 25000 m
c 3 ⋅ 10 8
λ= = = 3m
f 100 ⋅ 10 6
λ 4 = 75 cm
2
Why is Modulation Required? (Cont’d)
s1
f
fc
1
s2
f
fc
2
s3
f
fc 3
C = B ⋅ log 2 (1 + SNR )
SNR = 2 B − 1
3
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
(Ch. 5 in Textbook)
Objectives:
• To study different amplitude modulation scheme
• To study generation and detection of AM signals
• To study application of AM
We will study
• Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB -SC) Modulation
• Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB -LC) Modulation: Commercial
broadcast stations use this type and it is commonly known as just
amplitude modulation (AM).
• Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
• Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
c(t ) = Ac cos(ωc t )
2 2
F (ω − ωc ) + F (ω + ωc )
Ac Ac
=
2 2
4
f(t) F (ω ) = F{ f (t)}
F(0) baseband
t ω
-2πB 2πB
t ω
-ωc ωc ωc +2πB
ωc -2πB
Observations:
• φ(t) undergoes a phase reversal whenever f(t) crosses zero. The
envelope of φ(t) is different from f(t). Both amplitude and phase of φ(t)
carry information of f(t).
• The transmission bandwidth required by DSB-SC is β T=2B.
φ(t)
x(t) Lowpass
× z(t)
filter
5
F (ω ) = F { f (t)}
F(0)
ω
-2πB 2πB
Z (ω ) = F{z (t )}
Just a scaled version of f(t)
(1 2 )A c Ac' F (0 )
ω
-2πB 2πB
φ(t)
x(t) Lowpass
× z(t)
filter
6
1
z(t) = Ac Ac' f (t ) cos(∆ωt + θ0 )
2
1
• If ∆ω =0, the output is z(t ) = Ac Ac' f (t ) cos(θ0 )
2
The phase error introduces a variable attenuation factor. For small fixed
phase errors, this is quite tolerable. If θ0 = ±90º, the received signal is
wiped out.
1
• If θ0 = 0, the output is z(t) = Ac Ac' f (t ) cos(∆ωt )
2
Ring Modulator
a
b s(t)
f(t) Bandpass
Filter z(t)
@ ωc
c
transformer d
c(t)
c(t) T=2π/ω c
t
Winter 2003 UW, ECE 318 Lecture Notes 14
7
The diodes are controlled by a square-wave carrier c(t) of frequency ωc,
assuming |c(t)|>>|f(t)|
c(t ) > 0 Diodes a and d conduct s (t ) = f (t )
c(t ) < 0 Diodes b and c conduct s(t ) = − f (t )
Expressing in terms
c(t) of Fourier Series
c(t ) =
4 ∞
(− 1)n −1 cos[ωc t(2 n − 1)]
t
π
∑
n =1 2n − 1
s (t ) = c(t) f (t)
4 ∞ (− 1)n −1
s (t ) = f (t )
∑ cos[ωc t (2n − 1)]
π n =1 2 n − 1
4
Output of BPF z(t ) = f (t ) cos(ωct )
π
Winter 2003 UW, ECE 318 Lecture Notes 15
φ (t ) = A c f (t ) cos (ω c t )
-90º phase Voltage controlled f(t)
shifter Phase
Oscillator (VCO) discriminator
quadrature
sin(ωc t+θ0 )
-phase